what’s life? astr 1420 lecture #2 section 5.1. what’ life? have you ever wondered why all those...
TRANSCRIPT
What’s Life?
ASTR 1420
Lecture #2
Section 5.1
What’ Life?
Have you ever wondered why all those aliens appeared in “Star Trek” or “Star Wars” movies look alike?
To know what life might be like on other worlds, the best (only!) place to start to learn about life is here on Earth!
So, let’s define “Life” based on living organisms on Earth! “Life” in the context of astrobiology.
What’s Life?
• Different meanings of “Life”o a characteristic state or mode of living; "social life"; "city life"; "real life”
o the course of human events and activities; "he could no longer cope with the complexities of life”
o the condition of living or the state of being alive; "while there's life there's hope"; "life depends on many chemical and physical processes”
o the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death); "the battery had a short life”
or something closer to the astrobiological context…o living things collectively; "the oceans are teeming with life”o the organic phenomenon that distinguishes living organisms from nonliving ones;
"there is no life on the moon"
Characteristics of Life Biologists have identified at least six key features that appear to be shared by nearly all of living organisms on Earth.
Order : all living organisms exhibit order in their internal structure.
molecules in living cells are not scattered randomly but instead arranged in specific patterns to make cell structures.
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Characteristics of Life Biologists have identified at least six key features that appear to be shared by most or all of living organisms on Earth.
Order : all living organisms exhibit order in their internal structure.
However, snow flakes, for example, show remarkable structures also.
But, snow flakes are not alive!
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Characteristics of Life Biologists have identified at least six key features that appear to be shared by most or all of living organisms on Earth.
Order : all living organisms exhibit order in their internal structure.
How about galaxies?
Are they alive?
Therefore, “order” is not sufficient condition for life. But, it is a necessary condition.
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Characteristics of Life Reproduction: Organisms reproduce their own
kind
A single-celled organism (an amoeba) copying its genetic material (DNA) and dividing into two
genetically identical cells.
Computer virus?
Again, necessary condition, not sufficient!
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Characteristics of Life
• Growth and Development : Living organisms grow and develop in patterns determined at least by heredity
Growing embryos of Costa Rican frog
Heredity : passing on characteristics from one generation to next
Wild fires, crystal?
Again, necessary condition, not sufficient!
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Characteristics of Life
• Energy Utilization: Living organisms use energy to fuel their activities
Tube worms near a deep sea volcanic vent.
Car?
Again, necessary condition, not sufficient!
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Characteristics of Life
• Response: Living organisms actively responds to changes in its surroundings
A blacktail jackrabbit’s ears flush with blood, the blood automatically adjusted to maintain a constant internal temperature
Mercury in a thermometer?
Again, necessary condition, not sufficient!
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Characteristics of Life
• Evolutionary Adaptation: Life evolves in a way to become adapted to its surrounding
white-tail ptarmigan
Camo-moth
counter example?
• Order
• Reproduction
• Growth and Development
• Energy Utilization
• Response
• Evolutionary Adaptation
Evolutionary Adaptation2 undeniable facts an inescapable conclusion
Heritable traits that enhance survival and reproduction will become progressively more
common in succeeding generations!
Charles Darwin (1858)
Natural Selection
Overproduction struggle for survival
Individual variation
An imaginary population of beetles of mixed color evolves into dark beetles.
Artificial Selection
• canines
Artificial selection can cause such profound changes in just a few thousands years.
Evolutionary Adaptation
This looks like a good definition for life.
Do living things on other worlds evolve, also? If so, how can we see such evolutions so far away?
A good term paper?
But, we cannot be sure that life on other worlds would resemble life on Earth physically or chemically.
In the Universe, we should expect quite exotic, extraordinary, unimaginable types of life. We will look into this possibility during the lecture #8(What types of life can we find?).
In summary…
Important Concepts• Characteristics of Lifeo Examples and counter examples for
each characteristics• Evolutionary Adaptation• Natural selection
Important Terms• Heredity• Necessary condition• Sufficient condition
Chapter/sections covered in this lecture : section 5.1Read section 5.3 before the next class!!