what you’ll learn about in this unit: why and how cells divide the three types of cell division:...
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What you’ll learn about in this unit:
Why and how cells divide The three types of cell division: Binary Fission, Mitosis and Meiosis What regulates or controls when
cells start and stop dividing. How cells specialize during their
life Mistakes that occur during
division that can lead to cancer and genetic disorders
Unit 5 Cell DivisionKey Concept: All cells come from preexisting cells –
Cell Theory
Cell division – process by which cells produce new cells
3 Types of Cell Division: Prokaryotes (Bacteria) Eukaryotes (Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists) Binary Fission Mitosis Meiosis
Purpose of Cell Reproduction /Division
Create new cells that contain the genetic material (DNA) stored in chromosomes.
Purpose of Cell Division
1. Binary Fission – Creates 2 genetically identical new
organisms by asexual reproduction
2. Mitosis – Creates somatic / body cells Ex. Skin, nerve, blood Used for growth, to repair damage or replace worn out cells
3. Meiosis – Creates gametes / sex cells Used for sexual reproduction
Chromosomes
When a new cell is made it must receive a copy of the genetic material from the parent cell.
Chromosomes are made of the DNA (genetic info) and“carry” it from a parent cell to the daughter cells.
Chromosome Location in Cells
Eukaryotic cells – Nucleus
Prokaryotic cells– Cytoplasm (Nucleoid Region)
Chromosome Shape Eukaryotic cells - Rod , Linear Prokaryotic cells – Circular
Chromosome Structure
2 Types of Molecules joined together
1. DNA (nucleic acid) 1 in each chromosome
2. Histones (protein) 1000’s in each chromosome
Two Types of Chromosomes
Autosomes – carry genes not related to sex Sex chromosomes – carry genes for sex traits
XX – Female XY - Male
Homologous Chromosomes
hair color
eye color
skin color
Homologous Chromosome Pair
One autosome from each parent Same size and shape Similar but not identical genes
Sex chromosomes are NOT homologous because they carry different genes
Body Cells and Sex Cells have different numbers of chromsomes
Somatic / Body Cells Have 2 copies of each chromosome 1 from
each parent – Diploid 2n
Members of a species have the same chromosome number in body cells
Ex. Humans 46 Dogs 78 Fruit Flies 4
Made through Mitosis
Body Cells and Sex Cells have different numbers of chromsomes
Gametes / Sex Cells Have only 1 copy of each chromosome -
Haploid 1n
Made through Meiosis
Haploid 1n Diploid 2n
3 Major Types of Cell Division
Binary Fission
* Used by Prokaryotes and some unicellular Protists * Makes two genetically identical daughter cells (clones) Form of asexual reproduction
Mitosis Used by eukaryotic organisms Process of making somatic/ body cells Ex Skin , nerve, muscle Used for growth, to repair damage or
replace worn out cells 2 Daughter cells are created from the
division on one parent cell Daughter cells are genetically identical to
the parent cell –they “inherit” an exact copy of the same chromosomes
Mitotic Cell DivisionX= Number of chromosomes
Parent Cell
X
Daughter Cells
X
X
Meiosis
Used by sexually reproducing eukaryotics. Process of making gametes/ sex cells.
4 new cells are made from one parent cell. New cells are NOT genetically identical to
the parent cell. Daughter cells have only half the number of
chromosomes as the parent cell.
Also known as Reduction Division
Meiotic Cell DivisionX= Number of chromosomes
Parent Cell
X
Daughter Cells
½ X
½ X ½ X
½ X
Gametes are made in Meiosis
DNA in threadlike form – Chromatin DNA in coiled /condensed form - Chromosome
Chromosome number is different in sex cells and body cells
• Haploid (n) cells have only 1 copy of each type of chromosome
• - Sex cells are haploid
• Diploid (2n) cells have 2 copies of each type of chromosome.– Body cells are diploid.
The zygote (fertilized egg) doubles its chromosomes and divides millions of times resulting in growth.Each new cell receives a complete set of all the chromosomes
6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis
Meiosis occurs in the testicles and ovaries.
– Produces sex cells: egg and sperm.– Sex cells are what transport/carry the parents DNA to
their kids
body cells sex cells (sperm) sex cells (egg)
6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis
• Haploid (n) cells have one copy of every chromosome.
– Gametes are haploid.– Gametes have 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.
6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis
• Chromosome number must be maintained in animals.• Many plants have more than two copies of each
chromosome.• Mitosis and meiosis are types of nuclear division that
make different types of cells.• Mitosis makes
more diploid cells.
6.1 Chromosomes and Meiosis
• Meiosis makes haploid cells from diploid cells.
– Meiosis occurs in sex cells. – Meiosis produces gametes.
Cell Division Vocabulary
diploid (2N) – a cell with 2 chromosome sets in each of its cells; all body (somatic) cells
haploid (N) – a cell with 1 chromosome set in each of its cells; all gametes (sperm, eggs)