what works? short-term, in-custody rehabilitation programs presented by: jaslene lizama authored by:...
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What Works?Short-Term, In-Custody
Rehabilitation Programs
Presented by: Jaslene Lizama
Authored by: Jaslene Lizama, Vikram Matthews, & Sean Reyes
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Re-Think Traditional Methods
• In the United States the jail/prison populations continue to grow
• But are state and local funds being spent wisely?
• The goal is to improve the criminal justice system and reevaluate the current methods
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AB 109 “2011 Public Safety Realignment”
• AB 109 allows for non-violent, non-serious, and non-sex offenders to serve their sentence in a county jail
• Though AB 109 allows for longer jail sentences, much of the population is still transitory and short-term
• There is still a lack of research and evaluation on specific jail treatment programs– Much of the research comes from prison populations, which does differ from the population found in jails
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Goal of Research• Evaluate:– Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)– Educational & Vocational Programs– Substance & Alcohol abuse treatment Programs– Faith-based & Mental illness Programs
Goal: Report what is found to be effective, evidenced-based, in-custody rehabilitative programs
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Risk-Needs-Responsivity (RNR) Model
RISK: The probability of criminal recidivism and should not be associated with offender’s crime seriousness .
NEED: Target criminogenic needs such as anti-social attitudes or substance abuse. Treat the needs of the offender
RESPONSIVITY: Use interventions aligned with the offender’s abilities and motivations.• Design & Delivery
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Characteristics/Principles of Effective, Evidenced Based, Treatment Programs
1. High program intensity2. Interactive programming focused on skill building, according to the needs of the offenders3. Incorporates cognitive-behavioral therapy4. Structured curriculum5. Multiple treatment modalities6. Trained professionals administer program7. Treatment is more successful among high-risk offenders (risk principle)8. Duration of treatment is associated with effectiveness
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
• CBT is considered to be a “top tier” rehabilitative treatment program – Based on the premise that
offenders have distorted cognitions
• CBT positively influences offenders cognitions – Makes offender aware of
thoughts that lead to negative feelings and anti-social behaviors
Thoughts
Behavior Emotions
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Goal of CBT • To help offenders develop a new way of
thinking by providing them with a chance to: – Model,– Role-Play, and – Practice pro-social skills
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Core Practices of CBT
1: Reinforcing pro-social attitudes2: The use of role-play3: The use of rewards and punishments 4: Graduated rehearsals and practices 5: Appropriate modeling that introduces pro-social coping strategies6: Allowing offenders to learn in structured group format
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How to implement CBT effectively
• Meeting times– 2 times a week for 16 weeks
• Carried out closer to the end of offenders sentence
• Treat high risk offenders • Fidelity of program is kept by instructor• Supplementary components are added– For example, cognitive skills training and anger
management
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Pre-Packaged CBT Programs
Moral Reconation Therapy (MRT)
Reasoning and Rehabilitation (R&R)
Thinking For a Change (T4C)
1) Come with workbooks and course material 2) Short training courses for facilitators (40 hours or less)3) All have the ability to reduce recidivism
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Educational & Vocational Programs
• 68% of offenders are high school dropouts
• They lack the skills to live a conventional life
• Goal:– To equip offenders with
human capital and occupational opportunities
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The Effective implementation of Educational/Vocational Programs
• 1: Run over 100 days• 2:Offenders spend 22 hours in program• 3:When paired with extra educational classes• 4:When those in authority support the program• 5:Adequate supplies/materials• 6:When interruptions affecting offenders
learning is limited
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Adult Basic Education (ABE)• Goal:
– Teach offenders reading below the ninth grade level basic education
• Increase chances of employment
• Increased chances of earning a higher income– When compared with GED
participants have a 57% of obtaining a job compared to 45% of non-participants
– Reduces recidivism 5-9%
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General Educational Development (GED)
• Teaches offenders subjects that will help them master GED exam
• Reduces recidivism by 9%– But allows offenders to
feel a sense of accomplishment and self-efficacy
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Post-Secondary Education (PSE)
Academic Classes • College education classes
– Two-year degrees and four-year degrees
• Post-secondary education
Vocational Training • Found in 7% of all jails• Include classroom based
education and apprenticeships
• Employment Rates– 62% for participants and
41% for non-participants
When combined have an 11-13% reduction in regards to recidivism
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Substance & Alcohol Abuse Treatment
Substance and/or alcohol abuse plays an influential role in criminal activity
– 2/3 of jail inmates are dependent or abuse alcohol or drugs
Treatments that might reduce recidivism:
1)Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy2) Therapeutic Communities3) 12-Step4) Interactive Journaling
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Substance & Alcohol Abuse Treatment
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• Short-term (8 to 16 weeks) treatment program for substance dependence can be effective in helping inmates reduce illicit substance use
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Therapeutic Communities
• Highly structured framework• Community oriented rehabilitation
programs– Residential Units– Managed by chosen leader– Can include: CBT, individual
counseling, group counseling, and 12-step programs
*Reduction in drug relapse and rearrests*
Living and learning in structured
community
Keeping each other
accountable
Challenging negative
behaviors and
attitudes
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12-Step Treatment Program• Key components:– Recognize that one will always be an addict– Weekly/biweekly meetings with similar
individuals with same issues– Rely on high power– Perform service to one another– Counseling sessions (group & individual)
* inconclusive evidence to the effectiveness of reducing drug use and recidivism*
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Interactive Journaling • Structured through a written self-reflection
process where participants use journals to explore and resolve their issues
Stages:– Pre-contemplation– Contemplation– Preparation– Action– Maintenance– Termination *reduces recidivism*
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Faith-Based Programs
• Most facilities have a full-time chaplain – Chaplain & volunteers work with
offendersServices provided included:– Bible study– Mentoring– Preparation for life after release
*Inconclusive findings*
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Mental Illness Programs• Modified Therapeutic Communities – Strategic Treatment and Reintegration Unit (STAR)-
Nebraska Model – Consist of 2 pretreatment phases, stabilization phase,
and motivational enhancement phase• After these phases are completed offender is placed in STAR
Unit
Results: STAR Unit was found to increase the functioning level of inmates prior to their discharge from the unit
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Findings REDUCTION IN RECIDIVISM
INCONCLUSIVE
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy- Educational & Vocational
programs
- Substance and Alcohol Abuse- 12 Step Program
- All faith based programs (selections bias)
- Substance and Alcohol Abuse- Therapeutic Communities
- -Substance and Alcohol Abuse- Interactive Journaling
- All mental illness treatment programs
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Conclusion
What makes a program effective?• Adhere to the R-N-R Principles• Follow the 8 Principles of Effective Intervention Potential Savings:Ohio has found that “the average amount of money spent on a DRC inmates per day is $69.19 or $25,254 per year, so the resulting savings would be over $19 million per year for a 10% reduction in recidivism”
(Vandine, Rhine, and Bickle, 2010)
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• To find article please visit: http://cpp.fullerton.edu/index.asp
• Or email Doctor Gardiner at [email protected]
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ReferencesBahr, S., Masters, A., & Taylor, B. (2012). What works in substance abuse
treatment programs for offenders?. The Prison Journal, 92(2), 155-174.
CDCR (2011). 2011 public safety realignment: fact sheet. Retrieved from: http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/About_CDCR/docs/Realignment-Fact-Sheet.pdf
Makarios, M., & Latessa, E. J. (2013). Developing a risk and needs assessment instrument for prison inmates: The issue of
outcome. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 40(12), 1449-1471. doi:10.1177/0093854813496240Volokh, A. (2011). Do faith-based prisons work?. Retrieved from:
http://www.law.ua.edu/pubs/lrarticles/Volume%2063/Issue%201/2-Volokh.pdf