What will What will happen if a happen if a

person’s diet is person’s diet is not balanced???not balanced???

H e a l t h p r o b l e m H e a l t h p r o b l e m ss Excess carbohydrates and lipids?Excess carbohydrates and lipids?

ObesityObesity

Protein deficiency & lack of energy Protein deficiency & lack of energy providing nutrients?providing nutrients? MarasmusMarasmus

High level of cholesterol?High level of cholesterol? Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus

Increase amount of salts?Increase amount of salts? High blood pressureHigh blood pressure

Obesity

Marasmus

Kwashiorkor

Insufficient protein

Why ? ? ? Why ? ? ?

M a l n u t r I t I o nM a l n u t r I t I o n

Unbalanced diet in which certain Unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are –> lackingnutrients are –> lacking

-> in excess or-> in excess or

-> wrong -> wrong proportionsproportions

Malnutrition is……???Malnutrition is……???

A condition caused by unbalanced diet

Eating either too little or too much food (overnutrition)

A diet missing in one or more important nutrients

The Effects of MalnutritionThe Effects of MalnutritionThe diseases and symptoms caused by The diseases and symptoms caused by nutrient deficiencynutrient deficiency::

Nutrient deficient

Deficiency disease and symptoms

Protein Kwashiorkor usually happens to children less than 5 years old.Victims suffer from lethargy (tiredness), oedema

(swelling of legs due to water retention), diarrhoea and

a swollen abdomen. their growth is stunted.

Protein and energy

Marasmus caused by severe protein and energy defiency marasmus child becomes skinny and stunted

Rickets soft bones that can be easily broken

Dietary fibre

causes constipation risks of intestine and colon cancers difficult to pass motion

Water causes constipation osmotic pressure of internal environment increases difficult to pass motion cells dehydrate; kidneys fail to function, leading to death

Carbohydrate

Results in the breakdown of body proteins to supply glucose and energy

Calcium Osteoporosis causes the bones to become brittle, porous and crack easily. if not treated, bones will fracture easily, especially at the hips, backbone and wrists.

The effect of taking The effect of taking excess nutrientexcess nutrient::

Nutrient taken excess

Effect

Carbohydrate causes overweight and obesity, which in turn may lead to hypertension, heart diseases, and diabetes causes dental caries

Protein increases the risks of heart diseases leads to a loss of calcium very taxing on the kidneys during excretion increases water consumption needed to excrete nitrogenous wastes

Lipid excess fat is stored in adipose tissue, causing obesity taking excess saturated fats (animal fat, diary products, and coconut oil) increases the blood cholesterol level cholesterol deposits on wall of blood vessel narrowing it, contributing to cardiovascular diseases fats also increase the risk of cancer growth

Vitamin:

A

vitamin poisoning caused by taking too much vitamins, causing toxic symptoms birth defects liver problems bone mineral density reduces causing osteoporosis

B6

C

D

E

K

large doses may cause nerve problems large doses may cause diarrhoea and nausea vitamin D is fat-soluble and accumulates in the body, and overdoses are dangerous vitamin E is fat-soluble, so there is a risk of overdose large doses cause problems to red blood cells, and may cause brain damage to a baby’s brain

Mineral salts:

Sodium

Potassium

Iodine

Iron

mineral toxicity occurs when there is an overdose, causing negative effects to a person’s health causes hypertension leading to heart disease and stroke causes oedema (excess water retention in body tissues) overdose is highly toxic, disturbing heart rate and may cause death disrupt the production of thyroxine, reducing its level in blood circulation, causing goitre causes vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pains, cramps and death

Calcium

Zinc

Water

causes calcium phosphate salt to deposit in soft tissues of the body causes disruption to the heart causes poisoning symptoms

causes water toxicity or water intoxication rarely, but possible to happen happens when there is too much intake of water, coupled by the inability of the kidneys to excrete excess water the symptoms are confusion, cramps and in extreme cases leads to death

Dietary Health ProblemDietary Health Problem

Cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular system- made up of the heart, blood vessels and the blood

A collection of diseases and conditions affecting:- heart (cardio)- blood vessels (vascular) – arteries, veins and capillaries

Cardiovascular conditions:-Coronary artery disease: disease of arteries that supply the heart muscle with blood-heart attack: a sudden heart failure or the stopping of normal heart function -heart failure: heart cannot pump enough blood to the tissues and organs of the body-arteriosclerosis: process of thickening and hardening artery walls caused by deposits of cholesterol and calcium-stroke: sudden death of brain cells when blood supply to the blood cells is cut off-high blood pressure: excessive force of blood pumping throughblood vessels

Risks factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease

Ways to reduce the chanceof contracting cardiovascular disease

Smoking

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

Physical inactivity

Obesity

Diabetes mellitus

Stop smoking

Reduce high blood pressure

Reduce the intake of cholesterol by following a diet that is low in saturated fats

Exercise daily

Reduce the intake of high energy foods(carbohydrates and lipids)

Control the intake of sugar (diabetic patientsneeds insulin treatment)

Reducing the Effects of Health ProblemsReducing the Effects of Health Problems

Health problems/disease caused by malnutrition

High bloodpressure

Diabetes mellitusOsteoporosis

Reducing the Risk of High Blood Reducing the Risk of High Blood pressure pressure

Blood pressureBlood pressure – measures the forces applied against – measures the forces applied against the arterial wall as the heart pumps blood through the the arterial wall as the heart pumps blood through the body. Expressed as: (systolic/diastolic mm Hg).body. Expressed as: (systolic/diastolic mm Hg).

Systolic pressureSystolic pressure – the pressure on the arteries as – the pressure on the arteries as the heart contract and pumps blood into the arteries.the heart contract and pumps blood into the arteries.

Diastolic pressureDiastolic pressure – the pressure on the arteries as – the pressure on the arteries as the heart relaxes after the contraction.the heart relaxes after the contraction.

Normal blood pressure for adults – Normal blood pressure for adults – 120/80120/80 mm Hg, mm Hg, meaning that the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg, meaning that the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg, while the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg.while the diastolic pressure is 80 mm Hg.

High blood pressure or hypertensionHigh blood pressure or hypertension - happens - happens when blood pressure remains abnormally high at when blood pressure remains abnormally high at 140/90 mm Hg or greater.140/90 mm Hg or greater.

Approaches toreduce the chance

of gettinghigh blood

pressure

Changing lifestyle: Reduce sodium intake – reducing salt has a significant effect on loweringthe blood pressure. Eat less processed meat product(contain high levels of sodium) Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables. Eat only fat-free and low-fat dairy products. Eat less red meat (contain large amounts of saturated fats. Avoid alcohol (raises the blood pressure) Reduce weight – blood pressure often drops by losing weight. Avoid smoking as nicotine in cigarettes and tobacco causes blood vessels to constrict and the heart to beat faster, thus raising blood pressure.

Through medication:There are many different types of medicines calledanti-hypersensitive drugsthat can be used to treat high blood pressure.

Reducing the Risk of Diabetes MellitusReducing the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus

High level of sugar in the blood (used in cell respiration High level of sugar in the blood (used in cell respiration to produce energy), can seriously affect other body to produce energy), can seriously affect other body system.system.

InsulinInsulin – a hormone made by pancreas to regulate the – a hormone made by pancreas to regulate the amount of glucose in blood. It lowers and maintains the amount of glucose in blood. It lowers and maintains the blood glucose level within a tolerable range.blood glucose level within a tolerable range.

Diabetes Mellitus suffered by anyone when body:Diabetes Mellitus suffered by anyone when body: >> does not make enough insulin>> does not make enough insulin >> is not able to use the insulin being made by body>> is not able to use the insulin being made by body When excess glucose is not effectively removed, it When excess glucose is not effectively removed, it

causes hyperglycemia (high blood glucose level) leading causes hyperglycemia (high blood glucose level) leading to spillage of glucose into urine.to spillage of glucose into urine.

Diabetes mellitus can lead to:Diabetes mellitus can lead to: >> blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage>> blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage

>> hardening and narrowing of the arteries >> hardening and narrowing of the arteries (arteriosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart (arteriosclerosis), leading to strokes, coronary heart diseases and so on.diseases and so on.

Ways to reduce risks of diabetes mellitus

Through medication Changing lifestyle

Oral medicine can be takento stimulate the pancreas

to secrete additional insulin, ifpancreas does not make enough

insulin

Some patients require insulin injection

Physical exercise – helpsmuscle to increase glucose utilisation,

lowers the blood glucose level

Take more dietary fibre- helpsTo control the blood sugar (slowing

The absorption of carbohydrates

Avoid taking too much sugars

Avoid smoking

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

a)a) Malnutrition is caused by a diet Malnutrition is caused by a diet lacking in one or more nutrients, lacking in one or more nutrients, which can be caused by fasting or which can be caused by fasting or overnutrition.overnutrition.

b)b) Malnutrition causes deficiency Malnutrition causes deficiency disease, while overnutrition has its disease, while overnutrition has its negative effect, too.negative effect, too.

Negative effect causes by Negative effect causes by deficiency fooddeficiency food

a)Many risk factors of cardiovascular disease, and ways of reducing these risk.

b)Risk of contracting hypertension diabetes, and

osteoporosis can be reduces by changing one’s lifestyle, or

treated through medication.