what to expect when you’re expectinga depositionwhat to expect when you’re expecting...a...
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What to Expect When You’re Expecting...a Deposition
Martha L. Boyd, Esq.Baker Donelson211 Commerce StreetSuite 800Nashville, [email protected]
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What is a deposition?
• Sworn testimony of a witness taken before trial, out of court, without a judge present; carries same weight as if given at trial
• Can be used to try to get summary judgment and can be used to impeach you during trial
• Opportunity for the other side to assess your credibility and effectiveness as a witness
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What rules apply?
• Federal or state rules of civil procedure
• Allows for almost unlimited questioning – does not have to be relevant
• Objections are limited. Can object to form but still have to answer. Don’t have to answer questions that would reveal a privilege.
• Your ability to stop the depo to ask for help in answering a question is limited
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Before your deposition:
• Devote sufficient time to prepare
• Look for documents responsive to discovery requests (including “unofficial” personnel files)
• Educate your attorney on your Company, your business, and the plaintiff
• Share your concerns with your attorney (e.g., examples of inconsistent treatment, things you may have screwed up, etc.)
• Don’t try to prepare on your own (no privilege)
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What to expect:
• Casual setting (conference room, etc.) at one of the attorneys’ offices
• Court reporter will be making a transcript (sometimes video)
• Opposing counsel will be asking you questions
• Plaintiff will be there
• Your attorney will be there
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What to expect: (continued)
• Be prepared for a long ride; get a good night’s sleep and eat a good breakfast (think SAT’s)
• Don’t bring anything your attorney hasn’t instructed you to bring
• You are in the driver’s seat – ask for breaks when you need them, bring cigs and a snack
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General Rules
• Tell the truth− Avoid getting in trouble for
perjury
− If you’re being asked, the opposing counsel may already know the answer to the question
− Makes it harder for the other employer witnesses if one witness lies
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General Rules (continued)
• A depo is not a conversation and should not feel comfortable
• During a break do not remain in the room alone with plaintiff or his/her counsel; remain outside until your attorney returns
• Initial questions are usually innocuous (your educational background, work history, etc.). Do not get complacent.
• Opposing counsel, no matter how nice, is not your friend.
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How to answer questions
• Listen carefully to entire question, pause, then respond
• Answer fully, but do not volunteer additional information that is not directly responsive
• Don’t “talk through” an answer with opposing counsel
• Good answers: “Yes,” “No,” “I don’t know,” “I don’t recall,” and “I don’t understand the question”
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How to answer questions (continued)
• If asked to estimate, make clear that’s what you are doing
• Keep your answers short
• Never volunteer the existence of a document
• Never speculate regarding the existence of a document (“I’m sure we must have written that down somewhere . . . .”)
• Get comfortable with silence
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How to answer questions (continued)
• Don’t argue with opposing counsel
• Don’t try to show how smart you are
• Don’t try to be funny – levity and sarcasm doesn’t show up on a transcript
• Answer based on your own knowledge; don’t speculate as to what others know
• Read any documents presented to you; ask for documents if you need to refer to them
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Introductory Questions
• Your Social Security number
• Your criminal arrest record (if you aren’t sure, ask your attorney)
• What drugs have you taken in the last 24 hours?
• What have you had to drink in the last 24 hours?
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How did you prepare for your deposition?
• Fine for you to have met with an attorney
• Will be asked what documents you reviewed
• Will not be asked what you discussed with attorney
• Will be asked if you discussed with anyone else – remember, conversations with people other than your attorney are not privileged, so do not have them unless you want to discuss them
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Things you must review:
• Employee handbook/policies• EEOC/THRC charge and company’s response• Complaint and Answer• Discovery responses (including all documents produced)• Plaintiff’s deposition transcript (look for things you disagree with) –
even if you were there• Personnel file of plaintiff – look at everything• Company’s other litigation/charges• Training records• Unemployment hearing transcript
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Policies to review:
• EO policies
• Complaint-resolution policies and procedures
• Policies/written procedures re investigations
• Disciplinary policies
• Policies regarding promotion (if applicable)
• Termination policies
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Training...what have you done?
• College courses
• SHRM training/certification training
• Reviewing articles and HR Magazine
• Attending seminars
• Attending BDBCB Breakfast Briefings
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Training for your managers
• Send them to BDBCB breakfast briefings
• Provide training in employment law
• Keep track of training
• Informal training at Company management meetings
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Progressive Discipline Policies
• Ask the attorney to define “progressive discipline policy”
• Know whether you have one
• If you don’t, be able to explain what your policy requires
• Listen for mentions of “progressive discipline” in your deposition – don’t agree that you have one unless you do
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Know all applicable policies
• Policy that was violated
• Discipline policy
• Is there a policy that governs whether the employee is classified as eligible for rehire? Did you followit?
• Did you follow these policies in other instances? If not, why not?
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Identify the Decision Makers
• Make sure everyone on the team agrees
• Understand each person’s role
• If you were there, were you really a decision maker? Or did you just offer advice? Or did you find out about it the next morning?
• If you weren’t part of the process, why not? Is your lack of participation unusual?
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Consistency of treatment
• Have you treated similarly-situated employees the same?
• Who is similarly-situated?
• If answer to first question is no, why not? What factors distinguish the situations?
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Investigative process
• What is your policy regarding investigations?
• What is your usual practice?
• What was your practice in this case? Did it differ at all from what you usually do? If so, why?
• Be prepared to address investigative avenues you didn’t follow up on; don’t admit that your investigation was flawed/incomplete
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How do you define harassment?
• Ask to see the policy – you don’t need to have it memorized.
• If they ask for your best recollection as to what the policy says, remember that harassment is based on a protected status
• Most policies define harassment more broadly than just violating the law
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Trick question: Do you follow the EEOC guidelines regarding X?
• Don’t say yes unless you know what the guidelines are
• Ask which guidelines the attorney is referring to (there are many)
• Don’t worry if you disagree with the EEOC guidelines in certain respects
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Trick question: Is the plaintiff lying?
• Heck yes, the plaintiff is lying!
• Don’t hesitate!
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What if you forget to get info in?
• Don’t worry – worry will cause you to lose focus
• Can get it in later with an affidavit
• Affidavit can’t contradict prior testimony, though, so if you make a mistake, tell your attorney so you can correct your mistake
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Special rules for video depositions
• Dress the part
• Pauses do matter here
• Mannerisms will be noticed
• Don’t get angry
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Questions, Comments, Discussion…