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Preview Before you begin this chapter, think about the Essential Question. Understanding how the Essential Question connects to your life will help you understand the chapter you are about to read.

Connect to Your Life1 Think of ways that government affects your life every day. Then

organize them by type of government. For example, your local government probably decides how much money your school can spend each year. The national government, however, makes some laws that affect schools. List your ideas in the table.

Government’s Role in My Life

School Home In My Community Beyond My Community

Government’s Role in Societies

Safety and Defense Laws Economy Social Services

2 Now think about whether you agree with the ways government affects your life. Why might some people support a particular government action and others oppose it?

Connect to the Chapter3 Preview the chapter by skimming the chapter’s heads, photographs,

and graphics. Then make predictions about different parts of society where government might logically play a role. List your ideas in the table below.

4 After you have read the chapter, return to the table and circle your predictions that were correct.

What should governments do?

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Connect to myStory: The Story of Gilgamesh1 Think about what you would have done if you had lived in the city of

Uruk during the time of Gilgamesh. What are some ways you might have opposed Gilgamesh or persuaded him to reform?

2 Now think about the experiences Gilgamesh had and how they changed him. In the table, list lessons he learned. Then list what you can learn from the story.

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Lessons Gilgamesh Learns Lessons I Can Learn From Gilgamesh

Harmful Actions Helpful Actions

3 In the table below, list ways that Gilgamesh helped and hurt the people of Uruk. Write B next to actions that happened before Gilgamesh’s travels and A next to those that happened after.

4 In what ways might leaders like Gilgamesh and their governments help early human communities form and develop? What values do leaders need in order to govern well?

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Word WiseWords in Context For each question below, write an answer that shows your understanding of the boldfaced key term.

1 Why is the birth of farming called a revolution?

2 What do people do when they domesticate plants and animals?

3 How much food does a family have if there is a surplus?

4 What are some examples of job specialization?

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Take NotesAnalyze Cause and Effect Changes in agriculture had many effects on early human populations. As you read, list some of these effects in the concept web below.

How do you think decision making would change as people moved from hunter-gatherer bands to settled farming communities?

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Word WiseCrossword Puzzle The Across and Down clues are definitions of key terms from this section. Fill in the numbered Across boxes with the correct key terms. Then do the same with the Down clues.

Across Down

4. community system to produce and distribute goods and services

1. supply of something to be used as needed

2. group of people that occupies a rank or level in society

3. set of shared beliefs about supernatural powers

5. complex society with cities, government, and specialized jobs

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Take NotesSummarize As you read about cities and civilizations, briefly record the most important ideas about each feature of civilization.

How was a strong government linked to public works? Do you think organizing such projects was a necessary job for early governments to do?

Cities Organized Government

Established Religion Job Specialization

Social Classes Public Works Arts and Architecture Writing

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What should governments do?

Writer’s Workshop

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Prepare to WriteThroughout this chapter, you have explored the Essential Question in your text, journal, and On Assignment at myworldhistory.com. Writing Situation: You have learned about early governments. Directions for Writing: Consider how important governments are in the development of

civilizations. Write an expository essay explaining how government affected the

development of civilization in Uruk.

Workshop Skill: Use the Writing ProcessIn the writing process, you complete four basic steps, but you sometimes have to repeat some of them along the way. In this lesson, you will learn about the four basic steps in writing an expository essay. The steps are prewriting, drafting, revising, and presenting. Each step has several parts that help you communicate your ideas effectively.

Prewrite This step includes everything you do before you start writing. First, choose three features of civilization. Then brainstorm about the jobs government can do. You could use the chapter images or subheadings to get ideas. Collect ideas in note form or use a graphic organizer such as a flowchart. Then make an outline. It should list a main idea or thesis about the role of government in developing civilizations. Briefly mention the three features you will use to support your thesis. Then return to the chapter and look for evidence (such as quotations and examples) that tells about government’s role in developing each feature. Add these to your outline.

Draft Start putting your ideas into sentences and paragraphs. Follow your outline, but don’t worry too much about spelling, grammar, or even complete sentences. Just get your ideas onto paper. Mark places where you may need to get more information. Think about how you can explain your ideas to readers. Try to start each paragraph by identifying the feature of civilization in a topic sentence that communicates its main point. This will help you know what else has to go in the paragraph.

Revise Read over your draft. Ask yourself if your ideas and explanations make sense. Think about whether idea A belongs before or after idea B. Move text around until the arguments flow clearly. Then read your draft out loud, listening for sentence variety. If you have too many short sentences, use sentence combining to create interest. Read a third time to find and fix spelling and grammar errors. As with drafting, you may find that you need to get more information or write more text.

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Present Create a clean, double-spaced copy of your essay. Add your name, date, and a title according to the format your teacher has requested.

Here is a sample table to help you brainstorm. Think about the ideas you identified when you reviewed the chapter:

Draft Your EssayUse the graphic organizer you created to collect ideas for your essay. Then follow the steps in this workshop to draft and revise your paper on separate paper. Be sure that you complete all four steps in the writing process.

What Governments Did

Feature 1: Public Works Feature 2: Social Classes Feature 3: Cities

• organized workers • gave power to groups such as priests and rulers

• built roads to help people get in and out of the city

Use a Graphic OrganizerNow create and complete your own graphic organizer to brainstorm ideas for your essay. Use the style shown above or try a concept web.

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