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What i s d i f f e r e n t a b o u t i t ?

I t r e c o g n i z e s t h e n e c e s s i t y of "blind-tuning", and t h e i n t e r - dependence o f f o u r s e p a r a t e k i n d s o f t h i n k i n g .

What do you mean by "Mind-tuning"?

B e f o r e any men ta l t ime and e f f o r t a r e used on a nroblem-- a p e r i o d of s e l f - q u e s t i o n i n g i s n e c e s s a r y . " E x a c t l y what am I t r y i n a t o dot '? As i n t u n i n g a r a d i o , t h i s e n d s f u z z i n e s s , makes t h e t a s k c r i s p , p r e c i s e l y d e f i n e d , i n harxony w i t h mv w i s h e s , s t a t e s i t i n words , l a y s o u t e x a c t l y a r e a f o r e f f e c t i v e m e n t a l work. When n o r e t h a n one work on a ~ r o b l e 3 , i n a d d i t i o n , i t g e t s a l l minds t o work on e x a c t l y t h e same problem, s o t ? > a t t h e o u t p u t s of a l l minds f i t t o g e t h e r i n a u s e f u l p a t t e r n l i k e a ,!la-saw n u z z l e . Withollt "n~!ind-t ,unina", f o r a l l of a q roup , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e i r men ta l work m i s m a t c h somewhat, a s would p a r t s b r o u a b t by each from a s l i a h t l y d i f f e r e n t . . i i~-saw r u z z l e .

?Jo*lld yo:! s ay t h a t t h i s miaht, a d d 10% t o t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s ?

I ' v e s e e n i t add e n t i r e new ~ r o b l e m s o l u t i o n s , chanqe t h e whole d i r e c t i o n of men ta l work , add 1CO% t o e f f e c t i v e n e s s . A group had j u s t s t a r t e d work on d e s i g n i n o an a d d i t i o n a l warehouse a t t h e f a c t o r y , and h a v i n g i t b u i l t . They s a i d t h e i r job was t o f o l l o w throuoh on t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s o f h i p h e r inanaaement by " ~ f f i c i e n t l y and e c o r o m i c a l l y d e s i a n i n a and p r o c u r i n a t h e add- i t i o n a l warehouse". rh r inc ! t h e "r l ind-tunino" e x e r c i s e , t h e v f i r s t b roadened t h e i r t a s k t o " H e l ~ t o o p e r a t e a comlnet i t ive b u s i n e s s n r o f i t a b l y " . T3en i n s u c c e e d i n q s t e p s of d i s c i n l i n e d t h i n k i n o t h e y nro- r ided s h a m " T u ~ i n a " o n t o some s p e c i f i c a r e a s , and found b e t t e r solut . i ons . Some m a t e r i a l I P p r e s e n t warehouses d i d n o t b e n e f i t from t h e e n c l o s u r e . Some a r e a s c o u l d be mtich b e t t e r a r r a ~ o e d . Sone r a c k i n q , s h e l v i r g and hand1 i n a e q i l i ~ n l e n t r l t 2 1 i z e d p r e s e n t s p a c e b e t t ? r and reduced h a n d l i n g c o s t . $11,000 w ? s s p p n t f o r t h e s e i n s t e a d o f $125,000. f o r a n o t h e r warehouse.

I s n ' t t h e s u c c e s s f u l m a n a g e n e ~ t o r p r o f e s s i o n a l n ind a u t o m a t i c a l l y 1 t h e i r job?

No, hu t t h e y have t h e m e n t a l p o t e n t i a l t o be s o t u n e d , and t o produce s o l u t i o n s which othsrwise would n o t deve lop .

I t j u s t doesnl t s een r i q h t t h a t men f ~ h o have been s t ~ c c e s s f u l i n t h i n k i n g vork a l l o f t h e i r l i v e s '3enef i t from he inq t a u q h t how t o t h i n k .

The qane of t h e man who " a s ~ l a y s d q o l f a l l of h i s l i f e l x n e f i t s by xo;.e t e a c T - i n q . T h i n h i n a a l s o i s r i o a l - o r i e n t e d . I t ' s i ~ p o r t a n t t o a c h i e v e r e s l l l t s . R e s u l t s from any mind a r e i n c r e a s e d a s e a c 5 k ind o f t h i n k i n q i s p r o g r e s s i v e l y dons comple te ly - -

and , i n i t s P r o p e r s e q u e n c e .

What "K inds" o f t k l i n k i n a do yo : ; n e a n ?

The f i r s t o f f o u r s e p a r a t e k i n d s i s ( 1 ) " I n f o r ~ a t i o n t h i n k i n g , o r , i n f c m a t i o r s e a r c h i r . 2 , i n f o r i m t i o n d e v e l o n i n q , o r g r o ~ i n g " . The q u a l i t v o f t o t a l t p i n h i n p c a n n e v e r e x c e e d t h e q u a l i t y and c o n m l e t e n e s s o f i n f o r t n a t i o n .

What t s new a b o u t t h a t ? Th in l t i nq p e o p l e 3 a v e a l w a y s a o t t e v t h e f a c t s a b o u t a s i t u a t i o n b e f o r e s t a r t i n a t h e i r s o l u t i o n - o r i e n t e d t h i n k i n a .

I t ' s a m a t t e r of d e ~ r e e and o f t o t a l s e p a r a t i o n . F e o p l e a l s o have a lways " t h o u g h t " . Wef r e t , a l k ing a b o u t a c h i e v i n a ~ u c h b e t t e r r e s u l t s f r o m " t h o u g h t " , rnaybe 1b% n o r e , naybe 100% a o r e . S i n c e t h e c e i l i n g o n r e s u l t s f r o m a l l s u b s e q u e n t t h i n k i n g i s p l a c e d by t h e qua l i t , ? ; o f t 5 e in for r la t ion , - " t r> / ' a r d e r " , s t i c k t o i n f o r m t i o n s e a r c h i n g l o : i ? e r , d i g d e e p e r , c r e a t i . : e l y d e v e l o p n o r e f a c t s , and b e t t e r d s s u n p t i o n s .

f l ssutnpt i o n s ? Lon7 t we d e v e l o p i n f o r m a t i on t,o e l i m i r > ? t , ~ asstl-7nt i o n s ? - Y e s , o r , r a t h e r , t o m i n i ~ : i z e a s s u m p t i o n s . T h e r ~ t w i 1 1 a lways

r ? , ~ a i ! - some assu:::pt i o n s . ' c i - ~ t , s l . in rp ly qen~ i r . - l t e as.;urnnt, i o n s f rom f a c t s . lire c a l l i t " i r m r o v i n g " t h e a s s u m p t i o n s . s e t t e r i n f o r m a t i o n deve lopmen t i d e n t i f i e s some s s s t lmp t i o n s a s f a l s e and e n d s them. I t i d e n t i f i e s some as t r u t h , and c h a n c e s them t o f a c t s . I n t h i s t y p e o f t h i n l i i nq , a f t e r i d e n t i f y inq and i n p r o 7 r i n g t h e assum.z)t i o n s , t h i n k i n t e n s e l y a l o n g t ! ~ e f o l l o s i ~ i n c 1 i r . e ~ : What rew a s s u m p t i o n s ( w h i c h a r e p r o b a b l y t r u e ) would a l l o w l a t e r t ! ' l n k i n g +,o '-le f a s t e r p r o p e l l e d toward s u p e r i o r s o l u t i o n s ? ?:Take sucf-, n e v assunpt. i o n s , t h e n c o n s t a n t l y t 5 e r e a f t e r h e a l e r t t o " imnrove" t h e n w i t h more f a c t s .

J u s t wha t do you i n c l u d e I n " I n f o r m a t i o n " ?

Knowledge a b o u t e v e r y t l , i n q r e l a t e d o r p o s s i b l y r e l a t e d t o t h e s i t u a t i o n wh,ich e x i s t s o r ma\: e x i s t . What h a p n e n s ? What h a s h a p p e n e d ? ' r h a t h a s s u c c e e d e d ? l'rhqt h a s f a i l e d ? What, d o e s c o m p e t i t i o n d o ? What i s t o he a c c o n n l i s h e d ? I'lhat is i t t h a t t h e c u s t o m e r r e a l l y needs o r w a n - s ? What a r e t h e d e s i r a b l e c h a r a c t e r - i s t i c s w i t h r e s p e c t t o s i z e , w e i q h t , a p p e s r a n c e , d u r a b i l i t y , e t c . ? S e c u r e a l l p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n : c o s t s , q u a r t i t i e s , v e n d o r s , d r a w i n g s , s p e ~ i f i c a t ~ i o n s , p l a n n i n g c a r d s , and m a n u f a c t u r i n g methods d a t a a s w e l l a s a c t u a l s a n p l e s o f p a r t s and a s s e m b l i e s whe re p r a c t i c a b l e . I n t h e c a s e o f new p r o d u c t s , s e c u r e a l l i n f o r n a t i o n t h a t i s a v a i l a b l e : a l l d e s i o n c o n c e p t s , n r e l i m i n a r y s k c t c 9 e s and d r a w i n g s , p r e l i a i n a r y c o s t e s t i m a t e s , e t c . Examine t h e b a s i c e n p i n e e r i n a , t h e S a s i c m a ~ u f a c t u r i n c r , ar.d i f a s e r v i c e , t h e bas !c s e r v i c e s y s t e m o n e r a t i o n . S u r r o u h d t5e s i t u a t , i o n w i t h -,ore f a c t s t h a n o n e p e r s o n h a s y e t v iewed i n o n e p i c t u r e .

A l l o f t h i s , and we h a v e n ' t y e t q i v e n one though t t o t h e problems - s o l u t i o n ?

Right ! Now wer 11 chnnne t o a second k i n d o f t h i n k i n g - - ( 2 ) " A n a l y s i s " t h i n k i n g , seec~KaP, kind of a problem we h a v e , d e c i d e what s o l u t i o n we want t o ach'ieve and " S e t t h e problemrr , in p r a c t i c a l , s o l v a b l e t e rms . !Vet r e no t t r y i n g t o l o o k qood on t h e p l a y i n g f i e l d , w e ' r e a o i n g t o make a aood f i n a l s c o r e .

How do we s t a r t t ,his " A n a l y s i s " k i n d of t h i n k i n g , be for^ we even have d i f f e r e n t ~ o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n s t o c o n s i d e r ?

Now e x t e n s i v e e s s e n t i a l " f u n c t i o n r ' t h i n k i n q i s developed. \4hat does t h e cus tomer o r u s e r r e a l l y need and/or want , ~ r e c i s e l y ? F u n c t i o n s a r e s e p a r a t e d f o r s i n n l e s t u d y , t h e n a r e grouped a s needed f o r b e s t s o l u t i o n . S i n g l e f u n c t i o n s , and o f t e n arouped f u n c t i o n s a r e e v a l u a t e d .

E v a l u a t e d ? What do you mean by t h a t ?

3ased upon t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a t hand, t h e a r o b a b l e avenues f o r inprovement , ccmpar i sons t o t h e c o s t o f p r o d u c i n q s i m i l a r f u n c t i o n s , and t h e e x t e n t o f t h e r e a l need , a f i a u r e of a p ~ r o p r i a t e c o s t i s a s s i q n e d t o e a c h f u n c t i o n , a ~ d / o r t o e a c h a r o u p o f f u n c t i o n s . T h i s i s t h e c o s t which i t ~ a k e s s e n s e t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n o r f u n c t i o n s w i l l be s e c u r e d f o r a f t e r a r e a s o n a h l e amount o f d i s c i p l i n e d t h i n k i n a .

But you s t i l l havent t "Se t t h e Problem"?

A f t e r we deve lop a few q o r e answers ve w i l l . Vhat arc. t h e meanings? What a r e t h e t o t a l problems? The i n d i v i d u a l p rob lems? T h e r e a s o n a h l e n o a l s and p l a n s ? 12Jhat a r e t b e key problems t o he s o l v e d f i r s t ? 'Vhat s o l u t i o n s seem r e a s o n a h l e ? Vlhat end rec, t i l t i s r e a s o n a b l e ? What s t e p s - f i r s t , s - c o n d , t h i r d , e t c . - a r q i n d i c a t e d ? ll'hat a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r ~ a t i o n is r e q u i r e d ? What u n l i s t e d a s sumpt ions a r e Se inq made? a r e t,ho asstlrnptions now v a l i d ? V h a t s o l u t i o n s d o e s i t make s e n s e t o s e a r c h ? o r ? Aaproximat.elv wh3.t s a v i n a s o r b e n e f i t s rniaht e a c h of t h e b e s t approaches b r i n q ? E x a c t l ~ l what p a r t s o f t h e problem o r o v e r a l l proSlerns shoud we s e e k o u t b e t t e r s o l u t i o n s f o r f i r s t ? What s p e c i f i c n e e d s , when w e l l met by b e t t e r s o l u t i o n s , woilld "un lock" v e r y b e n e f i c i a l s o l ~ t t i o n s f o r t h e p r o j e c t ? Now t h e problem can be e s t a b l i s h e d o r '.'Settr.

Whatf s t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e Droblen we had a t f i r s t a n d t h e problem we have " S e t " now?

L e t ' s t a k e an example. As c o m p e t i t i o n i n c r e a s e d I t became n e c e s s a r y t o t k i n k .nore e f f e c t i - \ r e l y i n d o m e s t i c r e f r i q e r a t , o r d e s i a n . The o r i c i n a l problem was: "Y:e need a c o l c c o n t r o l r e l a y , s t i l l w i t h h i a h a u a l i t y , 5 u t f o r much l e s s t h a n i t s p r e s e n t $9.00 c o s t " . A s a p r c h l e ~ i s spt i t i s pu t i n t o -$rords r eady Tor t h e c r e a t i v i t y

t y p e o f t h i n k i n g wh ich w i l l f o l l o w i m m e d i a t e l y . A l so , t h e f u n c t i o n s a r z d i v i d e d , o r g rouped s o t h a t e a c h u n i t b e c o n e s a " t h i n k i n g packaae" . Now t P e p r cb l em i s s t a t e d :

How n i g h t we s e n s e t e m p e r a t u r e f o r How might we a c t u a t e c o n t a c t s f o r Mow might w e i n t e r r u p t c u r r e n t f o r How n i g h t we p r o v i d e a d j u s t q e n t f o r How ~ i g h t we m u n t and p r o t e c t f o r

Now, you s e e , t h e o r i c i n a l nroblern h a s 5ecorne a s e r i e s o f v e r y s a e c i f i c n r o b l e m s , a l l i n ' u n c t i o n a l l a n a ~ i a g e , e ach s o l v a b l e i n i t s own p a r a m e t e r s , w i t h a t o t a l t h a t m e e t s t h e ~ e e d s o f t h e b u s i n e s s , 4~5.00 c o s t i n s t e a d o f t h e 39.00.

We had one p r o b l e r l b e f o r e , now we have s i x nroblems, is t h a t - - - p r o g r e s s ?

Yes. We m i g h t 3 a v e one kea o f n a i l s , b u t we don1 t n a k e any p r o g r e s s u n t i l we t a k e t h e n o u t and d r i v e t h e n o n e a t a t i m e .

So now we c h a n ~ e o u r t h i n k i n q t o t h e + , b i r d t y p e ( 3 ) " C r e a t i v e " ?

Yes . A1 1 .jtidqenent t h i n k i n q is tern- o r a r i l y w i t h h e l d . The minds must be s p a r k e d t o " r o l l f r e ~ " , v ~ a k i n a a s s o c i a t i o n s t h e y n e v e r have m d e b e f o r e . No n e r s o n ~ u s t Se p r e s e n t vr'ro i s n o t s u f f i c l e n t l v d i s c i n l i n e d t o w i t t h o l d judaement t b i n k l r g . T h i s c r e a t iire t h i n k i n c car. b e , and r u s t be e f f e c t i v e l v done t o n r o v i d e s u i t a b l e d i r e c t i o n s f o r t h e n e x t t y p e o f t b i n k i n a .

C r e a t i v e th ink in : : , p e r s e , h a s been a r w n d a l o n a t i n e , h a s n l t i t ?

No. About t h e same a s Va luc A n a l l ~ s i s . The l a t e A l e x O s b o r n g o t i t w e l l s t a r t e d . G t h e r s ?ave added s i n c e . -4nyhow i t c a n be w e l l l e a r n e d T ron e x i s t i n c n u b l i c a t i c n s and c o u r s e s , and .nust be m a s t e r e d by ar.yone w!.o h o p ~ s t o compete i n ~ ~ r o h l e r n ; o l v i n g i n a c o m p e t i t i v e f i e l d . I t i s a a , i n d e s p e n s a b l e s ter l i n e f f e c t i v e d i s c i p l i n e d t h i n k i n a . T i n s t e i n s a i d , ""'hen t l i e r e ' s a n rob l em t o be s o l v e d , C r e a t i v i t y i s T o r e i q n o r t a n t t h a n Loq ic " .

I ' v e h e a r d i t s a i d t h a t cF i l d r e n a r e T o r e c r e a t i v e t h a n a d ~ l l t ~ s ?

They a r e , t be l l haven ' t, b e e r t a u o h t s o many i n h i b i t i o n s . It. i s u s e f u l t o c o n s i d e r t h e humin n i n d a s c o n t a i n i n n c e r t a i n knowl- e d s e b i t s , o r n i e c e s , and an a b i l i t y t o b r i n a t h e s e d i v ~ r s e knowl- e d g e b i t s , vrhicll have n.sv.-r b e f o r e anpea re : ? i n t h e "same n e n t a l p i c t u r e " , t o q e t 1 , e r i n t o one 'ccus l o n c enouah t o c o n s i d e r "'lihat b e r - e f i t s t o ay p r e s e n t a r o j e c t n iqht , r e s l l l t i f I combined t h ~ ~ i n t h e s o l u t i o n " ? I n t h i s c o n c e p t s o o t u s e f u l c r e a t i v i t v i s m a x i n i z e d i f

t h e i n d i v i d u a l is ir?. p o s s e s s i o n of two f a c t o r s : ( I ) t h e knowledge b i t s r e q u i r e d t o d e a l w i t h t h e t a s k a t hand and ( 2 ) t h e menta l a b i l i t y t o r e a d i l y ,-ioin d i v e r s e , u ~ r e l a t e d b i t s o f knowledae i n t o one t e n n o r a r y p i c t u r e .

A lonn l i s t o f a n p r o a c h e s , which f i t t h e s p e c i f i c "How t ' l iaht 11 T'Je.. . .. . s t a t e m e n t s of t h e nrohlem. P rope r l j r comple ted , t h e s e

s t r e t c h t h e mind, and t h e i ~ a a i r ~ a t i o n s t i l l f u r t h e r . I n t h i s l i s t i n 9 should be found some :-~pproac5es which w i l l meet t h e needs of t h e urohlem.

T h a t ' s t h r e e k i n d s o f t h i n k i n c , w h a t ' s t h e f o u r t h ?

( 4 ) "Judgement" t y p e t h i n k i n g , a s o n p o s i t e f r o n c r e a t i v e a s n o r t ? ~ is from s o u t h . Now t h e t a s k is tc s o r t o u t on? O T more approaches t,o t h e ? roble? l s o l u t i o n s , 'ro7? t.h i s 1 !s t .

Iroy~ yc11 -.o t.hroua3 t,he l i s t s c ra t ch inc l ou t t h e i d e a s t h a t a r e r i d i c u l o u s o r l ~ ~ o r t - h l e s s ?

A b s o l u t e l y n o t . An app roach ?lay a t f i r s t b lush a p w a r r i d i c u l c u s . 3 u t i t -lay nc/t ' :s a t a l l . It. may be tt- i t t 5 e w a l l v e , 'it t'.? :-?orient,, ar.: tl-iiiikin- o" :isinlr t 3 a t a p n r o a c h , i s whiit. i s r i d i c i ; l o u s . 4 e a l .Juc?cmierLt t?: inkin?--which i s s e l - r t , i ~ a , min imiz ina dis-advar . t ,anes, and naxirr.izinq a d v a n t a a ~ s , w i l l chance that, apnroach t o a winner . T h e r e a l e s s s n c e o f Judaement t h i n k i n n , is ( 1 ) s e l e c t - ing ar, anproac'.. which would (when improved a n d de- re lcned &?(! e x t e n d e d ) meet o r exceed t 5 e resent. need , ( 2 ) I n i n i n i z i n q t h e d i s a d v r m t a c e s o f t k a t ap?roac5 , a n d ( 3 ) i\.laxinizfng t h e a d v a n t a q e s cf i t .

Can y o q ! t i e a l l of t h i s " C i s c i p l i n e d Th;r,hinfl1' t o a e t h e r in a f a i r l y s i ~ ~ l e e x a n p l e ?

I b e l i e v e s o . I ' 11 c u t 4 h o u r s work t o 3 q i n u t e s r e a d i n g t i m e , on ly h i t t i n g t h e h i g h s p o t s .

" ~ 5 e p l a n t e n g i ~ e e r o f a c e a e n t p l a n t i n t h e d e s e r t r e c e i v e d i n s t r u c t ion from company h e a d q u a r t z r s t o p ~ t a d u s t c o l l e c t o r on t o p of a g r o u p o f s i l o s . He, w i t h two a s s o c i a t e s , s t a r t e d t h e d e s i g n , p r e p a r i n g t o s e c u r e 5 i d s , buy i t and i t i n s t a l l e d . P r e l irainary f i q u r e s showed that. i t would c o s t a b o u t . $ 4 C , 0 0 0 . "

rn ,..a i n e e r i n g nanagement a t t h a t moment, by ? icc iden t , apnza red on t h e s c e n e and said,"?!ie have a c o n s u l t a n t h e r e f o r !.oday who ? e l i e v e s h i s Z i s c i ~ i ined T h i v k l n g S y s t e ~ rqioht h e l p o u r o n e r a t i o n , l e t f s s e l e c t any one o f y c u r problems o r o - p p o r t u n i t . i ~ s a ~ d s e e Your i t \ Y O T I . C S ' ~ . Tkey s e l e c t e d t h e ri5ove proaram.

In t h i s case t h e i r minds were no doubt a l r e a d y Tuned t o t h e same problem?

was used i n e a c h t y p e o f - t h i n k i n g .

Vind s e t t i n g I n f o r m a t i o n t ? i n i t i n a and Assurnpt i o n s improva:~ent A n a l y s i s t h i n k i n g C r s a t i v e t h i n k i n q Judgement t h i n k i n g

45 rnins,

2 h r s . 30 mins . 30 r? ins . 1 5 mins.

What d i d t 5 e y "Think t h e y were t r y i n q t o d o " ?

l f ~ c o r ~ o m i c a l l y a ~ d e f f i c i e n t l y d e s i g n and buy a d u s t c o l l e c t o r arid have i t i n s t a l l e d f f . T h e i r i n s t r t l c t i o n s were s o c l e a r , and came a t a t i m e o f such i n t e n s e e m p h a s i s on e c o l o g y , t h a t , d s you s e e i t tocsk 4 5 in. o f h a r d " l e a d i n g " t o a l l o w them t o c l e a r t h e i r minds and r e - t u n e .

What f i n a l l y , we re t h e y t r y i n q t o d o ?

" A s s i s t i n o p e r a t i n g a p r o f i t a b l e cornpet i t i v e ' w s i n e s s " . Then s p e c i f i c a l l y , " t o a i n i m i z e o r end d u s t " .

Then t h e y n r o c e e d e d t o informat , i o n deve lonment and a s s u m p t i o n s i x p r o v e n e n t ?

Yes . I n t h e two h o u r s o f ( 1 ) " I n f o r m a t i o n T f t h i n k i n g , much i n f o r n a t i o n was b r o u g h t t o t h e s u r f a c e . A few itergs wl-ich w e r e q u i t e p e r t i n e n t a r e :

T h e r e was n o t a l w a y s d u s t There ivas d u s t when a s i l o r a n 07 re r T h e r e was d u s t when t h e v e r v b o t t o m cerrlent was h e i r g

t a k e r f rom t h e s i l o Cement f l o w i s c a u s e d by 30 f a i r i n f ~ l s i o n a t s i l o h a s e T h e r e was d u s t w5en %he 150 # a i r n r e s s u r e t i r e was u sed

i n s t e a d o f t h e 30 #, t o c a u s e clement t o Flow The 15C # l i n e was o f t e n u sed when t h e 30 # l i n e was

n o t f u n c t i o n i n g Ee tween t h e cornpressor ar?d t h e s i l o s was a low n l a c e

wherz t l - e 30 # l i n e went u n d e r t h e r o a d . Too f r e q u e n t l y w a t e r , r u s t 3 rLd o t ' r e r c o n t a m i n a t i o n c o l l e c t e d t h e r e , c l o g g i n g i t

Dus t d r o p s o u t o f a s t r e a m o f a i r whenever t h e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e d u c t i s i n c r e a s e d ( t h e r e f o r e v e l o c i t y d e c r e a s e s )

Soae o f t h e s i l o s were a lways n a r t l y empty While t h e e x a c t f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e cement i n v a r i o u s

s i l o s after, d i f f e r e d , d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e s o s l i q h t t h a t d u s t f rom any one a o u l d n o t c o n t a m i n a t e any o t h e r

I t c o s t s j 1 , 0 0 0 . p e r y e a r t o c l e a n up a round t h e s i l o s A n o t h e r .,jl,OOO. p e r y e a r o f c e n e n t is w a s t e d .

Probab ly 10 t i m e s t h i s much i n f o r m a t i o n was developed. However, t h o s e l i s t e d h e r e a r e u s e f u l i n fo rma t ion " b i t s " .

I t seems t o me t h a t sone o f t h e s o l u t i o n s a r e o b v i c u s now, w i t h o u t noinq i n t o a lonq r i g a m o r o l e of d i sc ip - l ined t h i n k i n a ?

P a r t l y t r u e , b u t we don1 t want a p a r t s o l u t i o n , we want a f u l l s o l u t i o n . Always tho rough work i n Mind Tunina i s e s s e n t i a l , e l s e we woiild be workina on t h e wrona problem, o r d i f f e r i n g problems. O f t e n tho rough work i n In fo rma t i o n Th ink ino s o I1 lum- i n a t e s t h e p rob lem t h a t good work i17 t h e remain ing t h i n k i n a s t e p s , p roceeds v e r y f a s t , a n d ve ry e f f e c t i v e l y .

Proceed w i t h t h e ( 2 ) "Ana lys i s r1 t h i n k i n g .

Now we d e c i d e : What a r e t he meanings? What s o l u t i o n do we wan t? Xhat s p e c i f i c problems s h a l l we s o l v e ?

We want a good b u s i n e s s s o l u t i o n i f p o s s i b l e , t h e n w i l l go beyond i f d e s i r a b l e t o a e e t e c o l o g i c a l needs .

P o s s i b l e s a v i n g i s $2,000. p e r y e a r Company p r a c t i c e i s t o l i q l l i d a t e e x p e n d i t u r e s i n 2 y r s T h i s ?leans m a x i ~ u m e x n e n d i t u r e o f $4,000. B a s i c p r o b l e n t h e n i s " ~ n d t h i s d u s t wit.h .$4,000 e x p e n d i t u r e " The v a r i o u s c a u s e s f o r t h e d u s t were d i s c u s s e d , p r o ~ r i d i n g

d i r e c t i o n f o r f u r t h e r t h i n k i n g For t h e C r e a t i v e Thinking t o f o l l o w t h e problem v a s s e t :

"How n i g h t we reduce d u s t n ?

Why no t b e comple te about i t and use "How IAiaht We Fnd n u s t " ?

Ending d u s t r e q u i r e s iudaenent . Now w e want c r e a t i v i t y . 11 i14inds w i l l r o l l m~ich f r e e r on t h e s u b j e c t of r educ inq" t h a ~ o f

"end inc" . Then l a t e r judqement can put t o a e t h e r a napkaqe t h a t ends i t . ( 3 ) " C r e a t i v e " t h i n k i n g f o l l o w e d . A f e w o f t h e most p e r t i n e n t of t h e dozens of anproaches l i s t e d , a r p ~ o t , e d h e r e :

S t o p running o v e r t h e s i l o s Move t h e 15C: P l i n e s o i t w i l l n o t r each t h e s i l o s C l e a n o u t t h e 3 C # l i n e 8 e r o u t e t h e 30 # l i r e overylead, s o i t won ' t s t o n up

I t seems t o -?e t h e r e a r e some v e r y clood s u g c e s t i o n s h e r e .

Wait! You a r e a l r e a d y :udging . 10 a tho rouah job of c r e a t i n a b e f o r e y o u s t a r t j udg ing , o r you aiss some v e r y good s o l u t i o n s . Now t o f i n i s h c r e a t i v i t y :

Vent t h e emptying s i l o th rough t h e t o p o f a p a r t empty one Vent t h e s i l o be inq f i l l e d t h r o u g h t h e t o p of a p a r t empty one Now w e a r e ready f o r judgement t h i n k i n g .

Vow l e t ae do t.he ( 4 ) "Judgeaen t " T h i n k i n q f o r you , and s e e how i t matches t h e work o f t h e e n g i n e e r s .

A l r i g h t , b u t f i r s t l e t s rev iew. Judgement t h i n k i n a is s e l e c t i n g t h e b e s t approaches , t h e n minimiz ing t h e i r d i s a d v a n t a g e s , keep ing a t i t u n t i l t h e needs o f t h e problem a r e f u l l y s a t i s f i e d .

?dove t h e 30 # 1 ine overhead . Vove t h e 150 # 1 i n e awav. Put a d u c t s y s t e m o v e r t h e s i l o s . -

Good, now n o t e >ow e a g e r you were t o judge. Everyone l ~ a n t s t o judge. Some w i 11 s t a r t judging d u r i n g ( 1 ) " ~ n f o r n a t i o n " T h i n k i n g , and a g a i n d u r i n g ( 2 ) " A n a l y s i s , and a g a i n d u r i n a ( 3 ) " c r e a t i v i t y " . To become a d i s c i p l i n e d t h i n k e r , and d e v e l c p t h e r e a l l y good p r o b l e n s o l t i t i o n s r e q u i r e s r e a l men ta l d i s c i p l i n e and mind t r a i n i n g .

Now l e t s f i n i s h t h e ( 4 ) " ~ u d q e m e n t " Th ink ing . To r e - r o u t e t h e 30 # l i n e o v e r h e a d , and t o move t h e 150 # l i n e would c o s t about $2,000. To b u i l d a d u c t i n q above t h e si 10s i n such manner t h a t i f a d u s t c o l l e c ? o r were l a t e r i n s t a l l e d , i t wovld f i t r i a h t on , would c o s t a n o t h e r ,942,000. The d u s t is now s u b s t a n t i a l l y , if n o t c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e d and t h e c o s t i s 44,000, which i s o n l y t w i c e t h e a n n u a l c a s h s a v i n g . I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e e x p e n d i t u r e w i l l now be $4,000., i n s t e a d of t h e p lanned $40,r?00. The t h i n k i n a t a s k was w e l l done.

You've made a c a s e f o r D i s c i p l i n e d T h i n k i n a a l r i a h t , , now how do you Dropose t o g e t i t l e a r n e d and u s e d ?

Four ways. 1. By c o n s u l t a n t s h e l n i n g manaqement and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s

y roduce more s e r v i c e s o r n r o d u c t p e r d o l l a r . 2. By U n i v e r s i t i e s t e a c h i n q t o advanced s t u d e n t s and s n e c i a l

g roups . 3. 3y s e m i n a r s t a u q h t t o p r o f e s s i o n a l , a d r ? i n i s t r a t ilre and

manaaement peon le by c o n s u l t inq f i r m s and 1Jnivprs it, i e s . 4. By a c t i v i t i e s of S . ,4. V. E.

Any s p e c i a l s u g a e s t i o n s how S . 4. V. E. n i q h t a c c e l e r a t e -- t h i s ?

Yes , v e r y much s o . PIembers j o i n S. A. V. E. t o l e a r n . Members coqe t o m e e t i n g s t o l e a r n and t o q a i n e x p e r i e n c e i n u s i n q t h e s p e c i a l t e c h n i q u e s of i t s ~ r o f e s s i ~ n. Teach the^, and q i v e t hem e x p e r i e n c e u s i n q d i s c i ~ ) ! ined t h i n k i n q i n t h e packaqe w i t h t h e o t h e r V A t e c h n i q u e s a t t h e i r c h a p t e r mee t inos .

row do you n r o n o s e t h a t % ? > i s be done?

Put i t r i g h t i n t h e c h a p t e r program, pe rhaps two o u t o f each t h r e e o f t h e T e e t i n a s , s o t 5 e y w i l l have knowledge and s k i l l - i n e x c e s s of non-S. A. V. E. p e o p l e . T h e r e is s o much t h a t works s o w e l l t o l e a r n . Give t h e members a chance .

Where would you g e t t h e l e a d e r s ?

From one o f t h r e e s o u r c e s , and t h e t h i r d rniqht be t h e b e s t . 1. From l e a d e r - t e a c h e r s o f p roven competence i n t h e qroup.

2, From l e a d e r - t e a c h e r s o f proven compe de Of t h e group.

3. By a s s i a n i n g t h r e e months i n advance, t o two o r t h r e e o f t h e memb?rs, who w i l l a c c e p t t h e a s s i g n m e n t , have two t o f o u r p re -mee t ings t o l e a r n , p l a n and d e c i d e how t h e y w i l l conduct. t h e s e s s i o n and l e a d t h e i r a s s o c i a t e s i n t o good l e a r n i n g .

P e o p l e come t o mee t ings f o r e i t h e r o f two r e a s o n s , ( 1 ) t h e y have a chance t o l e a r n s o n e t h i n q i n t e r e s t i n q o r u s e f u l , o r ( 2 ) t h e y a r e t a k i n q p a r t i n t e a c h i n a someone e l s e , - - t h e n t h e t e a c h e r always l e a r n s e v e n more t h a n t h ~ s t u d e n t .

I t would h e l p i f you v~ou ld s u a g e s t s p e c i f i c s u b , j e c t s , e a c h a p p r o p r i a t e f o r one c h a p t e r s t u d y m e e t i n c .

I t 11 do so . But f i r s t , l e t s remember t h a t o u r c h a p t e r s a r e n o t nade up o f members, a l l o f whon r e c e i v e d qood comnle te t r a i n i n q i n t h e V A a p p r o a c h e s , and qood e x p e r i e n c e l ls ina them. Rut r a t h e r , o f p e o p l e w i t h i n t e r e s t ]rho v a n t t o l o a r n , c f n a r + , i a l knotvledqe whc want t o l e a r n more, and of e x p e r i e n c e who -,Jant. t o d e z ~ e n t h e i r s k i l l s . So t y i s l e a r n i n g s h o u l d weave some of e s n e c i a l l l r s t r o n g t e c h n i q u e s i n w i t h t h e d i s c i p l i n e d t h i n k i n q , s o each l e a r n e r i s a s s u r e d o f a s t r o n a working packaqe of :rno,tledae and s k i l l .

I t 11 Suy t h a t , now g i v e us some,

S e t t i n g , o r "Tuninq" t h e minds of any a r o u p v o r k i n g a V A t 3 s k , i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e s u p e r i o r r e s u l t s from t h e a r o u p e f f o r t . S e t t i n q prcblem o r pro , jec t i r s o l v a b l ~ t e rms . O f t e n r e s u l t s c a n be t r e b l e d o r t i m e T ~ n l v e d by s u n ~ r i o r p r o b l e q s e t t i n g . 1 d e ~ t i f y : n o 8 i f f i c u l t f u n c t i o n s more e f f e c + , i ~ r e l y , making u s e f u l s e p a r a t i o n s a n d q r o u n i n a s , E v a l u a t i na f u n c t i o n s i n d o l l a r s more e x p e r t 1:~. Means f o r hand1 i n a q o r e d i f f i c r l l t o r i n v o l v e d f ~ i ~ c t i o n s . P e n e t r a t ing t h e d i f f l c t i l t b u t rewardinq s i t u a t i o n s t o s e c u r e riluch x o r e e s s e n t i a l i n f o r m a t j o n . I d e n t i f y i n q a s s u m t . Ions n o r e e f f e c t i v e l y , s o r t i n s $ t h e n f rorn f a c t s q o r e ass t i red l y , iv r ) rovinq t h e a c c u r a c y and i l s e f u l n z s s o f a s s m p t i o n s , Dec id ing what t h e f a c t s and a s sumnt ions of t h e t a s k mean. S a i n i n a a s ~ n s e cf t h e p r o b a b l e -1aanitude o f z c h i e v e ~ e n t n r a c t i c a l . S h a ~ i n q work toward t h a t rilagnitude. P r a c t i c a l , e f f e c t i v e c r e a t i v i t y . T h i s meet inq s h o u l d improve o u r e f f e c t i v e n e s s 10 t o 25%. S u p e r i o r e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n s e l e c t i n q b e s t a l t e r n a t i v e s f roril VE c r e a t i v e work.

E f f e c t i v e min imiz ing of d i s a d v a n t a g e s s o t h a t good new s o l u t i o n s which meet t h e needs of t h e b u s i n e s s o r s e r v i c e w i l l become p r a c t i c a l . G r e a t g a i n r e s u l t s f rom u s i n g t h e " B l a s t , t h e n R e f i n e " approach e f f e c t i v e l y . More means f o r u s i n g t h i s approach o n t h e d i f f i c ~ i l t o n e s . Double t h e a b i l i t y t o g a i n s u p p o r t and a c t i o n o f o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l and management p e o p l e , t h r o u g h e 1 imina t ing o r minimiz ing embarrasment t o them. " ~ r o w i n g " a l l o f t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l and manaqernent p e o p l e i n your envi ronment i n t h e p r o g r e s s i v e u s e o f y o r e and -nore of t h e VE sys t em. Break ing t h e log-jam when i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e achievement is d e s t i n e d t o be minimal . Us ing t h e lvhole VE s y s t e m e f f e c t i v e l v t o a c h i e v e t h e needed r e s u l t s . How o f f s h o r e compet i tors--Eng1 and, Sweden, Germany, Japan- -a re each u s i n g t h e VE system. An even ing of c o n s t r u c t i v e s e l f - a p p r a i s a l , i n c l u d i n g a r a t i n g s h e e t which each w i l l maks about. h i m s e l f , which w i l l be k e p t c o n f i d e n t i a l by h i m s e l f . How e f f e c t i v e am I ? - - -

I n problem s e t t i n g I n problem s o l v i n g I n s e c u r i n g n e a r l y a l l i n f o r m a t i o n I n s e p a r a t i n g a s s u m p t i o n s from t r u t h s I n t e a c h i n g I n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , o r g a n i z i n g my work and t h e work

of o t p e r s t o s e c u r e s u p e r i o r r e s u l t s . I n c o m ~ w n i c a t i o n t o , and g e t t i n g t h e s u ~ p o r t o f ,

p r o f e s s i o n a l and management peop le . A meet ing f o l l o w i n g t h e above i n which one p e r s o n who h a s f e l t a need in e a c h o f t h e above a r e a s t e l l s "What I am p l a n n i n g and d o i n q t o s t r e n g t h e n mysel f i n t h a t a r e a , ( f o r example p r o b l e m - s e t t i n g ) " .

An a m b i t i o u s prosram.

But v e r y a c h i e v a b l e .

I t n i g h t a b s o r b t o o ,lany o f t h e c h a p t e r m e e t i n a s . ??embers b e n e f i t f r o n l e a r n i n a f rom the e x p e r i e n c e o f r e l a t e d n r o f e s s i o n s - - - q u a l i t ~ r c o n t r o l , i n d u s t r i a l e n o i n e e r i n a , ~ u r c h a s i n n , rna rke t ino , d u p l ~ h ~ some c h a p t e r meet inqs .

T h a t i s v a l u a b l e experience, b u t i t can he l e a r n e d by v i s i t i n g o c c a s i o n a l meet i n a s o f t h o s e p r o f e s s i o n a l s o c i e t i e s . S . A. V. E. members j o i n e d f o r t h e pu rnose of "growing" t h e i r b r o w l e l g s and s k i 11 i n Value A n a l y s i s and E n g i n e e r i n g T e c h n i q u e s , and t h e i r e f f e c t i v e u s e . -4s o u r s o c i e t y n a t u r e s , i t w i l l p r o v i d e t h e n n o r e and x o r e o r p o r t u n i t y t o do s o . I n f a c t , t h a t was t h e avowed, and s t a t e d purpose o f t h e f o u n d e r s of S. A . I/. E.

In conclusion: Value Engineers will contribute to the competabil ity

of their employers, and will prosper in direct relation to the extent to which they learn and develop skill in the total package of techniques which includes present techniques, Disciplined Thinking, and other new tec5niques.

( b ) As fast as rnanaFernent arranges for its "Thinking"

personell to learn and to use the Disciplined Thinking System, it can raise both the quality and the quantity of results from each.

( b ) See also "Value Analysis to Imrove Productivity", Carlos Fa1 lon, John Viley & Sons, 1971, for valliable assistance ir! increasina the quality and quantity of mental results.