- Ishan O. Trivedi

Organisms included in the study of Microbiology Bacteria Fungi Algae Protozoa Virus

Bacteriology Mycology Phycology Protozoology Virology

TYPES OF MICROSCOPES

Light microscope : Bright field microscope Dark field microscope Phase contrast

microscope Fluorescence Microscope Interference Scope Confocal Scanning Laser

Microscope.

Electron microscope Transmission electron

microscope Scanning electron

microscope

Where do microorganisms live?

Water Soil Food In & on the human body, Plant

and animal. Means they are

omnipresent.

Microbes - what comes to mind?

Diseases Infections Food Spoilage But Only 1% of all known bacteria cause

human diseases About 4% of all known bacteria cause

plant diseases 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens

SIZE

Mycoplasma genitalium is the smallest bacteria 0.2 to 0.3 μm.

Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest measuring spherical bacterium, between 100 to750 μm in diameter

SHAPE Bacilli

Cocci

Filamentous

Spiral

Vibrio

Arrangements Bunch

Pair

Sarcinae

Chain

Rosette

COLONY

PIGMENTATION

Staining techniques

Biofilm stained by live-dead stain

Staining techniques

FUNGI Ascomycota

Basidiomycota

Zygomycota

Deuteromycota

ALGAE

DIATOMS

PROTOZOA

VIRUS

Acidophile

AlkaliphileXerophilePsychrophile/CryophileThermophile Piezophile/barophile Radioresistant

EXTREMOPHILE

Thus, microbiology is interesting as it involves the study of such organisms which are superior to human, at least in case of surviving the extreme conditions !!

Humans cannot survive in xerophytic condition or UV rays or a temperature Of 60-80 °C or pH below 3 or above 9 or even pressure of 1000 Atmosphere !!

Of course !! Industrial Microbiology - Use of microbes to obtain a product or service of economic value constitutes industrial microbiology.

Do those small bugs also have industrial importance ?

Product / Activity Examples

Products 1. Amino acids L-glutarnic acid, L-lysine 2. Antibiotics Streptomycin, penicillin, tetracyclines, polymyxin3. Beverages Wine, beer, distilled beverages4. Biodegradable plastic β-polyhydroxybutyrate5. Enzymes Amylase, proteases, pectinases, invertase, cellulase6. Flavouring agents Monosodium glutamate, nucleotides7. Foods Cheese, pickles, yoghurt, bread, vinegar8. Gases CO2, H2,CH4

9. Organic acids Lactic, citric, acetic, butyric, fumaric10. Organic solvents Acetone, ethanol, butanol, amyl alcohol11. Others Glycerol, fats, steroids, gibberellins11 a. Vitamins B12, riboflavin, A12. Recombinant proteins Insulin, interferon, subunit vaccines

13. SubstratesA wide range of compounds used for chemical syntheses of valuable products.

Cells/Biomass

14. BiomassFood and feed yeast, other organisms used as single cell protein (SCP)

15. Cells Biofertilizers, biocontrol agents, bacterial insecticides, mycorrhyzae

16. Vaccines A variety of viral and bacterial vaccinesActivitiesBiotransformation Steroids, antibiotics D-sorbitol

DegradationDisposal of biological and industrial wastes, detoxification of toxic compounds, petroleum

Solubilization/accumulationImproved recovery of oil and metals, discovery of new oil reserves, removal of toxic metals

What are the challenges beforeMicrobiology ?

The two main challenges are

1.Multiple Drug resistance and

2.Bioterrorism.

Multiple Drug resistance

Many different bacteria now exhibit multidrug resistance. The chief ones include Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Gonococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Measures : One should use antibiotics only for bacterial infections. Use the right antibiotic, do not rely on broad-range antibiotics. Not stop antibiotics as soon as symptoms improve; finish the full

course. Not use antibiotics for most colds, coughs, bronchitis, sinus

infections, and eye infections, which are caused by viruses.

Bioterrorism It is an intentional release or dissemination

of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins); these may be in a naturally occurring or in a human-modified form.

1915-16 Livestock sabotage by Germany

1984 Rajneesh Salmonella attack

2001 Anthrax attack on USA

Latest developments……

Bioremediation is a natural process that uses microorganisms to transform harmful substances to an innocuous state, or to levels below concentration limits established by regulatory authorities (into non-toxic carbon dioxide, water, and fatty acids.)

Microbial fuel cell

Probiotics and Prebiotics

According to the currently adopted definition by FAO/WHO, Probiotics are: ‘Live microorganisms which when

administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host

Prebiotics are a category of functional food, defined as: Non-digestible food ingredients that

beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health.

Starter cultures of mixed microorganisms are available, which metabolize DDT and polychlorinated diphenols or phenols.

Starter cultures have also been used to deodorise animal excrements.

Trinitrotoluene (TNT) degraded in a soil slurry and soil box systems by an oil-degrading bacteria Vibrio fischeri.

Degradation of Machine Oil by Nocardioform Bacteria

Moreover ….

REFERENCES Prescott, Harley & Klein Microbiology 6th

edition. K.P.Talaro & Arthur Talaro Foundations in

microbiology 4th edition. Elmer H. Marth & James S. Steele Applied

dairy microbiology 2nd edition Web links : www.asm.com www.microbialfuelcells.com www.wikipedia.org www.futuredoctors.com www.sciam.com

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