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Emerging Risks in Plant Health: from plant pest interactions to global change What makes for an emerging invasive species? MarieLaure DesprezLoustau, INRA UMR BIOGECO, Bordeaux

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Page 1: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

Emerging Risks in Plant Health: from plant pest interactions to global change 

What makes for an emerging invasive species?

Marie‐Laure Desprez‐Loustau, 

INRA UMR BIOGECO, Bordeaux

Page 2: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

Introductions of Introductions of pathogenspathogens accountaccount for a for a majoritymajority of plant of plant emergingemerging diseasesdiseasesj yj y pp g gg g

(ProMED data,1996‐2002)

Bacteria Fungi Virus

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 3: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

The The risingrising issue of issue of biologicalbiological invasionsinvasions

(from Vitousek, Ecology 1994)

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

(Pysek et al, PNAS 2010 ‐Essl et al , PNAS 2011)

Page 4: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

SeekingSeeking patterns and patterns and generalitygenerality in in orderorder to to predictpredict : the «: the « HolyHoly GrailGrail » of invasion » of invasion ecologyecology

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 5: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

SeekingSeeking patterns and patterns and generalitygenerality:  :  characteristicscharacteristics of invasive of invasive speciesspecies

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 6: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

A longA long‐‐lasting question: lasting question: Making the portrait of the ideal invader…Making the portrait of the ideal invader…

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 7: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

Invasive species have characteristics which allow them to Invasive species have characteristics which allow them to go successfully through a highly selective process…go successfully through a highly selective process…

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 8: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

WhichWhich traits?traits?

EPPO PRA

Question Rating + uncertainty

Explanatory text of rating and y guncertainty

1.25. How likely is the reproductive strategy of the pest and the duration of its life cycle to aid

establishment? 1.26 How likely are relatively small populations to become established?

1. 27 How adaptable is the pest?

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 9: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

TestingTesting determinantsdeterminants of of invasivenessinvasiveness: : the comparative the comparative approachapproach

Many studies for plants and animals but very few for plant pests: • lack of data

Van Kleunen et al, Ecol Lett 2010

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

• lack of data, • unknown origin (non deliberate introductions), • native‐alien comparisons less relevant (inter‐trophic interactions >> competition)

Page 10: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

DAISIE 2005DAISIE 2005‐‐2008: First all2008: First all‐‐taxataxa inventory of inventory of alien species at continental scale (Europe)alien species at continental scale (Europe)p ( p )p ( p )

‐ 10 711 alien species‐ 45 211 introduction events

Desprez‐Loustau, Fungi –

•688 alien fungi (227 en France)‐ 84 forest pathogenic fungi 1517 li t t i l i t b t

p gRoques, Terrestrial invertebrates

(Desprez‐Loustau et al 2010 Biol Inv )

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

•1517 alien terrestrial invertebrates  (Desprez Loustau et al, 2010 Biol Inv )

Page 11: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

SomeSome taxonomictaxonomic groups groups are overare over‐‐representedrepresented in in introducedintroduced aliensaliens

0 40 80

120

No. Species

pp

FUNGI Aphididae

Diaspididae Pseudococcidae

Dermestidae Formicidae Encyrtidae

Thripidae

(Desprez‐Loustau et al , Biol Inv 2010)

INSECTS Thripidae

Aphelinidae Staphylinidae

Pyralidae Nitidulidae

Aleyrodidae Coccidae

CecidomyiidaeHemipteraC l t

New records 1995‐2005(Roques, NZJFR, 2010)

Cecidomyiidae Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae

Scolytidae Anobiidae

Drosophilidae Latridiidae

Cicadellidae

ColeopteraHymenopteraThysanopteraLepidoptera

Cicadellidae Curculionidae

Noctuidae Tenebrionidae

Eulophidae Liposcelididae

PhlaeothripidaeTortricidae

DipteraPsocoptera

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Tortricidae Ptiliidae

Tineidae Coccinellidae

Torymidae

Page 12: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

47 species of forest pathogenic fungi + Phytophthora sppPhytophthora spp

invasion history, distribution and impactdistribution and impact in Europe

19 traits + residence19 traits + residence time, potential habitat

Random ForestRandom Forest

What is the predictive value of traits for invasive success/What is the predictive value of traits for invasive success/ disease emergence? =  which traits, if any, best classify invasive species ? 

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Philibert et al , JAE in press

Page 13: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

Models including traits have better predictive value than « null » models« null » models

⇒ Prediction of invasive success at ~78 % with cross‐validation⇒ The most important traits* related to invasive species are:

‐ Spore characteristics (shape, size)p ( p , )‐Mode of long distance dispersal‐ Sexual reproductionHost range

DISPERSAL

PARASITIC  STRATEGY, ‐ Host range‐ Biotrophy ‐ Optimal temperature for growth

EVOLVABILITY 

CLIMATE MATCHING

* Accounting for residence time – No effect of phylogeny

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Philibert et al , JAE in press

g p y g y

Page 14: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

Insect  specialization

…but some spectacular and damaging invasions are caused by specialized species mostly occuring on congeneric species of

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

specialized species, mostly occuring on congeneric species of their native host

Page 15: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

SpeciesSpecies traits and invasiveness : some thoughts about traits and invasiveness : some thoughts about implications for plant health, gaps and open questions…implications for plant health, gaps and open questions…

1. Quarantine measures and the species level:Too narrow? 

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 16: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

Some thoughts… (2)

1. Quarantine measures and the species level:Too wide? 

Invasive ≠ Invading

Multiple introductions

Genetic diversityPopulation density

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Multiple introductions

Page 17: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

2 S i i f l

Some thoughts… (3)

2. Species traits are useful Merits of an interdisciplinary approach (Ecology & Epidemiology)Support to PRA approaches

From checklists to strategies and functional groupstheoretical framework,  machine‐learning methods

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

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2. Species traits are useful but …( h b b i d i ?)

Some thoughts… (4)

(What about bacteria and viruses?)

Lack of datasets 

Knowledge gaps in processes and mechanisms:‐ population dynamics and dispersal: within/between seasons;population dynamics and dispersal:  within/between seasons; from the field to the landscape (modelling)

h hif‐ host shift 

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

Page 19: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

3 Pl h l h i k

Some thoughts… (5)

3. Plant health risks

Plant health = crops + « wild » plants (indigenous forest trees)ecological impacts in addition to economic impacts

less globalized distribution of pathogens => more uncertainty?less globalized distribution of pathogens   more uncertainty? Unknown species +  host shifts,

Sentinel trees : a new predictive approach

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

(Roques)

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3 Pl h l h i k

Some thoughts… (5)

3. Plant health risks

Tracking the « ideal invader » or emerging pest   will not solve the problem: the negative effects of introductions of exotic pests are amplified by interactions with other components of global and local change :local change : climate, management practices (diversity and invasibility) 

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

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EPPO meeting, Chalara fraxinae

« What can be said is that [climate] change will bring above all surprises »

“the uncertainty in predictions of change is so great that the important adaptive response is tomonitor changes and to retain

change will bring, above all, surprises. » 

great that the important adaptive response is to monitor changes and to retain the capacity to innovate, both by access to economic capital with reasonably long‐term rates of return and by retaining wide scientific expertise, including currently less fashionable specialisms”y f p

In a context of higher and mostly unpredictable risks, increase /create resilience and adaptability in productive systems

EFSA, Parma, June 2011 – ML Desprez‐Loustau

increase /create resilience and adaptability in productive systems

Page 22: What makes for an emerging invasive species? · 2015. 8. 4. · alien species at continental scale ((p)Europe) ‐10 711 alien species ‐45 211 introduction events Desprez‐Loustau,

Aknowledgements

EMERFUNDIS

Thank you for your attention