What is Water?What is Water?

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What is water? (OSM-03)What is water? (OSM-03) How is water distributed on Earth? How is water distributed on Earth?

(OSM-01)(OSM-01) What is the composition and properties What is the composition and properties

of salt water? (OSM-02)of salt water? (OSM-02) What are the types of water features on What are the types of water features on

Earth? (OSM-01)Earth? (OSM-01)

What is Water?What is Water?

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What does the ocean mean to you?What does the ocean mean to you? What moves from you to the ocean?What moves from you to the ocean? What moves from the ocean to you?What moves from the ocean to you?

Water?Water?

Water’s chemical Water’s chemical symbol is Hsymbol is H22O.O.

Water is made of 2 Water is made of 2 hydrogen molecules hydrogen molecules and 1 oxygen and 1 oxygen molecule.molecule.

Water is a molecular Water is a molecular compound, so the compound, so the molecules are held molecules are held together with covalent together with covalent bonds.bonds.

Chemical Make-up of WaterChemical Make-up of Water HydrogenHydrogen

Atomic Number = 1Atomic Number = 1 Atomic Mass = 1Atomic Mass = 1 Contains:Contains:

• 1 proton1 proton• 1 electron1 electron• 0 neutron0 neutron

OxygenOxygen Atomic Number = 8Atomic Number = 8 Atomic Mass = 16Atomic Mass = 16 ContainsContains

• 8 protons8 protons• 8 electrons8 electrons• 8 neutrons8 neutrons

Water continued…Water continued…

The hydrogen side of a water molecule The hydrogen side of a water molecule has a slight positive charge. On the other has a slight positive charge. On the other side of the molecule a negative charge side of the molecule a negative charge exists. This is known as molecular exists. This is known as molecular polarity.polarity. This allows water to be a universal solvent.This allows water to be a universal solvent.

Unique features of waterUnique features of water

Surface tensionSurface tension Water has a high surface tension due to water’s molecular Water has a high surface tension due to water’s molecular

polarity.polarity. Specific heatSpecific heat

Is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a Is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance substance

Water has a high specific heatWater has a high specific heat pHpH

Pure water has a neutral pHPure water has a neutral pH SolventSolvent

Liquid water is a universal solvent as it is able to dissolve a large Liquid water is a universal solvent as it is able to dissolve a large number of different chemical compounds.number of different chemical compounds.

Testing Surface TensionTesting Surface Tension

Complete the lab activity providedComplete the lab activity provided

Surface Tension…Surface Tension… causes water to be adhesive causes water to be adhesive

and elasticand elastic allows water to aggregate in allows water to aggregate in

drops rather than spread out drops rather than spread out over a surface as a thin filmover a surface as a thin film

also causes water to stick to also causes water to stick to the sides of vertical structures the sides of vertical structures

allows for the formation of allows for the formation of water droplets and waveswater droplets and waves

allows plants to move water allows plants to move water (and dissolved nutrients) from (and dissolved nutrients) from their roots to their leavestheir roots to their leaves

allows the movement of blood allows the movement of blood through tiny vessels in the through tiny vessels in the bodies of some animals bodies of some animals

Solutions review…Solutions review… Thinking back to grade 7 and grade 9…Thinking back to grade 7 and grade 9…

SoluteSolute SolventSolvent SolutionSolution

The ability of a substance to dissolve another is The ability of a substance to dissolve another is dependant on the molecular arrangement of the dependant on the molecular arrangement of the 2 substances.2 substances.

Water has molecular polarity and will easily Water has molecular polarity and will easily dissolve dissolve other molecules with molecular polarity because their other molecules with molecular polarity because their

molecules will be attracted to water’s molecules.molecules will be attracted to water’s molecules. or ionic compounds will dissolve in water because or ionic compounds will dissolve in water because

their ions will be attracted to either pole of a water their ions will be attracted to either pole of a water molecule.molecule.

Density ReviewDensity Review

DensityDensity What is it?What is it? How is it calculated?How is it calculated?

In general, materials become more dense when In general, materials become more dense when they are cooled and less dense when they are they are cooled and less dense when they are heated.heated.

Denser objects sink in less dense liquids.Denser objects sink in less dense liquids. Less dense objects will float in denser liquids.Less dense objects will float in denser liquids. Complete the density labComplete the density lab

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

What are some different forms of water?What are some different forms of water? How does water “move”?How does water “move”?

The Phases of WaterThe Phases of Water

Water can be found in all three states of Water can be found in all three states of matter:matter: SolidSolid LiquidLiquid GasGas

Solid Water Solid Water

Water molecules have Water molecules have little to no movement.little to no movement.

Holds shape of the Holds shape of the container.container.

Has a fixed volume.Has a fixed volume. Decreased density, ice Decreased density, ice

expands its volume by expands its volume by 9% when cooling.9% when cooling.

Occurs at less then 0Occurs at less then 0ooC.C.

Liquid WaterLiquid Water

Takes the shape of Takes the shape of the container.the container.

Has a fixed volume.Has a fixed volume. Molecules move Molecules move

freely.freely.

Gaseous WaterGaseous Water

Called water vapour.Called water vapour. Takes the shape of Takes the shape of

the container.the container. Has the volume of the Has the volume of the

container.container. Molecular bonds Molecular bonds

break and move break and move freely.freely.

Occurs at over 100Occurs at over 100ooCC

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: “Even if you never have the chance to : “Even if you never have the chance to see or touch the ocean, the ocean see or touch the ocean, the ocean touches you with every breath you touches you with every breath you take, every drop of water you drink, take, every drop of water you drink, every bite you consume. Everyone, every bite you consume. Everyone, everywhere is inextricably connected to everywhere is inextricably connected to and utterly dependent upon the and utterly dependent upon the existence of the sea.”existence of the sea.” - Sylvia Earle - Sylvia Earle What does this quote mean to you?What does this quote mean to you?

How is water distributed on Earth?How is water distributed on Earth?

71% of the Earth is covered by water71% of the Earth is covered by water 3% of this water is freshwater3% of this water is freshwater 1% of this water is Canadian1% of this water is Canadian

Other than on the surface, where are other Other than on the surface, where are other water reservoirs?water reservoirs?

most of the water most of the water found on this planet is found on this planet is held within the held within the oceans.oceans.

icecaps and glaciers icecaps and glaciers contain about 2 % of contain about 2 % of the world's total the world's total water, and about water, and about 60 % of the 60 % of the freshwater supply freshwater supply

freshwater found in freshwater found in groundwater, lakes, groundwater, lakes, rivers, soil, and the rivers, soil, and the atmosphere makes atmosphere makes up less than 1 % of up less than 1 % of the Earth's supply the Earth's supply

InventoryInventory of water at theof water at theEarth's surfaceEarth's surface

Reservoir Volume (cubic km x

1,000,000) Percent of

Total

Oceans 1370 97.25

Ice Caps/Glaciers 29 2.05

Deep Groundwater (1) 5.3 0.38

Shallow Groundwater (2) 4.2 0.30

Lakes 0.125 0.01

Soil Moisture 0.065 0.005

Atmosphere 0.013 0.001

Rivers 0.0017 0.0001

Biosphere 0.0006 0.00004

(1) 750-4000 m below the surface; (2) 0-749 m below the surface.

Discussion questionDiscussion question

Even though the map shows one, is there Even though the map shows one, is there an actual boundary between land and the an actual boundary between land and the ocean?ocean?

The Water CycleThe Water Cycle

Water Cycle – Bill NyeWater Cycle – Bill Nye

http://learning.aliant.net/Player/ALC_Playehttp://learning.aliant.net/Player/ALC_Player.asp?ProgID=DEP_BN097r.asp?ProgID=DEP_BN097

Complete the Question Sheet providedComplete the Question Sheet provided 24mins24mins

What is the composition and What is the composition and properties of salt water?properties of salt water?

Composition of salt waterComposition of salt water 87% of the salt in the oceans comes from 87% of the salt in the oceans comes from

sodium and chloride ions. The average sodium and chloride ions. The average concentration of salt is known as salinity.concentration of salt is known as salinity.

Nutrients:Nutrients: NitrogenNitrogen PhosphorusPhosphorus SiliconSilicon

Gasses:Gasses: NitrogenNitrogen OxygenOxygen Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide HydrogenHydrogen

Where does the Salt in the Oceans Where does the Salt in the Oceans come from?come from?

Salt comes fromSalt comes from River run offRiver run off Chemical activity at deep ocean ventsChemical activity at deep ocean vents Biological activityBiological activity

Properties of Salt WaterProperties of Salt Water

Salt lowers the freezing point of water.Salt lowers the freezing point of water. When ice forms, the salt is forced out leaving When ice forms, the salt is forced out leaving

more salty water beneath the ice.more salty water beneath the ice. Salt water is more dense then fresh water.Salt water is more dense then fresh water. Warm salt water does not hold as much Warm salt water does not hold as much

oxygen.oxygen.

How much salt is in the oceans?How much salt is in the oceans?

SalinitySalinity Determined by 1 gram of salt for every 1000 Determined by 1 gram of salt for every 1000

grams of fresh watergrams of fresh water Oceans have a salinity of 35%Oceans have a salinity of 35%

• Compared to:Compared to: Fresh Water = 10%Fresh Water = 10% Brackish Water = 17%Brackish Water = 17%

How is salinity determined?How is salinity determined?

Evaporate the water and weigh the salt Evaporate the water and weigh the salt residue.residue.

Measure the electrical conductivity of the Measure the electrical conductivity of the water.water.

Measure the density of the water.Measure the density of the water.

Salinity changes around the EarthSalinity changes around the Earth

Global salinityGlobal salinity

ExamplesExamples Red Sea = 41%Red Sea = 41% Dead Sea = 240%Dead Sea = 240%

Why does salinity change?Why does salinity change?

•When evaporation of water happens, salt is left behind.

•Ocean water is more salty in the tropical regions than in the poles since tropical regions experience more evaporation.

Sylvia Earle TEDxSylvia Earle TEDx

After watching the video answer the following:After watching the video answer the following: What does Sylvia Earle mean when she refers to the ocean as What does Sylvia Earle mean when she refers to the ocean as

our “life support system?”our “life support system?” Do you agree or disagree that “health to the ocean means health Do you agree or disagree that “health to the ocean means health

to us?” Explain.to us?” Explain. Which image or graphic shown by Sylvia Earle impressed you Which image or graphic shown by Sylvia Earle impressed you

the most? Why?the most? Why? What new information did you learn from Sylvia Earle’s speech?What new information did you learn from Sylvia Earle’s speech? Sylvia Earle’s goal is “to ignite public support for a global Sylvia Earle’s goal is “to ignite public support for a global

network of marine protected areas.” What do you think Marine network of marine protected areas.” What do you think Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are?Protected Areas (MPAs) are?

Sylvia Earle’s wish is for humans to do everything we can to Sylvia Earle’s wish is for humans to do everything we can to reach that goal. What can you do to help?reach that goal. What can you do to help?

http://www.ted.com/talks/sylvia_earle_s_ted_prize_wish_to_protecthttp://www.ted.com/talks/sylvia_earle_s_ted_prize_wish_to_protect_our_oceans.html_our_oceans.html

What are the types of water What are the types of water features on Earth?features on Earth?

Types of Water featuresTypes of Water features

BayBay ChannelChannel CoveCove DeltaDelta EstuariesEstuaries FjordFjord GulfGulf HarbourHarbour LagoonLagoon Lake Lake

MarshMarsh OceansOceans PondPond RiversRivers SeaSea SoundSound StraitStrait SwampSwamp TributaryTributary WetlandWetland

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

What determines how or where a river What determines how or where a river flows?flows?

Other than water, what else is carried by a Other than water, what else is carried by a River?River?

http://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/MediaDetail2.phhttp://www.nnvl.noaa.gov/MediaDetail2.php?MediaID=538&MediaTypeID=3&Resourp?MediaID=538&MediaTypeID=3&ResourceID=104703ceID=104703

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What are ways that humans use water (and What are ways that humans use water (and the ocean)? the ocean)?

What are ways that humans change the What are ways that humans change the distribution of water or how it flows? distribution of water or how it flows?

What are things that humans put into water What are things that humans put into water (and the ocean)?(and the ocean)?

Are there human activities or products that Are there human activities or products that could negatively affect your local sources of could negatively affect your local sources of fresh water? fresh water?

What about negative human impacts on the What about negative human impacts on the ocean?ocean?