what is the water cycle? - science with smet · transpiration - plants giving off water vapor into...
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What is the water
cycle?
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Continuous movement of
water from the atmosphere
to the earth’s surface and
back to the atmosphere
again.
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Transpiration -
plants giving off
water vapor into the
atmosphere.
Evaporation – liquid
water changing into
water vapor
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Condensation: water vapor (gas) changes into
liquid water.
Precipitation: water falls from clouds to the
ground.
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The underground water that
fills almost all the pores in
rock and sediment.
Makes up 90% of the
earth’s unfrozen freshwater
supply.
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Aquifer: a body of rock in which large
amounts of water can flow and be
stored.
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Porosity: percentage of open spaces in rock.
◦ Determined by :
◦ Sorting: well-sorted- equal sized = more
porous
◦ Poorly sorted-unequal sized = less porous
Permeability: how easily water flows through
open spaces. (can water pass through or
not?)
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Zone of Saturation: the layer of ground where all the pores are filled with water.◦ The upper surface of the
zone of saturation is called the water table.
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Russia
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Beginning of a river
Usually found in the mountains.
Runoff from mountains flows to lowest point.
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Smaller rivers that feed into a big river.
More often found in mountains than on flat land.
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Where the river flows into a larger body of water
Ex. a lake, ocean, another river.
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Watershed – area that drains into a body of water (stream, river etc.)
River Basin - A region of land that drains into a river system (contains many different watersheds).
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Separates one river basin from the next.
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The course of the water in a river or stream.
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The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time.
Usually measured in cubic meters per second (m3/s).
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Young river: v-shaped channel; steep sides
Mature river: u-shaped channel; more sloping sides; some meanders (bends)
Old river: flatter u-shaped channel; sloping sides; lots of meanders
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Sediment is deposited in a stream when
there is a decrease in the speed of the
water.
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Decreased slope (steeper--> faster)
Bed widening (more friction)
Obstruction (slows down when it goes
around rock, tree, bridge)
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Can create landforms or change the river
valley in the following ways:
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Sloping fan-shaped deposit of sediments
Occurs where a stream descending a steep
slope flat land.
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Part of the valley floor covered with water
during a flood.
Sediment is deposited making flood plains
fertile.
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Raised river banks caused by flooding.
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Curves in a river caused by an obstruction.
Erosion occurs on the outside of a bend.
Deposition occurs on the inside of a bend.
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Crescent shaped body of water resulting
when a part of a meander is cut off and
abandoned by the river.
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Buildup of sediments at the mouth of a river.
Occurs because the water slows down as it
empties into another body of water.
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Oceans and Ocean Circulation
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70%!
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96% PURE
WATER
4% dissolved elements:
Cl, Na, Mg S, Ca, K
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A measure of dissolved solids in sea water
Number of grams of dissolved salts in 1 kilogram of water
Measured in parts per thousand (ppt)
Evaporation and freezing increases salinity
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Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume (D=m/v)
Affected by two things:◦Salinity: dissolved solids make water more dense
◦Temperature: Cold water is more dense
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Factors affecting Seawater density
Salinity–increase in salinityincreases density
Temperture
–decrease in tempincrease density
*Tempereature has a greater influence
*Occurs at low latitudes. Thermocline is absent at high latitudes.
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http://marinebio.org/oceans/temperature/
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Nitrogen (N2), Carbon dioxide (CO2), and oxygen (O2) are the most abundant
CO2 dissolves most easily
Cold water holds more dissolved gases than warm water
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Divided into 3 major oceans: the Atlantic, the Pacific, and the Indian Oceans
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Has the longest distance North to South
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Covers 30% of surface of the Earth
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Mostly in the Southern Hemisphere
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The Arctic and the Southern Oceans
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The term “sea” refers to smaller areas of the ocean that are partially surrounded by land.
Ex: Mediterranean and Caribbean.
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Ocean water moves in giant streams called currents that flow like rivers at the surface or far below.
There are 2 types of currents:◦ Surface
◦ Density
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Move on the surface of the ocean
Driven by wind
Only affect the upper surface of the water.
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1.Warm:
Flow away from the equator on the west sides of ocean basins
Because areas near the equator are warm
Example: Gulf Stream
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2. Cold Flow toward the
equator on the east sides of ocean basins
Originate at the poles where the water is cold
Example: California current
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Red are Warm Currents and
Black are cold currents
Surface Currents
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Wind is the driving force behind the formation of surface currents.
2 sets of wind patterns involved in forming most surface currents.◦ Trade Winds – Blow toward the equator
◦ Westerlies – Blow away from the equator
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Trade winds and Westerlies
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Five Major Ocean Gyres
1. North Pacific Gyre
2. South Pacific Gyre
3. North Atlantic Gyre
4. South Atlantic Gyre
5. Indian Ocean Gyre
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Western side of ocean has warm currents traveling from equator
Eastern side of ocean has cool currents moving toward equator
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Move beneath the surface of the ocean
Caused by differences in the density of water due to its different temperatures and salinities
a.k.a.Thermohaline Circulation
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Zone of rapid temperature changeWarmer water on top of layer
Colder, denser on bottom of layer
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Begins at the poles where cold dense water sinks.
Warmer water moves in to take its place creating a current.
This drives the “global conveyer belt”
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Process moves very slowly
One section on the “global conveyer belt”make take 1,000 years to fully cycle through the ocean!!
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Crucial to the base of the world's food chain.
Adds CO2 and nutrients to surface waters by carrying them deeper in the ocean where those elements are abundant.
◦ This enables the growth of algae and seaweed that ultimately support all forms of life.
Helps to regulate temperatures