What is the message of this cartoon?

Bureaucrats write memoranda both because they appear to be busy when they are writing and

because the memos, once written, immediately become

proof that they were busy. - Charles Peters

Growth of BureaucracyGrowth of Bureaucracy• No Constitutional protocolNo Constitutional protocol• Industrialism and National Industrialism and National

economyeconomy• Munn v. Illinois – Munn v. Illinois – state can state can

regulate private industryregulate private industry• Progressive EraProgressive Era• Income taxIncome tax• Depression and WWIIDepression and WWII

Executive-Level DepartmentExecutive-Level Department• The CabinetThe Cabinet

– 15 executive departments15 executive departments

– Headed by Political appointeesHeaded by Political appointees

• Regulatory agenciesRegulatory agencies– Quasi legislative and judicialQuasi legislative and judicial

– ICC, FTC, FDA, SEC, OSHAICC, FTC, FDA, SEC, OSHA

• Government corporationsGovernment corporations– Created for various purposesCreated for various purposes

– TVA, Post Office.TVA, Post Office.

• Independent agenciesIndependent agencies– Specific responsibilities, facilitate Specific responsibilities, facilitate

day to day operationsday to day operations

– NASA, CIA.NASA, CIA.

Bureaucratic Models Bureaucratic Models • Weber’s ModelWeber’s Model

– Hierarchical (power down, Hierarchical (power down, responsibility up), specialization, responsibility up), specialization, rules, meritocracy (peter’s rules, meritocracy (peter’s principle), impersonalprinciple), impersonal

– Unity of and chain of command, Unity of and chain of command, line and staff control, span of line and staff control, span of control, decentralization of control, decentralization of administrationadministration

• Acquisitive bureaucracyAcquisitive bureaucracy– Self perpetuating, jockey for Self perpetuating, jockey for

continued existencecontinued existence

• Monopolistic bureaucracyMonopolistic bureaucracy– No competitive equal in the No competitive equal in the

private sectorprivate sector

Staffing the BureaucracyStaffing the Bureaucracy• Political AppointmentsPolitical Appointments

– Presidential appointmentsPresidential appointments– Senate advice and consentSenate advice and consent

• Civil ServiceCivil Service– Spoils System (1828)Spoils System (1828)– Pendleton Act (1883)Pendleton Act (1883)– Hatch Act (1939)Hatch Act (1939)– Civil Service Reform Act (1978)Civil Service Reform Act (1978)

Policymaking Process and ControlPolicymaking Process and Control• RulemakingRulemaking

– Waiting periods and Waiting periods and challengeschallenges

– Negotiated rulemakingNegotiated rulemaking

• PolicymakingPolicymaking– Iron trianglesIron triangles– Issue NetworksIssue Networks

• ControlControl– Investigatory and purse powerInvestigatory and purse power– ““Police patrol” and “fire alarm”Police patrol” and “fire alarm”

ReformReform• Sunshine LawsSunshine Laws

– Open meetings and disclosureOpen meetings and disclosure

• Sunset LawsSunset Laws– Requires reauthorizationRequires reauthorization

• PrivatizationPrivatization– Contracting out, vouchersContracting out, vouchers

• IncentivesIncentives– Making agencies more Making agencies more

entrepreneurial, “performance-entrepreneurial, “performance-based budgeting” based budgeting”

• WhistleblowersWhistleblowers– Reveal gross inefficiency or Reveal gross inefficiency or

illegal activityillegal activity

“I’m sorry, dear, but you knew I was a bureaucrat when you married me.”