what is history?. history attempts to describe and explain the past. historians are generally...

What is History?

What is History?

History attempts to describe and explain the past. Historians are generally concerned with the causes, consequences and significance of events. History is distinct from myths and narratives about the past in that History is exclusively concerned with what can be demonstrated through the reasoned use of evidence.

What is History?

Everything has a history so anything can be the studied by History. Once, History tended to focus exclusively on war, politics and 'great men'. Now, the discipline of History is much more diverse. Areas of study include, for example;

- The history of everyday life- The history of ideas- The history of technology- Gender history- Cultural history- Art history

What is History?

In the Western world at least, History is regarded as falling into the following major periods:

- Pre-History (before writing) - approx. 3000 BC- Ancient History - > 470 AD- Medieval History 470 - 1500 AD- Modern History 1500 > present

The Medieval World Reasons for change >>>

The Modern World


The Modern World

• Circa AD 470 to 1450


The Modern World


• Collapse of Roman power mean Europe was in a state of fear & uncertainty.


The Modern World



• Feudalism - lord gave security & land in return for loyalty & payment


The Modern World




• Centrality of Roman Catholic Church to everyday life.


The Modern World





• Circa 1500 to the present


The Modern World






• Reason not divine authority


The Modern World







• Religious freedom


The Modern World








• Equal moral worth, equality before the law, human rights


The Modern World









• Social mobility


The Modern World









• Social mobility

• The nation-state


The Modern World





• The Renaissance • Circa 1500 to the present




• Social mobility



The Modern World





• The Renaissance

• Church abuse of power > The Reformation





• Social mobility



The Modern World





• The Renaissance


• Economic growth > urbanisation > growth of the bourgeoisie





• Social mobility



The Modern World





• The Renaissance


• Economic growth > urbanisation > growth of the bourgeoisie

• The Enlightenment or Age of Reason





• Social mobility


We've thought about what we mean by the 'modern world'. What do we mean by 'revolution'?

REFORM: Change within the system. Solving problems in parts of our society, using other elements of our society. Eg, we solve climate change using an Act of Parliament.REVOLUTION: Change of the system. Creating a wholly new society because the problem is so fundamental that using our current problem-solving methods will only perpetuate the problem. Eg, Climate change is addressed by a dictatorship of the scientists who sieze power through the use of violence.

Reform vs. Revolution• REFORM: ‘Neurath’s analogy’ ; “We are like sailors who on

the open sea must reconstruct their ship but are never able to start afresh from the bottom. Where a beam is taken away a new one must at once be put there, and for this the rest of the ship is used as support. In this way, by using the old beams and driftwood the ship can be shaped entirely anew, but only by gradual reconstruction.”

• REVOLUTION: To continue, Neurath's analogy, the Revolutionary argues we must go on to dry land and start again on a whole new boat because piecemeal tinkering at sea will just reproduce the same faults.

The Reformation

• The European Christian reform movement that established Protestantism as a new sect within Christianity. It was led by Martin Luther, Jean Calvin and other Protestants. The self-described "reformers" (who "protested") objected to the doctrines, rituals and structure of the Roman Catholic Church, and created new national Protestant churches.

The Lutheran Revolt• Indulgences• 1517 - Luther pins his 95 Theses to the Church

door at Wittenberg• Luther's criticisms of the Church develop into

an alternative theology• Lutheranism: salvation is dependent on faith

in God, good works are just a symptom of faith. Salvation is about our individual relationship with God and doesn't require the mediation of the Church.

The Lutheran Revolt

• Luther called to recant at the Diet of Worms• "Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me.

Amen."

Lutheranism in Europe

Puritans:

Puritans were Protestants but they wanted a more radical break with the Catholic Church than was provided by

the Church of England. They challenged the power of bishops, advocated more

simple forms of worship and adhered to a strict moral code.

Calvin and his theology

• The Institutes of the Christian Religion, Jean Calvin, 1535• We're all wicked > original sin• Therefore, in justice, we should all go to hell• God in his mercy saves some• God is all-knowing and all-powerful, he has already determined who will be saved - it is predestined.

Calvinist religious practice

• Strict moral code

• Austere Churches and liturgy, focus on the sermon

• Churches run by elders or presbyters. No 'pope', no powerful bishops

Over the course of the 1500s:

Calvinism takes hold in Scotland

The English Reformation

• Henry VIII led the break from Rome, partly because the Pope would not grant him a divorce. The break was formalised by the Act of Supremacy in 1534, which made the King the head of the Church of England. Today, many Australians are Anglicans – the Anglican Church is the Church of England in Australia.

The Tudors:

• The Tudors were the dynasty that ruled England from 1485 (when Henry VII became king) to the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603.

Henry VIII

Henry VIII• King from 1509 – 1547• Second monarch of the House of Tudor• Married six times (two of his wives beheaded)• Leading role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church• Attractive (in his youth), charismatic, educated and accomplished• Became morbidly obese as he grew older

Henry defends RC Church against Luther

Henry defends RC Church against Luther

• The seven sacraments: Baptism; Eucharist; Penance; Confirmation; Marriage; Holy Orders; Anointing of the Sick

• Henry VIII: ”We have in this little book, gentle reader, clearly demonstrated, I hope, how absurdly and impiously Luther has handled the holy sacraments. For though we have not touched all things contained in his book, yet so far as was necessary to defend the sacraments (which was our only design), I suppose I have treated, though not so sufficiently as might have been done, yet more than is even necessary. . . . ”

Henry’s Marriage Troubles

Henry attempts to get a divorce

Henry attempts to get a divorce

• Anne Boleyn: "I beseech your highness most earnestly to desist, and to this my answer in good part. I would rather lose my life than my honesty.“• Pope Clement VII rejected Henry’s petition for annulment of his marriage to Catherine• 1531: Catherine banished from court, Anne moves in

The Act of Supremacy

The Act of Supremacy• Passed by Parliament in 1534• Made the King the supreme head of the Church of England• Act of Succession (1534) vested succession in the children of Henry and Anne (Elizabeth), disinheriting Mary (child of Catherine of Aragon). Also demanded oath recognising King’s supremacy over the Church.• Thomas More beheaded

The Act of Supremacy...• Also during the 1530s, laws were passed which:

- 1532: Put an end to the clergy paying taxes to Rome- 1533: Forbade bishops from appealing to the pope - 1534: Diverted Church taxes into Henry’s treasury- 1539: Defined the doctrine of the Church of England

Dissolution of the Monasteries

Dissolution of the Monasteries• Valor Ecclestiasticus (Ecclesiastical Valuation)• Monsteries had an annual income of 40 million pounds, in today’s money• Perception of corruption• Between 1536 and 1540 all the monasteries in England and Wales were closed. • Henry used this source of wealth to pay for his lavish lifestyle and to fund wars against France.

Edward VI (1547 – 53)

Edward VI (1547 – 53)

• Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour• Became king at age of 9• Henry’s Protectors were staunch Protestants who wanted the English Church to move further away from Rome.• 1549: The Book of Common Prayer in English• Dies of tuberculosis in 1553

Bloody Mary

Bloody Mary

• Mary Tudor, ruled from 1553 – 58• Devout Catholic, persecuted Protestants• Married Philip, the king of Catholic Spain• Mass held in Latin again, repealed Henry’s anti-Catholic laws, 300 Protestants who would not give up their faith were burnt at the stake.• Died of a mixture of grief (related to Philip and failed pregnancies) and illness at 42

The Elizabethan Settlement

The Elizabethan Settlement

• Elizabeth, daughter of Henry and Anne, reigned for 45 years.• Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity (1559)• A compromise, eg. the new Book of Common Prayer removed material offensive to Catholics• The Papal bull Regnans in Excelsis, issued on 25 February 1570 declared Elizabeth a heretic

The Stuarts

• As Elizabeth I had no children she arranged for her cousin, James VI of Scotland, to become James I of England upon her death. The Stuarts ruled England from 1603 – 1649 and 1660 – 1688.

The Petition of Right (1628)• Historically, there has been a principle that the king should not impose a

tax without the support of parliament (the Lords and the Commons).

• Despite the principle mentioned above, the king has been imposing taxes without parliamentary consent. What’s more, people who have refused to pay the tax have been imprisoned.

• You have acted against the principles established by Magna Carta.

• You, the king, have forced people to billet your soldiers.

• We really like you but could you ask us before you tax us and force us to put up soldiers in our homes? And please don’t imprison us when we resist the arbitrary imposition of taxes and such.

The '11 Years Tyranny' (1629 - 1640)

• In 1629 Charles decided to rule without Parliament, beginning a period commonly known as the 'Eleven Years' Tyranny' 1629 - 40.

The Bishop's War (1639)

• 1637: Charles tries to impose a 'High' Anglican Book of Common Prayer on Scotland

• Violent resistance, riot breaks out in Edinburgh • Scots army defeated Charles in the north and

took Newcastle• Charles forced to agree not to interfere with

Scotland's religion, and pay the Scots war-expenses.

The Long Parliament (1640 - 48)

• Need to raise money to pay for costs associated with war forces Charles to reconvene parliament (November 1640)

• Passed a law which stated that a new Parliament should convene at least once every three years—without the King's summons, if necessary

• Made it illegal for the king to impose taxes without Parliamentary consent, and later, gave Parliament control over the king's ministers

The English Civil War (1642 – 1651):

• The English Civil War was fought between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Parliamentarians believed that the King should only govern with the consent of parliament – that he could not impose a tax without it being approved by parliament. They opposed Charles I’s tendencies to absolutist rule. The war had three distinct stages in which different factions and alliances vied for dominance. The ultimate result, however, was the victory of the Parliamentarians and the end, for a brief time, of the British Monarchy.

The Civil War (1642-51)

• Charles attempts to arrest five members of Parliament

• They have been tipped off. Charles flees London

• England polarises around the Parliamentarian and Royalist factions

• War breaks out

1649 - 1660: no king!

• The Commonwealth: For 11 years between 1649 and 1660 England had no king. It was ruled by a Lord Protector, Oliver Cromwell. For this reason, this period is also known as the Protectorate. The Protectorate came into being as a result of the English Civil War and the beheading of Charles I.

The Protectorate (1649 - 1660)

The Restoration (Charles II - 1660 - 1685)

The Restoration - fast times and loose morals...

James II 1665 -1668

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/James_II_1633-1701.jpg

The English Bill of Rights (1689)• That the pretended power of suspending the laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal; • That the pretended power of dispensing with laws or the execution of laws by regal authority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal; • That levying money for or to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, without grant of Parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is or shall be granted, is illegal; • That it is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal; • That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law; • That election of members of Parliament ought to be free; • That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament; • That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted; • And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, Parliaments ought to be held frequently...

what is history?. history attempts to describe and explain the past. historians are generally...

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