What is happening?

What led to this?

What will happen inthe future?

What is happening?

What led to this?

What will happen inthe future?

What is happening?

What led to this?

What will happen inthe future?

Projective TestsProjective Tests

Present an ambiguous stimulus (drawing, Present an ambiguous stimulus (drawing, picture, inkblot, words) and the person is picture, inkblot, words) and the person is asked to describe the image or make up a asked to describe the image or make up a storystoryAnother way to access the “unconscious” Another way to access the “unconscious” Other ways are dreams, Freudian slips, & Other ways are dreams, Freudian slips, & free associationfree associationEX: Rorschach Inkblot test – series of 10 EX: Rorschach Inkblot test – series of 10 inkblotsinkblotsEX: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – EX: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) – series of drawingsseries of drawings

Evaluation of Projective TestsEvaluation of Projective TestsPossible Advantages:Possible Advantages:Harder for the subjects Harder for the subjects to fake since they aren’t to fake since they aren’t sure what is a “correct” sure what is a “correct” answeranswerMight reveal aspects of Might reveal aspects of their personality of their personality of which they are not which they are not awareaware

Possible Problems:Possible Problems:Difficult to score and Difficult to score and interpretinterpretLow validity – Low validity – measuring what they measuring what they are supposed to are supposed to Low reliability – don’t Low reliability – don’t show the same results show the same results over timeover timeTend to “over-Tend to “over-patholigize” – see patholigize” – see abnormalities and abnormalities and illness when it does not illness when it does not existexist

Neo-FreudiansNeo-Freudians – people who followed – people who followed then changed Freud’s theoriesthen changed Freud’s theories

Agree with Freud on:Agree with Freud on:

The importance of the The importance of the unconsciousunconscious

The divisions of the The divisions of the mindmind

The use of defense The use of defense mechanismsmechanisms

Disagreed on:Disagreed on:

The psychosexual The psychosexual stagesstages

The absolute The absolute importance of sexual importance of sexual and aggressive drivesand aggressive drives

Famous Neo-FreudiansFamous Neo-Freudians

Erik Erikson – stressed social interactionsErik Erikson – stressed social interactions

Devised 8 “Psychosocial Stages”Devised 8 “Psychosocial Stages”

Saw personality development continuing Saw personality development continuing into old ageinto old age

Carl JungCarl JungAnalytical PsychologyAnalytical PsychologyDivides unconscious into Divides unconscious into personal unconscious personal unconscious (similar to Freud’s) and (similar to Freud’s) and collective unconscious – collective unconscious – storehouse of latent memory storehouse of latent memory traces from ancestral pasttraces from ancestral pastContains Contains archetypesarchetypes – – emotionally charged images emotionally charged images and thought forms with and thought forms with universal meaninguniversal meaningFirst to use First to use introvert vs. introvert vs. extrovertextrovert personality types personality types

Karen Horney (pronounced “ Horn – eye”)Karen Horney (pronounced “ Horn – eye”)

Objected to Freud’s view of Objected to Freud’s view of womenwomen

Stressed child-parent social Stressed child-parent social interactionsinteractions

Claimed men had “womb-Claimed men had “womb-envy”envy”

Alfred AdlerAlfred Adler

Focused on sibling Focused on sibling influences (including influences (including birth order) and child-birth order) and child-rearing practicesrearing practices

Also stressed social Also stressed social urgesurges

Developed concept of Developed concept of “inferiority complex”“inferiority complex”

Analysis of Psychoanalytical Analysis of Psychoanalytical (Freudian) Personality Theory(Freudian) Personality Theory

ConsConsToo much emphasis Too much emphasis on sexon sexDifficult to test Difficult to test Not useful for Not useful for predictions based predictions based upon fixationsupon fixationsToo much emphasis Too much emphasis on early childhood – on early childhood – development development continues beyond continues beyond that time periodthat time period

ProsProsGood evidence that Good evidence that unconscious forces unconscious forces influence our behavior, influence our behavior, but not necessarily but not necessarily from repressed desiresfrom repressed desiresLarge impact on Large impact on cultureculture