1. What is education for? History of education

2. What is education for?

Control working labour

Good citizenship

Social mobility

Solve social problems

Control Emancipate

3. Three things to watch for

Rising compulsory ages

Changing view of what education is for

Unequal provision between gender and class

4. Pre-industrial education

1800

Class and gender determine education

Aristocracy are educated at home by tutors

Middle class boys went to public school, girls at home with governess

5. Pre-industrial education

1800

Classics, Greek, Latin

Literature

History

6. Pre-industrial education

1800

Working class education:

Provided by church, charity or factory owner

Moral instruction

Some provide basic literacy

7. Activity

Before 1800 where did education take place?

Before industrialisation, what was education for?

1800 MaleFemale Aristocracy Middle class Working class 8. Background to reform

Introduction of compulsory education

Philanthropists and social reformers

Required for extended franchise

Fix social problems:

• Crime, poverty, disorder, problem of the poor

Better workers

9. Background to reform

1870

Growing urban middle class

Liberal politics becomes dominant

Extended franchise (1832, 1867)

Decline in child labour through Factory Acts

Concerns over industrial competitiveness

Money available from government

10. Education Act 1870

Elementary schools: ages 5-13 with attendance that could be made compulsory

School districts funded from local taxation (rates) with elections to school board (incl. women)

Open for inspection

Right to free education (?)

Ratepayers in Ealing initially refused to form a school board

11. Education Act 1870

Compulsion principle widespread by 1900

Education accepted as legitimate role for state

Transfer of authority from individual/family

Principle of free state education

12. Activity

Where is working class education taking place after the reforms of 1870?

What class of people control this education? [Think nationally and locally].

How does this arrangement benefit capitalism?

13. Education Acts 1902, 1918

Compulsion up to age 13

Responsibility transferred to local authorities

Created unequal provision

Ealing County School opened 1913 (boys only)

Compulsion up to age 14

Fear of unrest, crime, moral decline, efficiency

Regulated school specifications, nursery, medical

14. Education Act 1944

Ignorance is an evil that no democracy can afford

Education is a right, an element of democracy

Universal, Equality of opportunity

Three types of school: grammar, secondary modern, technical

Selection by 11+

Ealing County School becomes a Grammar

15. Activity

What percentage went to:

Grammar

Technical

Secondary modern

16. Activity

What percentage went to:

Grammar 20%

Technical 4%

Secondary modern 75%

17. Education Act 1944

Secondary modern initially offered no qualifications

Raised leaving age 15 (most grammar school students stay until 18)

Few working class children went to grammar school, which required passing the 11+

18. Comprehensive schools

Selective education failed: social mobility

1965: Government circular requests councils convert schools to comprehensives

1972: Compulsion up to age 16

1974: Ealing Borough Council converts Ealing Grammar to a comprehensive

19. Comprehensive schools

Not fully implemented: grammar schools still exist in some areas

Comprehensives create grammar schools in miniature by streaming students

Some parent choose to opt out by sending children to private schools

20. Activity

Who gains from the introduction of comprehensive schools?

21. Education Reform Act 1988

National curriculum: first time subject material specified by state

Key stages: introduction of targets and assessment

Quasi-market (marketisation) of choice where money follows students

22. Education timeline

1944: Tripartite: grammar, technical, secondary modern

1960s/1970s: Comprehensives

1988: Quasi-market, national curriculum

23. Leaving age timeline

1870: 13 not always compulsory

1902: 13 nationally

1918: 14

1944: 15

1976: 16

24. Exam Question

Identify three educational policies that may have contributed to social class differences in achievement. (6 marks)