1.CYBERBULLYING: THE DARK SIDE OFONLINE COMMUNICATION Dr. Alan K. Goodboy & Dr. Matthew M. Martin West Virginia University #WVUCommMOOC

2. WELCOME!!!! This PowerPoint slide show gives an overview of cyberbullying research including Throughout the slides you will see the following audio buttons below: When you see an audio button like the one above, please feel free to click on it for anarrative by Dr. Alan Goodboy. Dr. Goodboy will help you make sense of the slides andthe research findings on cyberbullying with his audio commentary. We hope you find this presentation informative and helpful in deciphering howcyberbullying affects our youth. 3. WHAT IS BULLYING? Bullying occurs when a student student is exposed, repeatedly and over time, tonegative actions on the part of one or more other students (Olweus, 1993, p. 9). So what do we mean by a negative action? A negative action occurs when someone intentionally inflicts, or attempts to inflict, injury or discomfort upon another. Bullying can include: Physically aggressive behavior (pushing, hitting, restraining, pinching, spitting) Verbal communication (using words that are threatening, taunting, name calling) Nonverbal communication (making faces, silent treatments, excluding others) 4. UNFORTUNATE BULLYING BEHAVIORAccording to our working definition, the video below depicts classic bullying behavior inthe physical sense. In this video from Australia, Casey Heynes is being bullied andpunched several times by a younger and smaller boy. Casey decides he has hadenough and retaliates.For more on this story, check out the following link: Australian Bully 5. CYBERBULLYING: ONE TYPE OF BULLYING Cyberbullying is considered is considered an aggressive, intentional act carried out by agroup or individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against avictim who cannot easily defend him or herself (Smith & Slonje, 2010, p. 249) A great resource for cyberbullying: http://www.cyberbullying.us/ 6. A SAD STORY ON CYBERBULLYING 7. COMMON FORMS OF CYBERBULLYING(SMITH ET AL. 2008) Cell phone call bullying (e.g., prank calls) Text Message bullying (e.g., sending nasty text messages) Picture/Video Clip Bullying (e.g., taking a picture of someone and uploading it toFacebook to ridicule him/her). E-mail bullying (e.g., sending harassing emails) Chat-room bullying (e.g., using chat room features to ridicule someone) Instant message bullying (e.g., using AOL instant messenger to send nasty instantmessages) 8. PREVALENCE OF CYBERBULLYING Although estimates vary by research study (data from multiple sources), it is clear thatdata from the United States suggest a higher prevalence of cyberbullying than in manyother countries. Country% of adolescent victims whoreport being recipients ofcyberbullying United States49% Canada 35% United Kingdom 22% Greece 21% Sweden 12% 9. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONALBULLYING AND CYBERBULLYING Nowhere to hide/avoid it Breadth of large audience Anonymity of bullies Ignorance of consequences/outcomes Correlation between physical bullying and Internet bullying (r = .66) Correlation between verbal bullying and Internet bullying (r = .87) 10. CHARACTERISTICS OF CYBERBULLIES(YBARRA & MITCHELL, 2004; YBARRA ET AL.,2008) Adolescent cyberbullies tend to be: avid internet users problem and rule-breaking behavior (stealing, assault, etc.) aggressive in general (physical and sexual) report poor child-caregiver relationships are victims of bullying themselves substance abuse having delinquent peer networks low parental monitoring 11. CHARACTERISTICS OF VICTIMS(YBARRA ET AL., 2006) tend to be victims with bullying in person too social problems older/female receive more detentions/suspensions are absent from school frequently 12. OUTCOMES OF BEING CYBERBULLIED Effects of being cyberbullied were Frustration (ranging from 34% to 43%) Anger (ranging from 31% to 40%) Sadness (ranging from 22% to 29%) Data from multiple studies (Burgess-Proctor et al., 2008; Hinduja &Patchin, 2007; Patchin & Hinduja, 2006) Ybarra et al. (2006) found that 65% of victims ages 10 to 17 felt worried of threatened bytheir cyberbullying incidents. 13. WHAT SHOULD WE TELL CHILDREN TO DO IFTHEY ARE BEING CYBERBULLIED? What to do: Encourage victims to self-disclose their experiences Block bullies if possible (phones, Facebook) Keep a record of texts/emails/conversations Report to authorities (teacher, police, etc.) if needed 14. WHAT CAN SOCIETY DO TO HELP STOPCYBERBULLYING? Schools should provide preventative interventions to change students norms aboutcyberbullying in schools. Students and parents should read and sign new school policies that contractually prohibitcyberbullying. Schools should give more negative sanctions to students and provide them with thepower to discipline cyberbullies. Parents, teachers, and students should be educated about the research on cyberbullyingto increase their awareness of the problem and provide ways to respond to cyberbullying. Local communities should be engaged and encouraged to prevent cyberbullying asnormative behavior. 15. REFERENCES CITED Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: BlackwellPublishers. Smith, P. K., & Slonje, R. (2010). Cyberbullying: The nature and extent of a new kind ofbullying, in and out of school. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage(Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 249-262). New York:Routledge. Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008).Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychologyand Psychiatry, 49, 376-385. Smith, P. K., & Slonje, R. (2010). Cyberbullying: The nature and extent of a new kind ofbullying, in and out of school. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage(Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 249-262). New York:Routledge. Ybarram M. L., Mitchell, K. J., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Examining characteristics andassociated distress related to internet harassment: Findings from the second youth internetsurvey. Pediatrics, 118, 1169-1177. doi: 10.1542/peds.2006-0815