What is Communication?What is Communication? DEFINITIONDEFINITION Communication Communication

is transferring is transferring information information from one entity from one entity to another.to another.

ASPECTS OF ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Communication occurs at Communication occurs at many levels within and many levels within and between individual between individual organisms. Organs in the organisms. Organs in the body communicate using body communicate using chemical signals.chemical signals.

Speech is one of the ways Speech is one of the ways individual people transfer individual people transfer information to other information to other people.people.

What Kinds of Communication What Kinds of Communication Are There?Are There?

SpeechSpeech: : is the oral use of language to produce is the oral use of language to produce symbolic communication.symbolic communication.

ParalanguageParalanguage: : is the pitch, tone and cadence is the pitch, tone and cadence used with language to produce speechused with language to produce speech

used along with language to produce speechused along with language to produce speech

KinesicsKinesics: : is the use of facial expressions and/or is the use of facial expressions and/or body language to communicatebody language to communicate

ProxemicsProxemics: : is the organization and use of is the organization and use of space to communicatespace to communicate

What is Speech?What is Speech? DEFINITIONDEFINITION Speech is Speech is

communication communication using language using language to transfer to transfer meaning.meaning.

KEY COMPONENTSKEY COMPONENTS1.1. Speech is concrete, not Speech is concrete, not

abstract. abstract. 2.2. Speech is one of many Speech is one of many

ways to communicate.ways to communicate.3.3. Speech is the Speech is the

performance of a performance of a language.language.

4.4. Speech requires the Speech requires the acquisition of a shared acquisition of a shared language for it to be language for it to be useful as a mode of useful as a mode of communication.communication.

What is Language?What is Language?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION The abstract, The abstract,

learned, shared learned, shared rules and rules and standards for standards for generating and generating and understanding understanding speech.speech.

ASPECTS OF LANGUAGEASPECTS OF LANGUAGE1.1. Language is the set of abstract Language is the set of abstract

rules that shapes speech.rules that shapes speech.

2.2. Language is shared so that Language is shared so that individuals can understand the individuals can understand the content of each others speech.content of each others speech.

3.3. Language is the rules for Language is the rules for creating and using spoken creating and using spoken symbols. symbols.

4.4. Language is the competence Language is the competence needed for speech.needed for speech.

5.5. People agree to use a certain People agree to use a certain set of rules and symbols when set of rules and symbols when they learn and use a language.they learn and use a language.

What Are Symbols and Icons?What Are Symbols and Icons?

DEFINITIONSDEFINITIONS A symbol is A symbol is

something that something that arbitrarily represents arbitrarily represents something else.something else.

An icon represents An icon represents another object with another object with which it has a logical which it has a logical relationshiprelationship

Symbols represent things with Symbols represent things with which they have no logical which they have no logical connection, e.g. the word “cat” connection, e.g. the word “cat” does not look like a real cat. does not look like a real cat. Other languages represent the Other languages represent the same animal with other arbitrary same animal with other arbitrary symbols: gato, in Spanish. symbols: gato, in Spanish.

People have to learn symbols.People have to learn symbols. People are able to immediately People are able to immediately

see the resemblance between the see the resemblance between the icon and the thing it represents, icon and the thing it represents, for example, meaning eye.for example, meaning eye.

People can recognize icons People can recognize icons without having to learn their without having to learn their meaning ahead of time. meaning ahead of time.

What Does Paralanguage Do?What Does Paralanguage Do?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION Paralanguage is Paralanguage is

the voice the voice intonation that intonation that accompanies accompanies speech. It speech. It includes voice includes voice pitch, voice tone pitch, voice tone and the rhythm and the rhythm of speech. of speech.

Paralanguage can alter Paralanguage can alter meaning.meaning. When the voice tone When the voice tone rises at the end of a sentence in rises at the end of a sentence in English, it means the sentence is a English, it means the sentence is a question.question.

Paralanguage can give Paralanguage can give emotional context for the emotional context for the content of speech.content of speech. A loud, high A loud, high pitched, voice tone can express pitched, voice tone can express excitement, anger or fear.excitement, anger or fear.

Paralanguage can show Paralanguage can show membership in a linguistic membership in a linguistic subgroup. subgroup. Accents are partially Accents are partially caused by paralanguage. The caused by paralanguage. The cadence or rhythm of a southern cadence or rhythm of a southern accent in the U.S. is slow and lazy accent in the U.S. is slow and lazy sounding.sounding.

What Does Kinesics Do?What Does Kinesics Do? Kinesics refers to the Kinesics refers to the

use of facial use of facial expression and body expression and body language to language to communicate.communicate.

Some experts estimate Some experts estimate that up to 80% of that up to 80% of what is communicated what is communicated comes from kinesics.comes from kinesics.

Facial expressions and body language Facial expressions and body language can contradict spoken meaning. can contradict spoken meaning.

Facial expressions and body language Facial expressions and body language can emphasize spoken meaning.can emphasize spoken meaning.

Some kinesics seem to be universally Some kinesics seem to be universally interpreted in the same way cross-interpreted in the same way cross-culturally. Research on facial culturally. Research on facial expressions of emotion support this expressions of emotion support this view. A smiling face is universally view. A smiling face is universally interpreted to mean friendliness.interpreted to mean friendliness.

Some kinesics are culture bound and Some kinesics are culture bound and must be learned to be correctly must be learned to be correctly interpreted. Holding the hand up in interpreted. Holding the hand up in front of the body above the level of front of the body above the level of the head with the fingers extended and the head with the fingers extended and the palm facing out means in the U.S., the palm facing out means in the U.S., “give me your attention.” In Greece, “give me your attention.” In Greece, it is a very bad insulot.it is a very bad insulot.

What Does Proxemics Do?What Does Proxemics Do? The way space is The way space is

organized and used is organized and used is a major part of a major part of culture-based culture-based communication.communication.

Space is organized to Space is organized to promote culturally promote culturally appropriate social appropriate social interaction.interaction.

People communicate People communicate the type of relationship the type of relationship and interaction they and interaction they expect to have by how expect to have by how they position they position themselves during a themselves during a social interaction.social interaction.

The arrangement of furniture in a The arrangement of furniture in a classroom indicates the type of interaction classroom indicates the type of interaction desired by the instructor. Rows of desks desired by the instructor. Rows of desks all facing the front of the room set the all facing the front of the room set the interaction up as a lecture class. Tables interaction up as a lecture class. Tables with chairs facing in small group circles with chairs facing in small group circles sets the interaction style as discussion and sets the interaction style as discussion and small group participation. small group participation.

In U.S. culture, the interpersonal In U.S. culture, the interpersonal communication distance is about 3 feet communication distance is about 3 feet apart when two people are talking. In the apart when two people are talking. In the Mediterranean countries, polite personal Mediterranean countries, polite personal distance is about half of that – about 18 distance is about half of that – about 18 inches. This feels too intimate for inches. This feels too intimate for Americans, who interpret the Americans, who interpret the Mediterranean individual as pushy or Mediterranean individual as pushy or inappropriately intimate for social inappropriately intimate for social conversation.conversation.

How Do Anthropologists Study How Do Anthropologists Study Language?Language?

Four of the Possible Ways Are:Four of the Possible Ways Are: Descriptive LinguisticsDescriptive Linguistics PhoneticsPhonetics PhonologyPhonology MorphologyMorphology SyntaxSyntax SemanticsSemantics Historical LinguisticsHistorical Linguistics EthnoscienceEthnoscience SociolinguisticsSociolinguistics

What is Descriptive Linguistics?What is Descriptive Linguistics?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

The study of The study of the structure the structure and methods and methods of production of production of language. of language.

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICSDESCRIPTIVE LINGUISTICS

Descriptive Linguistics Descriptive Linguistics studies the production and studies the production and structure of language at five structure of language at five levels: levels: PhoneticsPhonetics PhonologyPhonology MorphologyMorphology SyntaxSyntax SemanticsSemantics

What is Phonetics?What is Phonetics?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION The study of how The study of how

speech sounds speech sounds are made, and are made, and which sounds are which sounds are used in a given used in a given language.language.

COMPONENTS OF PHONETICSCOMPONENTS OF PHONETICS

1.1. Identifying the place of Identifying the place of articulation in the vocal articulation in the vocal tract, mouth and nose.tract, mouth and nose.

2.2. Identifying the manner of Identifying the manner of articulation, including articulation, including how air is channeled how air is channeled and/or stopped during and/or stopped during speech sounds.speech sounds.

3.3. Identifying which speech Identifying which speech sounds are used in any sounds are used in any given language, and which given language, and which are not.are not.

What is Phonology?What is Phonology? DEFINITIONDEFINITION The study of how The study of how

speech sounds are speech sounds are combined combined according to according to linguistic rules, and linguistic rules, and how different how different speech sounds are speech sounds are treated as if they treated as if they were the same in a were the same in a given language.given language.

ASPECTS OF PHONOLOGYASPECTS OF PHONOLOGY Rules for combining speech Rules for combining speech

sounds are identified and sounds are identified and recorded for each language.recorded for each language.

Sounds that are not Sounds that are not distinguished from one another distinguished from one another even though they are made even though they are made differently in the mouth, nose differently in the mouth, nose and vocal tract are grouped and vocal tract are grouped into categories called into categories called PHONEMES. For example, PHONEMES. For example, the English l and r sounds are the English l and r sounds are heard as the same sound by a heard as the same sound by a Chinese speaker. L and r are in Chinese speaker. L and r are in the same phoneme in Chinese, the same phoneme in Chinese, but in different phonemes in but in different phonemes in English.English.

What is Morphology?What is Morphology?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION The study of how The study of how

the smallest units the smallest units of meaning are of meaning are constructed and constructed and used.used.

COMPONENTS OF MORPHOLOGYCOMPONENTS OF MORPHOLOGY1.1. Units of meaning that carry the same Units of meaning that carry the same

meanings are classed together into meanings are classed together into categories called morphemes, e.g. categories called morphemes, e.g. boy and lad, in- and un- and im-.boy and lad, in- and un- and im-.

2.2. Morphemes can be free morphemes, Morphemes can be free morphemes, in which case the unit of meaning in which case the unit of meaning can stand alone, e.g walk.can stand alone, e.g walk.

3.3. Morphemes can be bound Morphemes can be bound morphemes, in which case they must morphemes, in which case they must be attached to a free morpheme to be be attached to a free morpheme to be used, e.g. –ed that would be added to used, e.g. –ed that would be added to walk to show that the action walk to show that the action happened in the past.happened in the past.

4.4. Bound morphemes can be attached to Bound morphemes can be attached to free morphemes in front of, behind, free morphemes in front of, behind, or in the middle, e.g. comfortable – or in the middle, e.g. comfortable – uncomfortable, happy-happyness, uncomfortable, happy-happyness, etc.etc.

5.5. English does not add morphemes in English does not add morphemes in the middle, but other languages do.the middle, but other languages do.

What is Syntax?What is Syntax?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

The study of how The study of how morphemes are morphemes are put together to put together to form longer form longer strings of strings of meanings like meanings like sentences and sentences and paragraphs.paragraphs.

ASPECTS OF SYNTAXASPECTS OF SYNTAX Some languages count on the Some languages count on the

placement of the words in the placement of the words in the sentence string to show who is sentence string to show who is acting and who is acted upon. acting and who is acted upon. English: The dog bit the boy.English: The dog bit the boy.

Other languages add bound Other languages add bound morphemes to each word to morphemes to each word to show what it’s role in the show what it’s role in the sentence is. Latin and German sentence is. Latin and German do this. This means that you can do this. This means that you can say the words in any order, and say the words in any order, and still get the same meaning. In still get the same meaning. In English, this will not work.English, this will not work.

What is Semantics?What is Semantics?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION The study of the The study of the

meanings of meanings of words.words.

ASPECTS OF ASPECTS OF SEMANTICSSEMANTICS

Documenting Documenting definitions for wordsdefinitions for words

Studying how new Studying how new meanings are expressed meanings are expressed using existing words.using existing words.

Tracing the origins of Tracing the origins of word meanings and word meanings and how they have changed how they have changed through time.through time.

What is Historical Linguistics?What is Historical Linguistics?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION The study of how The study of how

language changes language changes through time.through time.

COMPONENTS OF COMPONENTS OF HISTORICAL HISTORICAL LINGUISTICSLINGUISTICS

1.1. How does the production How does the production of speech sounds of speech sounds changeover time?changeover time?

2.2. How does the combining How does the combining of speech sounds change of speech sounds change over time?over time?

3.3. How does the production How does the production of units of meaning of units of meaning change through time?change through time?

4.4. How do word meanings How do word meanings change through time.change through time.

What is Sociolinguistics?What is Sociolinguistics?

DEFINITIONDEFINITION The study of how language The study of how language

usage varies from one usage varies from one social situation to another. social situation to another. Also the ways in which Also the ways in which language is used for social language is used for social manipulation.manipulation.

ASPECTS OF ASPECTS OF SOCIOLINGUISTICSSOCIOLINGUISTICS

All languages have multiple All languages have multiple forms that carry social forms that carry social meaning and indicate status.meaning and indicate status.

People use more or less People use more or less formal language rules formal language rules depending on the social depending on the social situation they are in .situation they are in .

People create status and People create status and change their relative power change their relative power over the social situation by over the social situation by the forms of language they the forms of language they use.use.

A Sociolinguistic ExampleA Sociolinguistic Example When I was in college I had a friend who was When I was in college I had a friend who was

beautiful and dated a lot. She had a beautiful and dated a lot. She had a sociolinguistic technique for handling guys who sociolinguistic technique for handling guys who wouldn’t take no for an answer. When the wouldn’t take no for an answer. When the situation got too hot and heavy for her, she would situation got too hot and heavy for her, she would pull back and say in a very condescending voice,pull back and say in a very condescending voice,

“ “If you persist in being so contumacious, I will If you persist in being so contumacious, I will excoriate you with numerous vituperations, you excoriate you with numerous vituperations, you insidious wretch!”insidious wretch!”

The guys she used this on were always so turned The guys she used this on were always so turned off that they just took her home. It worked every off that they just took her home. It worked every time. Many of her friends tried her technique, and time. Many of her friends tried her technique, and it always worked for them as well!it always worked for them as well!