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Emil Q. JavierChair, Coalition for Agricultural Modernization in the Philippines (CAMP)

Retired Professor, UP Los BanosMember, National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST-DOST)

What is CAMP?• A voluntary organization of professionals in

agriculture, business, industry, academe and farmer leaders and community organizers dedicated to the upliftment of the socio-economic condition of rural communities in the Philippines by promoting 1) generation and adoption of modern technologies, 2) greater investments in rural infrastructure, and 3) improved governance of rural institutions.

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Outline• Introduction

Sustainable Intensified Multiple Cropping, in particular coconut-, corn-, paddy rice-based cropping systems and agroforestry

Deliberate Linking of Primary Production with Processing and/or Fresh Markets, particularly establishment of village-level processing enterprises

Mechanization, Land Consolidation, Land Forming and Provisions for Rural Infrastructure, particularly farm-to-market roads and communal and farm-level pond irrigation systems cum drainage

Contract Growing with Large Integrators to Make Semi-Commercial and Commercial Animal Raisers Out of Small Holders

Establishment of More and Stronger Support for Fish Sanctuaries (Mangroves and Marine Protected Areas) to Replenish Fisheries Stocks to Increase Catch of Municipal Fishers

Establishment of Marine Aquaculture Parks in Suitable Coastal Sites, including Small Holder Seaweed Production

Establishment of Tree Plantations Linked to Wood Processing Plants Convergence of Rural Extension at the Provincial Level, including the

creation of nationally-funded, dedicated extension offices in selected state colleges of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary science

• Conclusions

Introduction• Poverty already severe in the Visayas,

particularly Samar/Leyte; Yolanda made it worse

• Widespread destruction of the countryside but the outpouring of domestic and international support for relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction present a unique opportunity to remodel agriculture in the Yolanda-devastated communities along modern lines

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IntroductionObjectives

1. Treble land and labor productivity,2. Create new, additional livelihoods, and3. Engender greater value added through

processing and improvements in the supply chain

and as a consequence, help rural families rise out of poverty, and equally urgent and timely, enhance competitiveness of Philippine Agriculture in anticipation of the implementation of ASEAN Free Trade Agreement by 2015

PA 2020

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IntroductionPhilippine Agriculture 2020: A Strategy for Poverty Reduction, Food Security, Competitiveness, Sustainability, and Justice and Peace (NAST-PCAAARRD/DOST-DA-BAR)

• Three broad enabling strategies (P.A. 2020) Generation and adoption of modern

technologies Greater investments in rural

infrastructure Improved governance of rural institutions

IntroductionKey Features of Modernization• Sustainable intensified multiple cropping

to harvest 3-4 crops per year on same piece of land is key to overcome the basic constraint of limited per capita availability of arable land

• Ample chemical fertilization, manuringand on-farm recycling of farm residues necessary to sustain productivity since even our best soils can not meet the nutrient demands of high intensity cropping

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Introduction• Linking primary producers to processors

and fresh markets to maintain product quality, reduce wastage and attain high farm gate prices without unduly raising food retail prices

• Greater investments in rural infrastructure such as farm-to-market roads, irrigation and drainage, farm mechanization and land consolidation and land forming to regularize farm shapes and contours in order to facilitate transport, mechanization, irrigation and drainage

Introduction• Clustering of production to attain

economies of scale, improvements in the supply chain and involvement of corporate integrators to provide management, capital, technology and market expertise

• Better governance of rural institutions

• Stronger partnership of government with the private sector and with the farmers themselves

• Affordable credit and insurance

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Sustainable Intensified Multiple Cropping, in particular coconut-, corn-, paddy rice-based cropping systems and agroforestry

• Per capita arable land only 1,000 sq.m.• Challenge to raise cropping intensity to 3-4

crops/year• Four major cropping systems – built around

coconut, corn, paddy rice and agroforestry• Planting of short maturity cultivars, zero

tillage for quick turnaround, use of nursery grown seedlings

Sustainable Intensified Multiple Cropping…

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• Intercrops grown depend of agro-ecology, access to markets and profitability

• Shift to hybrids and certified HYV seeds from home grown planting materials

• Need ample application of chemical fertilizers, animal manures and on-farm recycling of farm residues to sustain high yields (integrated nutrient management)

• Integrated pest management of insects, pathogens and weeds

• Variety and cropping technologies highly location-specific; need plenty of strategically located on-farm demonstration and training plots (role for DA/BAR, ATI, PhilRice, PCA, FIDA, SUCs)

Sustainable Intensified Multiple Cropping…

Coconut-Based Cropping System• Coconut still the most typhoon-resilient perennial

industrial crop• Replanting with hybrids and mass-selected seedlings PCA hybrids and synthetics with yield potential of 3-4

tons copra/ha/year; need to establish hybrid crossing palm groves (long-term)

In meantime, introduction of seedlings of outstanding landraces from PCA stations

However, seedlings needed are in order of tens of millions; short-cut – collection of seed nuts from good mother palms in less affected areas like Southern Leyte; establishment of coconut seedling nurseries at barangay level to facilitate distribution

Wider spacing to accommodate intercrops

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Coconut-Based Cropping System

• Growing intercrops for the market – the key consideration for higher farm incomes

• Intercropping with perennials like coffee, cacao, black pepper, papaya, pineapple, banana and abaca, also annuals like corn, beans, vegetables, root crops, ginger, arrow root

• Vegetable and corn hybrids supplied by private seed companies like East-West, Syngenta, Monsanto, RAMGO, Pioneer

• Open pollinated varieties supplied by public institutions like BPI-DA, IPB-UPLB, VSU, CLSU, USM, CMU

Corn-Based Cropping System

• Yellow corn for animal feed; white corn as substitute for rice; sweet corn as vegetable

• High yielding commercial yellow endosperm GMO hybrids with resistance to insects and tolerance to herbicide available in the market; 5-7 tons/ha yield average; very profitable; farmers buying expensive GMO hybrid seeds without government subsidy

• Appeal to seed companies to intensify promotion and extension in coordination with LGUs

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Corn-Based Cropping System

• Need land prep custom service providers equipped with 4-wheel tractors

• Need modern grain centers like those in Bukidnon to assure corn farmers a steady market; farmers selling corn on the cob direct to grain centers to avoid need for grain dryers.

• Many potential dryland rotation crops such as root crops, legumes, vegetables

• Key considerations are effective demand for rotation crops and postharvest facilities for perishables

Paddy Rice-Based Cropping System

• Need more hand tractors for land prep; later, mechanical harvesters/threshers

• Need modern grain centers to reduce on farm post harvest losses, improve milling recovery and rice quality; but must make sure that part of these efficiency gains are passed on to the rice farmers and consumers

• Options for inbred HYVs versus F1 hybrids; Higher income potential from F1 hybrids; good hybrids marketed by SL Agritech, Bayer and PhilRice

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Paddy Rice-Based Cropping System

• Many potential rotation crops during the drier months of the year e.g. mungbean, peanut, vegetables, corn, even ornamentals provided there is a market for products

• Need supplemental water from shallow tube wells and water ponds for rotation crops during dry months

• Strong technical support available from PhilRice

• PALAYAMANAN model for extension

Agroforestry

• Slope land and hill sides better planted to perennials like coconut, abaca, fruit trees and forest species, including bamboo, to minimize soil erosion, for water conservation and flood mitigation

• Markets crucial as always• Farmers need sustenance crops while

waiting for trees to mature• Also affordable long term credit for

perennial crops

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Deliberate Linking of Primary Production with Processors and/or Fresh Markets, particularly establishment of village-level processing enterprises

Deliberate Linking…..

• Net income of primary producers often measly; better margins invariably enjoyed by assemblers, traders and processors

• Village-level wet processing of coconut to produce virgin coconut oil and coconut flour; also production of coconut sugar/syrup, nata de coco, coconut coir, charcoal

• Nestle buying stations in major coffee growing areas

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Deliberate Linking…..

• San Miguel Corporation buying directly from farmers fresh sweet potato and cassava roots for animal feed manufacture

• Agrarian Reform beneficiaries setting up abaca fiber grading and baling facilities and selling directly to the six major abaca pulp mills; abaca fiber farm gate prices often close to only one-half of abaca pulp mill gate prices

• SM and other supermarkets supply contracts with producers

• Starch plant in Bukidnon buying cassava roots brought in by farmers

Mechanization, Land Consolidation and Provisions for Rural Infrastructure, particularly farm-to-market roads, and communal and farm level ponds and reservoirs for irrigation cum drainage

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Mechanization…..

• Immediate need for tractors to replace work animals lost during typhoon

• Establishment of Private Custom Land Prep Service Providers Hand tractors for rice paddy cultivation Four-wheel tractors for dryland farming Heavy equipment i.e. bulldozers,

graders and ditchers for major earth works

Mechanization…..• Land Consolidation and Land Forming Small, fragmented, irregularly-shaped

farm lots Opportunity to consolidate; contour

fields to facilitate mechanization and irrigation; push boulders aside; straighten boundaries and reform farm lots into regularly-shaped holdings

Heavy equipment to build roads, dig canals for irrigation and drainage, build farm ponds and reservoirs

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Mechanization…..

Pineapple, banana and sugar plantations in Davao, Bukidnon, Cotabato have expertise in farm land consolidation and development

Role for BSWM-DA and DPWH for small dams, ponds and reservoirs construction

Contract Growing with Large Integrators to Make Semi-Commercial and Commercial Animal Raisers Out of Small Holders

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Contract Growing…..• Backyard poultry and swine raisers still

consist the bulk of the local animal industry; will face stiff competition from imported eggs, poultry and pork after 2015

• Need to move small animal raisers up the productivity chain as contract growers to large integrators; stiff competition among local integrators will keep integrators honest and prevent exploitation of small growers

• Need public and private international-class, slaughterhouses, dressing plants and refrigerated vans and storage

Establishment of More and Stronger Support for Fish Sanctuaries (Mangroves and Marine Protected Areas) to Replenish Fisheries Stocks to Increase Catch of Municipal Fishers

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Establishment of Fish Sanctuaries…..

• Fisher folks among the poorest of the poor; they rely heavily on fish catch along the coasts

• Most immediate need is for boats and fishing gear to replace those lost/damaged

• Mangroves not only provide refuge for fishes, crabs, molluscs but also protect coastal areas from strong winds and tidal surges

• Key roles of LGUs, NGOs, ERDB-DENR and BFAR with technical support from UPV, UP-MSI, Silliman University

• Excellent example of mangrove restoration and protection – 220 hectare mangrove in Kalibo, Aklan; KASAMA NGO led by Allen Quimpo

Establishment of Fish Sanctuaries…..

• No-take Marine Protected Areas have demonstrated that over time the fish biomass and biodiversity improved in the immediate vicinities of the fish sanctuaries

• LGUs and NGOs have taken initiative to organize Bantay Dagats to police/monitor the marine protected areas

• Stronger support to LGUs and NGOs to further increase the numbers and coverage of MPAs

• Complete mapping/identification of suitable coastal zones (BFAR, UPV, Silliman University, SEAFDEC)

• Excellent example of MPA near Apo Island across Dumaguete; led by Silliman University pioneer Academician Angel Alcala

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Establishment of Marine Aquaculture Parks in Suitable Coastal Sites, including Small Holders Seaweed Production

Establishment of Marine Aquaculture...

• Model marine aquaculture parks established by BFAR to raise high value fishes, crustaceans and mollusks; need to learn from these experiences and replicate them in suitable sites

• Small holder seaweed farming successful in many parts of Western Mindanao; more extension support from BFAR needed

• Need clustering and incentives to seaweed processors to establish local raw seaweed buying stations

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Establishment of Marine Aquaculture...

• Need stronger support for R&D for primary production, processing and utilization of aquaculture products (BFAR, UP Visayas, SEAFDEC UP-MSI, Silliman University, DOST)

Establishment of Tree Plantations Linked to Wood Processing Plants

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Establishment of Tree Plantations...

• Lands too steep to be planted with annual row crops should be planted to perennials like coconut, abaca and fast growing tree species including bamboos

• For forest trees, silviculture is usually not a problem; the challenges are clustering production and locating a steady market

• Cost of transport of raw materials crucial• Investors in wood processing plants on the other

hand need to be assured of a reliable, steady supply of raw materials - a chicken and egg situation

• Solution – clustering of production by adopting the DTI concept of One Town One Product (OTOP); an LGU and/or clusters of neighboring LGUs to promote planting in the thousands of hectares of a specific tree species

Establishment of Tree Plantations...

• Conversion of production forest lands covered by CBMFAs, CADT/CATCs into large scale tree plantations with supply contracts to wood processors

• LGUs, indigenous peoples and private sector partnership needed to secure land tenure

• Case of Bamboos – Upland towns in Aklanare producing bamboos which are floated down Aklan river and hence transported by land to Iloilo, where bamboo is processed into handicrafts and other products

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Convergence of Rural Extension…

Convergence of Rural Extension...• Agricultural extension devolved from

Department of Agriculture to the LGUs• Devolution weakened delivery of extension

services because the poorer towns (3rd to 6th

class) had limited resources to hire, compensate and support extension technicians

• Better to re-organize extension convergence and coordination at the provincial level; would require amendment of the Local Government Act

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Convergence of Rural Extension...

• In the meantime, the DA technical and financial support administered by the DA Regional offices should be coursed through the office of the Provincial Agriculturist to promote coordination

• Moreover, the technical expertise of the SUCs like University of Eastern Philippines (UEP) in Samar; Visayas State University (VSU) in Leyte; AklanState University (ASU); Negros Oriental State University (NOSU) can be tapped to support the Provincial Agricultural offices

• Need to establish nationally-funded dedicated agriculture, fisheries and forestry extension offices in strategically-located SUCs

Conclusions• The wholesale devastation of rural

communities in the Visayas by super typhoon Yolanda but the outpouring of massive domestic and international support for relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction present a unique opportunity to remodel agriculture along modern lines to 1) treble land and laborproductivity, 2) create more livelihoods, and 3) engender greater value added through processing and improvements in the supply chain thereby helping reduce poverty

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Conclusions• This modernization is urgent and timely to

make Philippine agriculture competitive in anticipation of the implementation of AFTA by 2015

• The broad enabling strategies of adoption of modern technology, greater investments in rural infrastructure and improved governance are obvious but they have not been effectively addressed because of lack of political will, lack of resources and inertia

Conclusions• Most of the ideas in this presentation were

lifted from Philippine Agriculture 2020, a medium term strategic plan for the modernization of agriculture published by the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST-PCAARRD/DOST-DA/BAR)