What is a Virus?• What is the definition of a virus?• What is a host?• What is a parasite? How is a virus like a parasite?• What similar structures do viruses have?• How do proteins aide a virus?• Imagine a space probe fins no signs of life on another planet. Is it likely that there are viruses on the planet? Explain your reasoning.

What is a Virus• Diagram the basic structures of viruses

• Explain the roles of each structure of a virus.• Is a virus a living organism? Explain your

reasoning.

How Viruses Multiply• Diagram and and explain how active viruses multiply.•Diagram and explain how hidden viruses multiply.

Viruses and Disease• How do viruses spread?

• How do you treat viral diseases?• How do you prevent viral diseases?

• How does a vaccine work?•What is the best treatment for a viral disease?

Justify your reasoning.

VIRUSESpgs 210 - 215

The Bacteria Cell• Illustrate a model that shows the structures found in a typical bacteria cell.•How do bacteria cells differ from the cells of eukaryotes?• How is bacteria like an animal cell? How is it different?•How is bacteria like a plant cell? How is it different?• How does a bacteria cell travel?•What are the most basic shapes of a bacteria cell?

Obtaining Food and Energy• What does bacteria need to survive?

• How does bacteria obtain food?

Reproduction• What is binary fission?•How do bacteria reproduce through asexual reproduction?• What is conjugation?•How do bacteria reproduce though sexual reproduction?• What is an endospore and what is its role in bacterium?•What conditions are needed for an endospore to form?• How do endospores travel?

Role of Bacteria in Nature• List and justify how people depend on

bacteria?• What is a decomposer?

• Why are decomposing bacteria and nitrogen converting bacteria important to farmers?

BACTERIApgs 217 - 225

• Virus – A tiny nonliving particle that enters and then produces

inside a living cell. Virus particles are tiny compared to bacteria.

• Host – a living thing that provides a source of energy for a virus

• Parasite – organisms that live on or in a host and cause it harm.

• How is a virus like a parasite?– Viruses can only multiple when they invade a living cell.

Viruses almost always destroy their host cell. The virus, like a parasite, depends on these host cells to exist. Without a host cell to get energy from, and multiply, the virus cannot exist.

• Imagine a space probe finds no signs of life on another planet. Is it likely that there are viruses on the planet? Explain your reasoning.– No! If there is no life on the planet, then there are no

cells. Viruses can only multiple inside living cells.

• Diagram the basic structures of viruses

• Explain the roles of each structure of a virus.– All viruses have two basic parts: a protein coat that

protects the virus and an inner core made of genetic material. Some viruses are surrounded by an outer membrane envelope

• What similar structures do viruses have?– A Protein Coat– Genetic Material

• How do proteins aide a virus?– The protein coat protects the virus and the inner genetic

material– The proteins also help the virus attach to the host cell.– The genetic material contains the instructions for making

new viruses.• Is a virus a living organism? Explain your reasoning– Viruses are considered nonliving because they do not

show all the characteristics of life.– Viruses are not cells, they just use cells to multiple.

• Diagram and and explain how active viruses multiply.

• Diagram and explain how hidden viruses multiply.

Comparing and Contrasting Active and Hidden Viruses

• How do viruses spread?– Viruses spread in a variety of ways: contamination, bite

of infected animals, sneezes, coughs, body fluids such as blood.

• How do you treat viral diseases?– There are no cures for viral disease, just medication to

help relieve the symptoms• What is the best treatment for a viral disease?

Justify your reasoning– Bed Rest. Medications can delay your recovery time,

and while your symptoms are hidden you may still infect others if resume your normal routine.

• How do you prevent viral diseases?– Vaccinations, proper diet, proper sleep, and exercise

• How do you prevent viral diseases?– Vaccinations, proper diet, proper sleep, and exercise

• How does a vaccine work?– A vaccine is a substance introduced into the body to

stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific disease causing viruses and organisms.

– A vaccine may be made from weakened or altered viruses. This does not cause disease, but puts your body “on alert” to attack the virus.

– If you were to be infected by the virus, it is destroyed before it can cause disease in your body.

• Illustrate a model that shows the structures found in a typical bacteria cell.

• How do bacteria cells differ from the cells of eukaryotes?– Bacteria are prokaryotes, which means the genetic material in the cells

is NOT included in the nucleus.– Eukaryotes has the genetic material included in the nucleus

• How is bacteria like a plant cell? How is it different?– Bacteria cells are surrounded by a cell wall and cell

membrane.– Cytoplasm fills in the empty space inside the bacteria.– Located in the cytoplasm is ribosome and genetic

material.– Ribosomes are always found inside bacteria cells.

• How does a bacteria cell travel?– Some bacteria have flagellum. The Flagellum is a long

whip-like structure that acts as a propeller to move the bacteria.

– Bacteria that can’t move on their own are carried by air, water currents, and objects.

• What are the most basic shapes of a bacteria cell?– Most bacteria cells have one of three basic shapes:• Spherical• Rod-like• Spiral

• What does bacteria need to survive?– Bacteria needs a source of food– Bacteria needs to break down food to release the food’s

energy• How does bacteria obtain food?– Some bacteria are autotrophs and create their own food.– Some bacteria are heterotrophs and consume food and

undergo the process of respiration to release the food’s energy.

• What is binary fission?– When one cell divides to form 2 identical cells.

• How do bacteria reproduce through asexual reproduction?– This is when one parent cell produces offspring that are

identical to the parent through binary fission. Each new cell gets its own complete copy of the parent cell’s genetic material as well as some of the parents ribosomes and cytoplasm.

• What is conjugation?– One bacterium transfers some genetic material to

another bacterium through a threadlike bridge. After the transfer, the cells separate.

– Then these bacteria undergo binary fission to create new bacteria cells.

– Conjugation does NOT create new bacteria, instead it creates new bacteria that are genetically different.

– Conjugation causes the different types of bacteria.

• What is an endospore and what is its role in bacterium?– An endospore is a small, rounded, thick-walled resting

cell that forms inside a bacterial cell. It contains the cell’s genetic material and some of it’s cytoplasm.

– Endospores help bacteria to survive harsh conditions. (extreme temperatures, loss of food, water drying up)

• How do endospores travel?– Endospores are moved by air, water currents, or other

objects.

• List and justify how people depend on bacteria?– Bacteria are involved in oxygen and food production,

environmental recycling and cleanup, and in health maintenance and medicine production.

• What is a decomposer?– An organism that breaks down larger chemicals in dead

organisms into small chemicals.• Why are decomposing bacteria and nitrogen

converting bacteria important to farmers?– These bacteria “fix” the nitrogen. Basically, these

bacteria convert the nitrogen naturally found in the air and in soil to useful forms plants need to survive.