what is a coast and its importance

Coast and its importance

Government of India

Ministry of Environment and Forests

ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre

Port Blair-744 102, A & N Islands

Dr. C. Raghunathan Officer-in-Charge

Coast

Coasts are dynamic interface zones

of the atmosphere, land and

sea.

About 50% of the world’s population

lives in within 200km of the

shoreline.

Seacoast attracts for their moderate

climate, seafood, recreational

opportunities, transportation,

commercial establishments,

trade, tourism etc.

Vishakhapatnam coast

Chennai coast

Top 10 largest coastal cities of the world

1. Tokyo, Japan - Coastal 2. Mexico City, Mexico – Inland 3. Mumbai, India – Coastal 4. Sao Paulo, Brazil – Inland 5. New York, USA – Coastal 6. Shanghai, China – Coastal 7. Lagos, Nigeria – Costal 8. Los Angeles, USA – Coastal 9. Kolkata, India – Coastal 10. Buenos Aires, Argentina - Coastal

Coastal city - Chennai

Coastal Terminology

Shore: Zone lies between the lowest tide level and the coastline

Foreshore: Portion of area exposed at low-tide and submerged at high-tide (= intertidal zone)

Backshore: Extends beyond normal high tide to the coastline

Nearshore: Region between the low-tide shore and breakers

Offshore: Region beyond the low-tide breakers

Beach: Sediment deposit on the shore area

Terminology of coastal regions

Zones which influence the coastal and marine gamut

Inland areas: Affects the ocean mainly via rivers and streams

Coastal lands: Wetlands, marshes, and place where human activity is concentrated and directly affects adjacent waters

Coastal waters: Generally estuaries, lagoons, backwaters, shallow waters etc. where the effects of land based activities are dominant.

Offshore waters: Mainly to the edge of national jurisdiction i.e. 200 nautical miles

High Seas: Sea beyond the offshore waters

Offshore waters of Chennai

Tides

Definition: The periodic rise and fall of the level of the sea over a given time interval is called tide.

Diurnal tides: Locations having single low

and high tides per day Semi-diurnal tides: Those with two high

and low tides per day. Mixed tides: The height of the low and high

tides varies from day to day as the positions of the sun and moon change relatively each other.

Spring tides: Tides with a large range occur in lunar days.

Neap tides: Tides with a small range that

occur when the moon is in quarter

Coastal environment of India

Coastline: 7600 km long with maritime states viz. Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry (UT), Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Islands of Andaman & Nicobar; and Lakshadweep.

Coastal Belt: Out of the total landmass of 3.28 million sq.km., nearly 0.15 million sq.km. is coastal belt.

Rivers: 14 major, 44 medium and 55 minor rivers that discharge 15,66,000 million cubic metres of freshwater in to the sea.

Among the 14 major rivers, 9 debouches in to Bay of Bengal and 5 confluence in Arabian Sea.

Coastal Environment of India – Contd.

Coastal population: 212.5 × 106

Territorial waters: 0.13 million sq.km.

EEZ: 2.015 million sq. km.

Mangroves: 4639 sq.km.

Estuaries: 3900 sq.km.

Mudflat: 2961 sq.km.

Coastal dunes: 2509 sq. km.

Saltpans: 1617 sq. km.

Lagoon and Backwaters: 2132 sq.km.

River runoff: 1545 cubic km. per day

No. of major coastal industries: 450 (West coast – 232; East coast – 218)

Indian coastal facilities

Ports and Harbors • Major ports: 11 • Intermediate ports: 16 • Minor Ports: 78 • Ship visit: 10,000 per year Fishing Harbors • Major: 6 • Minor: 35 • Fish landing centres: 135

Types of Shores

• Rocky Shore

• Sandy Shore

• Muddy Shore

Rocky Shore

• Intertidal area of seacoast where solid rocks predominates.

• Biologically rich environment. Zonation • Supra-littoral fringe, Mid-littoral

Zone, Infra-littoral fringe (Sub-littoral zone)

Factors affecting animals • Wave action – sessile, filter

feeding (barnacles, mussel, oyster etc.)

• Desiccation & Water loss – Operculum (gastropods) and valves (oysters and mussels)

• Temperature and Salinity – Hard Shells to tolerate heat (molluscs), hide in crevices of rock (crab, sponges)

Rocky shore animals

Sea urchin Turbo

Zoanthid Rock oyster

Sandy Shore

• A sandy beach is made up of minute grains of sand or crushed shells and rock.

• Sandy shores are exciting places with life in and underneath the water.

Factors affecting animals • Wave action – Organisms burrow deeply

and live in it – bivalves, shore crabs, annelids etc.

• Sand dollars (echinoderm) accumulates iron compounds in a special area of their digestive tract and the iron serves as a weight belt to keep them down in the presence of wave action.

• Animals buried themselves during day

time in order to avoid heat.

Sandy shore Molluscs

Cypraea Oliva Dentallium Donax

Sandy shore habitat in intertidal zone

Adaptation of animals in sandy shore

Sandy shore animals

Zonation in Sandy Shore

Muddy Shore

• Muddy shores, with their finer sediment, have smaller interstitial spaces and these trap organic matter.

• Smaller spaces means that drainage when the tide drops is less and so muddy shores hold on to their water.

• Anaerobic condition in the muddy shore prevails as the exchange of interstitial water is very poor due to vey fine particle size of the sand grain.

• Due to the growth of bacteria, complete depletion of oxygen in the interstitial area.

• Supra-littoral zone of muddy shore normally mangroves could be seen

Grain size in muddy shore

Water flow circulation in muddy shore sediment

Adaptation of animals in muddy shore

• Burrowing into the mud and feeds through long siphonal canal – Cockles and Clams

• Making ‘U’ shaped burrow – Arenicola and other polychaetes. One arm of U is remained open for deposit feeding.

• Muddy shore animals are mud crabs, fiddler crabs, oysters, bivalves, gastropods (Telescopium, Cerithium etc.) annelid worms, fishes-mud skipper and mud snapper etc.

Muddy shore animals Epifauna and infauna

Coastal Ecosystems

• Estuarine ecosystem

• Lagoon ecosystem

• Sand dune ecosystem

• Salt marsh ecosystem

• Seagrass and seaweed ecosystems

• Mangrove ecosystem

• Coral reef ecosystems

Estuarine ecosystem • Estuaries are semi-enclosed area

where freshwater and seawater meet and mix.

• Estuaries are subject to wide fluctuations in salinity

• Normally salinity of estuary ranges from 0 to 35 ppt.

• Major estuaries in India are Hoogly, Mahanadhi, Godavari, Krishna, Coleroon, Vellar on the east coast and Narmada, Tapi, Mandovi and Zuari estuaries on the west coast

Adyar estuary

Profile of an ideal estuary

Adaptations of an estuarine animals

• Euryhaline: Species can tolerate wide range of salinity

• Stenohaline: species can tolerate only narrow range of salinity

• Migration: Anadromus (salmon, smelts, shad) and Catadromous (Eel) for spawning purposes

Importance of Estuaries

• Provides a nursery for the larval forms of some marine fish species, and shelter and food for many young and adult fish and shellfish.

• Provides rich feeding grounds for shore birds

• Serving as important habitats for wildlife

• Estuarine plants also can absorb tide and storm surges, providing ideal habitats for wildlife

• This natural buffer helps to prevent erosion and stabilize the coast

• Yields commercially important fishery including prawns and crabs.

• Provide safe habours for shipping

• Tourism

Seagrass and Seaweed Ecosystems

Seagrass

• Seagrasses occur in the shallow subtidal regions of sheltered localities of the sea, gulf, bays, backwaters and lagoon.

• Grow in mud flats and sandy regions.

• They are submerged monocotyledonous plants adapted to marine environment for completion of their life cycle under water.

• They occur along the east and west coast of Indian peninsula and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

• Occur along 5-15m depth in Indian coast • However, they can grow at more than 32

meters depth. In clear water condition, they even grow at the depth of 65 meters

Seagrass meadow, Andaman

Dugong dugon

Diversity of seagrass

• Global composition ranges from 0.1 to 0.2% of the aquatic flora

• 60 species described from world oceans

• 14 species reported from India (Cymodacea rotundata,

Cymodocea serrulata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, H. uninervis, H. whitii, H. beccarii, H. decipiens, H. ovalis, H. ovata, H. stipulacea, Syringodium isoetifolium and Thalassia hermprichi)

• Gulf of Mannar – 13 species

• Andaman and Nicobar Islands – 9 species

Significance of seagrass

• Provide a habitat for Dugong dugon, only herbivorous marine mammal exist.

• Also provide habitats for a wide variety of marine organisms, both plant and animal; these include meiofauna and flora, benthic flora and fauna, epiphytic organisms, plankton and fish, not to mention microbial and parasitic organisms.

• Feeding ground for dugongs, turtles, fishes and sea urchins

• Extraordinarily high rate of primary production.

• Serve as a fishing ground, wave protection, oxygen production and protection against coastal erosion.

• Seagrass meadows account for 15% of the ocean’s total carbon storage. The ocean currently absorbs 25% of global carbon emissions

• It is estimated that seagrasses per square meter are capable of binding about 1000grams of carbon, every year.

Threats to seagrass ecosystem

Natural threat • Damage to seagrass groups is mostly due to climatic changes, global warming which in turn refers

to changes in oceans salinity levels, shift in water quality, increase in sea surface temperatures, frequency of natural disasters, and more.

• Seagrasses are in global decline, with some 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) lost during recent decades. Anthropogenic threat • Coastal activities such as ports, harbours, construction, garbage dumps, urban pollution, industrial

dumps, terrestrial erosion, coastal development, breakwaters, fish farming, aquaculture, eutrophication, siltation, dredging, anchoring, are taking heavy toll on the fragile plants.

Pollution • Excessive input of nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) is directly toxic to seagrasses, but most

importantly, it stimulates the growth of epiphytic and free-floating macro- and micro-algae. This weakens the sunlight, reducing the photosynthesis that nourishes the seagrass and the primary production results

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphyte

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_production



Seaweeds • Seaweeds or marine algae prefer

flat and rocky coast gradually slope towards the sea with a marked tidal effect.

• Distributed from intertidal to subtidal region of lagoons, bay, rock pools, creeks of the coast.

• India, seaweeds are distributed in west coast, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep and in east coast (abundant in Chilka and Gulf of Mannar)

• 559 species of seaweeds are reported from India

Turbinaria sp.

Gracillaria sp.

Seaweed resources in Indian Coast

State Annual yield (in tonnes)

Gujarat 19,000 to 1,00,000

Maharashtra 20,000

Goa 2,000

Tamil Nadu 28,550

Lakshadweep 3645-7589

Importance of seaweeds Food • Seaweeds are consumed by coastal people, particularly in Japan, China, Korea, Taiwan, Phillippines,

Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, South Africa, Indonesia, Peru, Chile, Scandinavia, Ireland and Scotland.

• Seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the extraction of alginate, agar and carrageenan • Agar is used in foods such as confectionery, meat and poultry products, desserts and beverages and

moulded foods. • Carrageenan is used in salad dressings and sauces, dietetic foods, and as a preservative in meat and fish products,

dairy items and baked goods.

Medicine • Alginates are used in wound dressings, and production of dental moulds.

• Agar is extensively used as culture medium.

• Carrageenans, alginates and agaroses (the latter are prepared from agar by purification), together with

other lesser-known macroalgal polysaccharides, also have several important biological activities or applications in biomedicine.

• Seaweed is a source of iodine, necessary for thyroid function and to prevent goitre. • Seaweeds may have curative properties for tuberculosis, arthritis, colds and influenza, worm infestations

and even tumors.

• Seaweed extract is used in some diet pills. Other seaweed pills exploit the same effect as gastric banding,

expanding in the stomach to make the body feel more full.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alginate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrageenan

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goitre

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumors

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_banding

Mangrove Ecosystem

• Mangroves are tidal forest.

• 100 species of true mangroves have been described from the world.

• Mangrove vegetation represents trees, shrubs, herbs, climbers, epiphytes and parasites.

• Mangroves occur 112 countries mainly in the tropical region of the world with an area of 1,89,399 sq.km.

Mangroves, A&N Islands

Region-wise distribution of mangroves

Sl. No.

Region Area (Sq. Km.)

%

1. Southeast Asia 75,172 41.4

2. America 45,096 27.1

3. West Africa 27,995 15.4

4. Australia 18,788 10.4

5. East Africa and Middle East

10,348 5.7

Total 1,81,399 100

Mangroves, A&N Islands

State-wise status of mangroves in India

Sl. No.

State Area (Sq. Km.) No. of species

1. Andhra Pradesh 353 31

2. Goa 17

3. Gujarat and Daman &Diu

1047 12

4. Karnataka 3 29

5. Kerala 5 27

6. Maharashtra 186 26

7. Orissa 221 60

8. Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry

39 24

9. West Bengal 2152 57

10. Andaman and Nicobar

615 44

Total 4639

Diversity of mangroves in India

No. of species reported: 69 species under 42 genera and 27 families

• East coast: 63 species

• West Coast: 37 species

• A & N Islands: 44 species

Rhizopora apiculata

Sonneratia alba

Mangrove fauna of India (2359 species)

• Prawn: 55 species • Crabs: 138 species • Molluscs: 308 species • Insects: 711 species • Fishes: 546 species • Amphibians: 13

species • Reptiles: 85 species • Birds: 433 species • Mammals: 70 species

Mangrove trail, A&N Islands

Threatened species of fishes in mangrove ecosystems of India

Sl. No.

Species Family IUCN Status

1. Arius subrostratus Ariidae Vulnerable

2. Boleophthalmus boddarti Gobiidae Vulnerable

3. Boleophthalmus dussumieri

Gobiidae Endangered

4. Scartelaos viridis Gobiidae Endangered

5. Peripthalmus koelreuteri Gobiidae Vulnerable

6. Dasyatis uarnak Trygonidae Vulnerable

7. Elops machnata Elopidae Vulnerable

8. Leiognathus splendens Leiognathidae Vulnerable

9. Muraenichthys schultzei Muraenidae Vulnerable

10. Psammaperca waigiensis Centropomidae Vulnerable

11. Secutor ruconius Leiognathidae Vulnerable

Threatened invertebrates in mangrove ecosystems of India

Sl. No.

Species Family IUCN Status

1. Cardisoma carnifex Gecarcinidae Critically endangered

2. Gelonia erosa Gelonidae Endangered

3. Macrophthalmus convexus Ocypodidae Endangered

4. Meretrix casta Veneridae Vulnerable

5. Penaeus canaliculatus Palaemonidae Vulnerable

6. Penaeus japonicus Palaemonidae Vulnerable

7. Pilodius nigrocrinitus Xanthidae Endangered

8. Sesarma taeniolata Grapsidae Vulnerable

9. Uca tetragonon Ocypodidae Endangered

Rare, endemic and restricted mangrove species in India

1. Acanthus ebracteatus: Restricted to A&N 2. Aegialitis rotundifolia: Confined to W.B., Orissa and AP 3. Aglaia cuculata: Restricted to W.B. and Orissa 4. Brownlowia tersa: Restricted to W.B., Orissa and AP 5. Heritiera fomes: Restricted to W.B. and Orissa 6. Heritiera kanikensis: Endemic to Bhitarkanika 7. Lumnitzera littorea: Restricted to A & N 8. Merope angulata: Confined to W.B. and Orissa 9. Nypa fruticans: Restricted to W.B. and A&N 10. Phoenix paludosa: Restricted to A&N and AP 11. Rhizophora annamalayana: Endemic to Pitchavaram 12. Rhizophora stylosa: Confined to Orissa 13. Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea: Restricted to A&N and AP 14. Sonneratia apetala: Rare in several areas 15. Sonneratia griffithii: Restricted to W.B, Orissa and A&N 16. Tylophora tenuis: Restricted to W.B. and Orissa 17. Urochondra setulosa: Endemic to Gujarat 18. Thespesia pipulneoides: Restricted to West Bengal and Orissa 19. Xylocarpus makongensis: Restricted to W.B., Orissa, A&N 20. Xylocarpus mollucensis: Restricted to A&N

Threats to Mangroves

1. Cattle grazing: Tamil Nadu, Gujarat 2. Exploitation for fire wood and wood:

TN, GUJ 3. Urbanization: Mumbai 4. Reclamation for Agriculture: W.B,

Orissa, AP, Kerala 5. Aquaculture: WB, AP 6. Construction of bridges: WB, TN, AP,

GUJ, MH 7. Port and Harbour development: GUJ,

WB, MH 8. Hyper salinity: GUJ, TN, WB 9. Siltation and Sedimentation: River and

land run-off 10. Natural calamities: Cyclone, Tidal

waves (Tsunami) 11. Pollution: industrial, pesticide, oil

Coral Reef Ecosystem

Coral Reef Ecosystem

• Restricted to warm seas, essentially between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, where minimum water temperature do not fall below 20ºC

• Their occurrence limited to 0.2% of the ocean area on the earth’s surface, have globally important implication for their amazing marine biodiversity

• Providing critical habitats to approximately 25% of marine organisms

• Although various types of corals can be found from the water's surface to depths of 6,000 m, reef- building corals are generally found at depths of less than 46 m, where sunlight penetrates.

• Massive corals grow from 0.5 cm to 2 cm per year. However, under favourable conditions (high light exposure, consistent temperature, moderate wave action), some species can grow as much as 4.5 cm per year. In contrast to the massive species, branching colonies can grow vertically by as much as 10 cm per year.

Acropora monticulosa

Global Distribution of Coral Reefs Coral reef cover of the world is estimated as 600,000 km2 (Smith, 1978;

Klepays, 1997)

Mediterranean Indian Ocean: 54% , Pacific Ocean: 25%, Atlantic Ocean: 6%

Caribbean Sea: 9%, Red Sea: 4%, Persian Gulf: 2%

Distribution of Coral Reefs in India

Estimated coral cover in India is 5730 km2

Major reef areas are A&N Islands,

Gulf of Mannar, Gulf of Katchchh,

Lakshadweep , Malvan coast and Orissa coast.

Diversity of Scleractinian Corals in A&N Islands and other reefs of India

Sl No. Family A & N Islands Gulf of Mannar Lakshadweep Islands

Gulf of Katchchh

1. Astrocoeniidae 03 (02) 1(1) - -

2. Pocilloporidae 14 (03) 3(1) 5(2) -

3. Acroporidae 146 (04) 31(3) 28(3) 7 (2)

4. Poritidae 39 (03) 10(2) 9 (3) 6(2)

5. Siderasteridae 12 (04) 3(3) 4(1) 4(4)

6. Agariciidae 28 (05) 5(2) 4(2) -

7. Fungiidae 44 (11) 1(1) 6(4) -

8. Oculinidae 04 (01) 2(1) 2(1) -

9. Pectinidae 13 (04) 1(1) - 1(1)

10. Mussidae 21 (05) 1(1) 3(3) 2(2)

11. Merulinidae 08 (03) 2(2) 2(2) 1(1)

12. Faviidae 82 (16) 20(9) 26(11) 13(7)

13. Euphyllidae 07 (03) - 1(1) -

14. Dendrophyllidae 08 (02) 2(1) 1(1) 2(1)

15. Meandrinidae 01 (01) - - -

16. Trachyphylliidae 01 (01) - - -

17. Rhizangiidae - - - -

18. Caryphyllidae 02 (02) - - -

TOTAL 433 (72) 117(28) 104(34) 36(20)

Diversity of Corals in A&N Islands in comparison with global report

Sl. No Family World A&N Islands Approx. Depth

(m) Genus Species Genus Species

1 Acroporidae 4 275 4 146 2-35

2 Astrocoeniidae 4 14 2 03 3-4

3 Pocilloporidae 3 31 3 14 0.5-15

4 Euphyllidae 5 16 3 07 5-18

5 Oculinidae 4 15 1 04 0.5-20

6 Meandrinidae 7 9 1 01 3-8

7 Siderastreidae 6 29 4 12 4-13

8 Agariciidae 6 45 5 28 2-15

9 Fungiidae 13 56 11 44 1-25

10 Rhizangiidae 2 2 - - -

11 Pectiniidae 5 30 4 13 4-28

12 Merulinidae 5 12 3 8 3-12

13 Dendrophyllidae 5 18 2 8 2-15

14 Caryphylliidae 1 1 1 2 3-9

15 Mussidae 13 56 5 21 2-15

16 Faviidae 24 132 16 82 0.5-30

17 Trachyphylliidae 1 1 1 01 8-18

18 Poritidae 5 84 3 39 0.5-20

Total 112 828 72 433

Types of Reefs in A&N Islands

Fringing Reef: Form along the edges of continental shelf around islands, close to the shore.

Barrier Reef: Form along the edges of continental shelf and are separated from island or mainland by a wide and deep lagoon.

TYPES OF CORAL GROWTH FORMS

Digitate: Colony, which has short tapper or dome shaped thick branches with uniform height. Usually the branches produced from a common thick basal plate. Eg: Acropora monticulosa

Branching: A descriptive term for a branch is, with compact radial sub-branches. Eg: Acropora aspera

Corymbose: Colonies forms thin upright branches without basal plate. Eg: Acropora nasuta

Bottle brush: The arborescent branches have numerous and uniformly elongate radial and axial corallites, hence colony looks like a bottle brush shape Eg: Acropora subglabra

Table: the colony will grow horizontal with fused and small upturned braches, forming porous or thick plates. Often they will not produce in down side. Eg: Acropora hyacinthus

Sub massive: Colonies which form small columns, knobs, mounds or wedges. Eg. Stylophora pistillata

Massive: Colonies are solid, boulder or helmets shaped and are typically hermatypical, 60% A&N Islands reefs covered by massive corals. Eg: Porites lutea

Solitary: Corals composed of single individual and some coral can move little distance. Eg: Fungia sp.

Encrusting: Coral colonies which are form a thin layer or crust over underlying substratum. Eg: Montipora sp.

Foliose: Coral colonies attached at one or more points, leaf-life or plate like in appearance. Eg: Echinopora sp.

TYPES OF CORALLITES

Ceroid: Adjacent corallites share the same wall. Eg: Favites

Placoid: Each corallite has its own separate wall. Eg: Favia

Phaceloid: Coral that have corallite of uniform height adjoined towards their base. Eg: Dendrophyllia

Meandroid: In massive colonies that have corallite mouths aligned in valleys, these valleys separate by reticulated walls and there are no individual polyps. Eg: Symphyllia

Hydnophoroid: Septa fusing to form monticules or mould like structures. Eg: Hydnophora

Diplostrea heliopora (Lamarck, 1816) Galaxea fascicularis (Linnaeus, 1767) Favia matthaii Vaughan, 1918

Favia maxima Veron and Pichon, 1977 Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier, 1971 Platygyra sinensis (Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849)

1. North reef Island

Ritchie's archipelago

5. North Bay

Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park

9. Hut Bay

10. Great Nicobar Biosphere reserve

6. Grub island 7. Tarmugli Island 8. Jolly buoy Island

2. Outram Island 3. Henry Lawrence Island 4. John Lawrence Island

Location marks of Permanent Monitoring Plots

Permanent Plots for Coral Reef Monitoring

Ten plots (100 x 100m area for each plot) were selected for the permanent monitoring of

corals in A& N Islands

Parameters under observation 1. Live coral cover

2. Diversity and distribution

3. Primary and secondary productivities

4. Growth rate

5. Water quality parameters

Live coral cover(%) in A&N Islands 30.38 - 57.63%

53.34

41.29

57.63

50.46

30.38

35.86

47.68

38.86

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

South Andaman Little Andaman Ritchie'sArchipelago

MiddleAndaman

North Andaman Car NicobarIsland

Nancowry Island Great NicobarIsland

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Live coral

Density of Corals in A& N Islands (Colonies./10 sq.m.)

23.45 20.31

28.93

19.38 21.5

19.32 22.58 23.33

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Acropora hyacinthus Plerogyra sinuosa Acropora polystoma

Acropora monticulosa Montipora danae Tubastraea daiphana

Acropora humilis

Fungia scabra Pocillopora varrucosa

Corals of Great Nicobar Island

Corals of Rutland Island

Ctenactis echinata

Acropora cerealis

Lobophyllia hemprichii Acropora insignis

Acropora digitifera

Acropora fastigata Oulophyllia crispa Pocillopora damicornis

Seriatopora hystrix Acropora tenuis

Pocillopora meandrina Montipora informis

Hydnophora microconus (Lamarck, 1816)

Leptoria phrygia (Ellis and Solander, 1786)

Pectinia lactuca (Pallas, 1766)

Favia matthaii Vaughan, 1918 Favia pallida (Dana, 1846)

Symphyllia agaricia Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849

Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1846

Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Leptoria irregularis* Veron, 1990

Hydnophora rigida (Dana,1846)

Echinopora lamellosa (Esper,1795)

Favia speciosa Dana, 1846

Corals of Rutland Island

Pocillopora kelleheri Veron, 2000

Porites annae Crossland, 1952

Porites eridani Umbgrove, 1940

Porites myrmidoensis Veron, 1985

Seriatopora aculeata Quelch, 1886

Tubastrea daiphana (Dana, 1846)

Tubastraea faulkneri (Wells, 1982)

Fungia taiwanensis Hoeksema and Dai,1991

Corals of Little Nicobar Island

Corals of RJMNP

Favia matthaii Platygyra pini Porites lobata

Fungia rependa Favites abdita Diploastrea heliopora

Coral reef cover in selected Islands of A&N Islands

(Satellite data)

Island Coral reef Area (sq. km .)

North Reef Island 15.53

Rani Jhansi Marine

National Park

(John Lawrence,

Henry Lawrence

and Outram

Islands)

27.15

Cinque Island 6.78

Little Andaman

Island

58.29

Great Nicobar

Island

30.81

Coral Reef cover in North Reef Island

Forest Mud Flat Sandy area Reef area

2.58 0.14 1.11

15.53

North Reef Island (Area in Sq Km)

Cinque Island

4.55

0.86 0.67

6.78

0.058 0.62

Cinque Island (Area in Sq Km)

Coral reef cover in RJMNP

Forest Mangrove Sandy area Reef area

86.13

18.89

7.45

27.15

Rani Janshi Marine National Park (Area in Sq Km)

Little Andaman Island

618.75

39.05 7.27 58.29 2.46 0.16 11.25 4.45

Little Andaman Island (Area in Sq Km)

Great Nicobar Island

935.21

16.86 10.25 30.81 0.17 0.25 0.09

Great Nicobar Island (Area in Sq Km)

Coral Associated

Organisms

Coral Associate: Echinoderm diversity in A&N Islands

Species composition:

World: 7000 species, India: 765 species

A&N Is.: 432 species, 244 genera and 86 families

Zone Family Genera Species Sp. Diversity(H’)

South Andaman 19 36 58 4.17

Little Andaman 7 15 28 3.12

Ritchie’s Archipelago

14 25 47

3.64

Middle Andaman 5 18 35 3.45

North Andaman 4 20 42 3.60

Car Nicobar Island 5 14 22 2.86

Nancowry Islands 8 18 34 3.19

Great Nicobar Is. 9 22 39 3.50

TOTAL 51 159 340 4.37

Density (No./10 sq.m.) of Echinoderms in A&N Islands

57.32

44.42

54.28

40.13 36.2

21.03

32.72

21.33

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Echinoderms - Holothurians

Actinopyga lecanora Actinopyga mauritiana Actinopyga miliaris Bahadschia argus

Bahadschia marmorata

Euapta godreffroyi

Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber

Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis

Holothuria (Microthele) nobilis

Holothuria pervicax

Stichopus chloronotus Stichopus vastus

Stichoupus hermani Synapta maculata

Holothuria pyxis Selenka

Thelenota ananas

Echinoderms – Asteroids, Ophiuroids and Crinoids

Culcita schmideliana Linckia guildingi Gray Linckia guildingi Gray Ophiarachna incrassta

Ophianastix annulosa

Ophiocoma valenciae Opiothrix spiculata Asterina seasini (de Lorid)

Coenometra emendatrix (Bell)

Coenometra emendatrix (Bell)

Anthenea tuberculosa Gray, 1847 Astropecten indicus Doderlein

Echinothrix diadema

Echinothirx mathaei Tripneustes gratilla

Prionocidaris verticillata Arbacia punctulata

Stomopneustes variolaris

Diadema savignyi

Mespilia globulus

Echinoderms of RJMNP

Oxycomanthus bennetti Oxycomanthus benneti Comanthus parvicirrus

Comanthina nobilis Acanthaster planci

Echinoderms of Great Nicobar Island

Coral Associate: Molluscan diversity in A&N Islands Species composition:

World: 56235 species, India: 3271 species, 591 genera and 220 families A&N Is.: 1282 species, 372 genera and 145 families





50 96 275 4.15






TOTAL 66 156 387 4.15

Density (No./10sq.m) of Molluscs in A&N Islands

36.57 32.75

40.38 39.13 35.5

23.04

37.33

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Molluscs of South Andaman

Bursa granularis

Lambis (Harpago) chiragra chiragra

Mentellum hains Gmelin

Tridacna gigas

Conus geographus

Cypraea (Mauritia) mauritiana regina Turbo (Marmarostoma) crassus Tridacna gigas

Pleuroploca filamentosa

Molluscs of Great Nicobar Island

Conus eburneus Linnaues, 1758 Acanthopleura spiniger (Sowerby, 1840) Bursa granularis (Roding, 1798)

Conus ebraeus Linnaeus, 1758 Conus mutabilis Reeve, 1844 Conus nussatella Linnaeus, 1758

Cypraea (Mauritia) arabica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cypraea (Mauritia) arabica (Linnaeus, 1758)

Cypraea moneta (Linnaeus, 1758)

Molluscs of North Andaman

Cypraea (Monetaria) moneta Cypraea erosa Cypraea errones

Conus capitaneus Conus episcopus Conus striatus

Haliotis asiana Thais hippocastanum Morula nodicostata

Cypraea erosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Cypraea isabella Linnaeus, 1758 Cypraea mappa (Linnaeus, 1758)

Nautilus pompilius Linnaeus, 1758 Nerita maxima Linnaeus, 1791 Angaria delphinus nodosa (Reeve,1846)

Trochus niloticus (Linnaeus, 1767) Calpurnus verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bulla ampula Linnaeus, 1758

Nerita albicilla albicilla Linnaeus,1758 Naticarius onca (Roeding, 1798) Bursa granularis (Roeding, 1798)

Molluscs of RJMNP

Conus pennaceus Born, 1778 Conus striolatus Kiener, 1845 Cassis cornuta (Linnaeus, 1758)

Murex trapa Roeding, 1798 Gemmula unedo(Kiener, 1840) Lambis lambis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hebra subspinosa (Lamarck, 1822) Nassarius nodifer Powys, 1835 Cerithium Columna (Sowerby, 1834)

Molluscs of RJMNP

Diversity of Nudibranchs in A&N Islands Species composition:

World: 4000 species, India: 320 species A&N Is.: 240 species





10 24 55 2.01






TOTAL 45 73 240 3.19

Nudibranchs - RJMNP

Aldisa erwinkoehleri Perrone, 2000

Bornella stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848 )

Chelidonura hirundinina (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)

Chromodoris colemani Rudman, 1982

Chromodoris conchyliata Yonow, 1984

Chromodoris geometrica Risbec, 1928

Chromodoris hintuanensis Gosliner & Behrens, 1998

Chromodoris sinensis Rudman, 1985

Chromodoris strigata Rudman, 1982

Dermatobranchus cf semistriatus Baba, 1949

Durvilledoris pusilla (Bergh, 1874)

Bornella anguilla Johnson, 1984

Nudibranchs

Hypselodoris maridadilus Rudman, 1977

Hypselodoris infucata (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828)

Glossodoris pallida (Ruppell and Leuckart, 1830)

Flabellina rubrolineata (O'Donoghue, 1929)

Phidiana indica (Bergh, 1896) Okenia kendi Gosliner, 2004 Phyllaplysia engeli Marcus, 1955

Phyllidia elegans Bergh, 1869

Phyllidiopsis annae Brunckhorst, 1993

Phyllidiopsis krempfi Pruvot-Fol, 1957

Sebadoris nubilosa (Pease, 1871)

Tambja morosa (Bergh, 1877)

Phyllidia ocellata Flabellina exoptata Gymnodoris striata Nembrotha lineolata

Glossodoris hikuerensis Glossodoris cincta Hypselodoris krakatoa Chromodoris geminus

Hypselodoris sagamiensis Hypselodoris zebrina Mexichromis multituberculata Phidiana militaris

Nudibranchs of Ritchie’s Archipelago

Philinopsis pilsbryi

Micromelo guamensis

Chelidoneura sandrana Berthella martensi Chromodoris elizabethina

Philinopsis speciosa Syphonota geographica Elysia ornata Halgerda stricklandi

Ceratosoma trilobatum Halgerda tesselata Halgerda balacusia

Nudibranchs of South Andaman

Cerberilla annulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832)

Hypselodoris maculosa (Pease, 1871)

Phyllidiella zeylanica (Kelaart, 1859)

Chromodoris striatella Bergh, 1876

Phyllidia coelestis Bergh, 1905

Phyllidiella cooraburrama Brunckhorst, 1993

Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis Brunckhorst, 1993

Phyllidia madangensis Brunckhorst, 1993

Risbecia pulchella (Ruppell & Leuckart, 1828)

Glossodoris atromarginata (Cuvier, 1804)

Gymnodoris rubropapulosa (Bergh, 1905)

Jorunna rubescens Bergh, 1876

Nudibranchs of Middle Andaman

Polyclads - 31 species

Pseudoceros goslineri Newman and Cannon, 1994.

Phrikoceros mopsus (Marcus, 1952)

Pseudobiceros stellae Newman and Cannon, 1994

Pseudoceros concinnus (Collingwood, 1867)

Pseudobiceros uniarborensis Newman and Cannon, 1994

Pseudoceros gamblei Laidlaw, 1903.

Pseudobiceros damawan Newman and Cannon, 1994.

Pseudoceros bifurcus Prudhoe, 1989.

Cycloporus venetus Newman and Cannon, 2002

Pseudobiceros flavocanthus Newman and Cannon, 1994

Diversity of Sponges in A&N Islands Species composition:

World: 8343 species, 668 genera and 131 families

India: 454 species, 172 genera and 65 families A&N Is.: 86 species, 58 genera and 39 families





9 14 15 1.74






TOTAL 12 16 53 3.12

Chalinula nematifera Stylotella sp

Cinachyra australiensis Xestospongia sp.

Stylissa sp.

Hyrtios erecta

Paratetilla bacca

Ananchora sp.

Liosina paradoxa

Sponges in Inglis Island

Acanthella klethra Pulitzer-Finali, 1982

Depth: 3-25m

Ecionemia acervus Bowerbank 1864

Depth: 0.5-2m

Liosina paradoxa Thiele, 1899 Depth: 1-6m

Lamellodysidae herbacea (Keller, 1889)

Depth: 0.5-10m

Chalinula nematifera (de Laubenfels, 1954)

Depth: 1-15m

Carteriospongia foliascens (Pallas, 1776) Depth: 1-15m

Crella (Grayella) cyathophora Carter, 1869

Depth: 0.5-4m

Gelliodes fibulatus (Carter, 1881)

Depth: 5-20m

Ircinia strobilina (Lamark, 1816) Depth: 5-15m

Sponges of Car Nicobar Island

Stylissa carteri (Dendy, 1889) Depth: 2-20m

Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing and Michelotti, 1864)

Depth: 3-8m

Hyrtios erectus (Keller, 1889) Depth: 0.5-5m

Tethya repens Schmidt, 1870 Depth: Intertidal

Scopalina ruetzleri (Wiedenmayer, 1977)

Depth: 5-15m

Paratetilla bacca (Selenka, 1867) Depth: 0.5-10m

Pseudoceratina purpurea (Carter, 1880)

Depth: 0.5-2m

Oceanapia sagittaria (Sollas, 1902)

Depth: 1-5m

Xestospongia testudinaria Lamark, 1815 Depth: 5-30m

Rhabdastrella globostellata (Carter, 1883) Depth: 4-10m

Sponges of RJMNP

Diversity of Gorgonians in A&N Islands Species composition:

World: 408 species, 229 genera and 29 families

India: 89 species, 37 genera and 11 families A&N Is.: 72 species, 14 genera and 11 families





8 14 14 1.58






TOTAL 12 29 58 2.68

Menella sp. Menella sp Euplexaura sp.

Isis sp. Isis sp. Rumphella sp.

Ellisella sp.

Nicella sp. Echinogorgia sp.

Gorgonids of Ritchie’s Archipelago

Gorgonids in RJMP

Menella sp

Rumphella antipathies (Linnaeus 1758) Echinogorgia flora Nutting, 1910 Junceella juncea (Pallas, 1766)

Menella indica Gray, 1870 Nicella flabellata (Whitelegge, 1897)

Diversity of Soft Corals in A&N Islands Species composition:

India: 221species

A&N Is.: 221species

Zone Family Genera Species

South Andaman 3 6 6

Little Andaman 3 6 6


2 3 3

Middle Andaman 2 2 3

North Andaman 2 3 3

Car Nicobar Island 2 3 3

Nancowry Islands 2 4 4

Great Nicobar Is. 2 3 3

TOTAL 3 8 18

Soft corals of A&N Is.

Parisis sp. (Verrill, 1864) Wrightella sp. (Gray, 1870)

)

Lobophytum sp. (Marenzeller, 1886)

Cladiella sp. (Gray, 1869) Annella sp. (Gray, 1858)

Dendronephthya sp. (Kukenthal, 1905)

Sarcophyton sp. (Lesson, 1834),

Rhytisma sp.(Alderslade, 2000)

Alcyonaceans (Soft Corals) of RJMNP - 17 species / 8 genera

Lobophytum sp. Lobophytum sp Sartophyton sp.

Sinularia sp. Sartophyton sp. Sartophyton sp.

Diversity of Fishes in A&N Islands Species composition:

World: 22200 species

India: 2546 species A&N Is.: 1463 species, 600 genera, 176 families





38 93 216 2.45






TOTAL 46 119 469 4.87

Pterois antennata (Bloch,1787)

Thalassoma lunare (Linnaeus,1758)

Scolopsis lineatus Quoy & Gaimard,1824

Upeneus vittatus (Forsskal,1775)

Plectorhinchus flavomaculatus (Cuvier,1830)

Apogon cyanosoma Bleeker,1853

Apogon leptacanthus Bleeker, 1856

Pomacanthus semicirculatus (Cuvier,1831)

Pomacentrus moluccensis Bleeker,1853

Stegastes nigricans (Lacepede,1802)

Amphiprion ocellaris Cuvier,1830

Amphiprion akallopisos Bleeker,1853.

Reef Fishes of South Andaman

Eviota albolineata Jewett & Lachner, 1983

Eviota prasina (Klunzinger, 1871)

Eviota sebreei Jordan & Seale, 1906

Exallias brevis (Kner, 1868)

Helcogramma striatum Hansen, 1986

Heniochus pleurotaenia Ahl, 1923

Naso elegans (Rüppell, 1829)

Plagiotremus phenax Smith-Vaniz, 1976

Plectorhinchus albovittatus (Ruppell,1838)

Pomacentrus lepidogenys Fowler & Ball, 1928

Priolepis compita Winterbottom, 1985

Pterois miles (Bennett, 1828)

Reef Fishes of Great Nicobar Island

Phytoplankton Diversity

77 species

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

South & LittleAndaman

Ritchie'sArchipelago

Middle & NorthAndaman

Nicobar Islands

51

47

45

54

Cell Count: 58.52 to 115.03 × 102 L-1

Sp. Diversity: 2.02 – 2. 97

Phytoplankton of A&N Islands

Ballarochea malleus Cossinodiscus centralis Ceratium macroceros

Triceratium alternans Triceratium pentacranium Hemidiscus hardmanian

Cheatoceras indicus Nitzschia longissima Rhoicosigma robustum

Zooplankton Diversity 96 species

0

20

40

60

80

South & LittleAndaman

Ritchie'sArchipelago Middle &

NorthAndaman

NicobarIslands

65 65 80

67

Fresh wt.: 2180 - 3450 mg/100m3

Dry wt. : 567 - 935 mg/100m3

Volume : 5.3 - 8.1 ml/100m3

Sp. Diversity: 1.18 -2.89

2 2 1 8

3

37

4 1 2

19

1 1 5 1 3 1 1 2 2 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Am

ph

ipo

ds

An

nel

id la

rvae

Ap

pen

dic

ula

rian

s

Ch

aeto

gnat

hs

Cla

do

cera

ns

Co

pe

po

ds

Cru

stac

ean

larv

a

Do

liolid

s

Ech

ion

od

erm

…

Fora

min

ifer

ans

Iso

po

ds

Lep

tom

edu

sae

Mo

llusc

s

Op

his

tho

bra

nch

s

Ost

ract

od

s

Pis

ces

Rad

iola

rian

s

Salp

ids

Sip

ho

no

ph

ore

s

S

p

e

c

i

e

s

Zooplankton Species Composition in A&N Is.

Zooplankton of A&N Islands

Carangoides malabaricus Mugil cephalus Chirocentrus dorab

Sphaerogypsina globules Planispirenella exiquta

Nauplii

Microsetella norvegica Macrosetella occulata Euterpina acutiferans

Other Coral Associated faunal groups of A&N Islands

Crustaceans - 830 sp.

Ascidians – 9 sp.

Polychaetes – 48 sp.

Sea anemones - 24 sp.

Didemnum molle

Clavinella moluccensis

Bispira brunnea

Threats to Coral Reefs of A & N Islands Natural Threats

Rise in surface seawater temperature (El Nino) triggered the coral bleaching

Sedimentation due to land and river run off increasing the turbidity of the water column which prevents the symbiotic algae from capturing sunlight, which is the coral’s primary source of energy and nutrition.

Coral diseases caused by microbes leads to the mortality of corals

Earthquakes and tidal waves (tsunami) damages the reefs

Predation by ‘Crown-of-Thorn ‘ Sea star Acanthaster planci

Anthropogenic Threats

Marine Pollution caused by domestic and municipal sewages etc.

Oil pollution and oil spillages

Pesticide pollution due to agricultural activities

Indiscriminate fishing in the coral reef zone by operating trawl and gill nets

Damages due to anchorage of vessels

Unorganized tourism

Natural Threats 1. Impact of Earthquake cum Tsunami on Coral Reefs of A&N

A massive earthquake cum tsunami struck on 26th December 2004 caused heavy destruction to the coral reefs of A&N Islands

Impact

The islands of North and Middle Andaman are uplifted 1m above sea level permanently

The Islands of Nicobar group submerged and sea level raised about 1.9m.

Damages due to tsunami are

1. Total erosion or breaking up of reefs in Andaman Islands

2. Deposition of sand, mud and detritus on reefs in Nicobar Islands

Sea level raise in Katchall Island, Nicobar

Uplifted Coral Reefs in North Andaman - Landfall Island

Loss of Coral Reef

• A total loss of coral reefs in Andaman Islands was

22978ha and in Nicobar Islands it was 17180ha

(SAC, 2005)

• North and Middle Andaman reefs are uplifted about 1

metre and exposed permanently due to earthquake

leads to 30% loss of coral cover (ZSI, 2006)

• 20% loss of coral reefs found in South Andaman (ZSI,

2006)

Coral Bleaching (April to May 2010) : 45-78%.

45 52.13

64.21

78 73.25

64 54.27 57.94

0102030405060708090

Per

cen

tage

Coral Bleaching in Rutland Island

Acropora microphthalma (Verrill, 1859) Acropora nobilis (Dana 1846) Stylophora pistillata (Esper,1797)

Porites solida (Forskal, 1775) Symphyllia radians Milne Edwards and Haime, 1849 Lobophyllia hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834)

Coral Bleaching in Great Nicobar Island

Acropora formosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Porites solida (Forskal, 1775)

Stylophora pistillata (Esper,1797) Goniastrea edwardsi Chevalier,1971 Pocillopora eydouxi

Predation by Butterfly fishes & Parrot fishes (66 species in A&N Is.)

Predation by Crown-of-Thorn Starfish Acanthester planci

Coral Diseases

White plague White Pox

Pink spot White band

Anthropogenic Threats 1. Fishing

2. Debris

2. Tourism

Coastal Fisheries

Of the 13,200 known species of marine fishes, 80% are coastal

• Marine Fishery Potential of EEZ is 3.934 million tonnes

• Demersal – 20.17 lakh tonnes

• Pelagic – 16.73 lakh tonnes

• Oceanic - 2.44 lakh tonnes

• Deep sea – 1.01 lakh tonnes

Fish production in India

• Fishing villages: 3638

• Fish landing centres: 2251

• Fishermen population: 5.8 million

• Total marine fish production: 2.692 million tonnes/yr.

• West coast: 68% contribution

• East coast: 32% contribution

Coastal Tourism

• West Bengal – Digha Beach

• Orissa – Gopalpur, Chandipur, Konark, Paradip, Puri,

• Karnataka – Karwar, Malpe Maravanthe, Murudeshwar, Bhatkal

• Tamil Nadu – Marina, Mahaballipuram, Rameswaram, Covelong, Kanyakumari

• Pondicherry – Serenity Beach, Paradise Beach

• Goa - 13 beaches

• Kerala – Kovalam, Kumarokom beach, Alappuzha, Fort Kochi Beach

• Gujarat – Gopnath, Somnath, Veraval, Ahmedpur Mandvi, Beyt Dwarka, Chorward

• Maharashtra – Mumbai

• Andaman & Nicobar – Havelock, Karmatang, Corbyn’s

• Lakshadweep

• Andhra Pradesh – Vishakhapatnam, Nellore, Mypad, Vodarevu

Andaman & Nicobar

Ecological significance of coast in maritime states of India State Coastline Ecologically Sensitive areas

Tamil Nadu 860 km Coral reefs (Gulf of Mannar), Mangroves (Pitchavaram, Muthupet), Pearl oyster beds (Tuticorin)

Andhra Pradesh 930 km Lagoon (Pulicat), Mangroves (Krishna, Godavari)

Orissa 450 km Turtle nesting beaches, Crocodile sanctuary, Lagoon (Chilka), Living fossil - Horse-shoe crabs, Coral Reef

West Bengal 220 km Sunderban mangroves, swamp and backwaters

Kerala 560 km Backwaters, Asthamudi and Vembanad lakes

Karnataka 290 km Wildlife and Mangroves

Maharashtra 720 km Marine Sanctuary at Malvan

Gujarat 1663 km Coral reefs, Mangroves in Gulf of Katchchh, Rann of Katchchh

A& N Islands 1926 km 572 islands, coral reefs, mangroves, 96 wildlife sanctuaries, 9 national parks, 1 biosphere reserve

Lakshadweep 192 km Coral Reefs, Atolls

Human uses of Coastal Zone

Zone Coastal features Uses

Offshore Continental Shelf Fishing, Oil exploration, Mining, Dumping of wastes, sewage outfalls.

Coral reefs Tourism, Fishing, Quarrying

Nearshore Beaches Recreation, sand, gravel mining, resorts,

Wetlands Aquaculture, Reclamation, Grazing

Shore platform Seafood hunting, quarrying

Backshore Zone

Dunes Recreation, Golf courses, Building, water extraction

Cliffs Shore protection, Building, Mining

Inshore Coastline Ports and harbours, Marinas, Housing, Industry, Agriculture, Tourism

Coastal Industries and waste generation

Issues East Coast West Coast Total

No. of industries (large and medium) 75 233 308

No. of aquaculture farms 138 - 138

Industrial effluents (in million cubic m./day) 0.50 0.85 1.35

Waste generated from aquaculture farms (in million cubic m./day)

2.37 - 2.37

Industrial solid waste (tonnes/day) 19,834 14,642 34,476

(Source: Roy and Ghosh, 2009)

State-wise industries and waste generation

Issue Guj MH Goa Kar Kera TN Pon AP Oris WB

No. of industries (large and medium)

35 167 2 3 26 30 4 30 4 7

No. of aquaculture farms

- - - - - 20 - 88 20 10

Industrial effluents (in million cubic m./day)

0.566 0.08 0.012 0.043 0.151 0.125 0.006 0.35 0.001 0.022

Waste generated from aquaculture farms (in million cubic m./day)

- - - - - 0.253 - 2.116 - -

Industrial solid waste (tonnes/day)

9506 2628 1.4 76 2431 9112 1.25 7191 3505 25

(Source: Roy and Ghosh, 2009)

Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ)

CRZ-I: Ecologically sensitive areas such as national parks, marine parks,

sanctuary, reserve forests, mangroves, coral reefs, areas close to breeding and spawning ground of fishes and historical heritage areas inundated due to sea level rise and global warming.

• Area between low tide line and high tide line

CRZ-II: The areas that have already been developed up to and close to the

shoreline.

CRZ-III: The area that are relatively undisturbed and those which do not

belong to either category of CRZ-I or CRZ-II

CRZ-IV: Coastal stretches in A&N Islands, Lakshadweep and small islands

except those designated as CRZ-I, CRZ-II and CRZ-III

Prohibited Activities under CRZ

• Setting up of new industry and its expansion • Manufacture, handling, storage and/or disposal of hazardous

substances • Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including

warehousing • Setting up and expansion of units for disposal of wastes and

effluents except facilities required for disposal of treated effluents • Discharges of untreated sewage, effluents from industries, cities or

towns. • Dumping of solid waste • Land reclamation • Mining of sand and rocks • Construction activities in ecologically sensitive areas

Permissible activities under CRZ

• Activities that need waterfront and foreshore

• Activities that need environmental clearance from MoEF • Construction activities related to defense requirements needing

foreshore • Operational construction for ports, harbours, lighthouses requiring

water frontage, jetties, shipways, wharves, docks etc. • Thermal power plants • All other activities with investments exceeding Rs.50 million

Thanks

what is a coast and its importance

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