ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

What does it mean to be organic in Earth Science?

Popular culture?

In Home Decorating?

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY(CHEMISTRY DEFINITION YOU MUST KNOW!)

is the chemistry of the compounds of Carbon.

occur extensively in nature. All living things are mainly composed

of carbon. Muy importante: Carbon is able to form

four covalent bonds with other atoms and even other carbons.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANICS Solubility: are nonpolar and

tend to dissolve in nonpolar solutions. (Like Dissolve Like)

are generally not soluble in water.

are generally non-electrolytes. The organic acids, that are

electrolytes, are very weak.

CHARACTERISTICS CONTINUED have low melting points. have very slow reactions.

Are usually sped up by adding a catalyst. Usually H2SO4(aq)

have strong covalent bonds

BONDING CARBON (TRES IMPORTANT)

forms four covalent bonds form a tetrahedron shape around the

Carbon nucleus Carbon atoms share electrons w/each

other Carbon atoms can share more than one

electron forming double and triple bonds

STRUCTURAL FORMULAS The covalent bond is usually

represented by a short dash or line representing one pair of shared electrons.

In organic chemistry, up to three dashes may be connected between each Carbon atom.

It is important to remember that molecules and organic compounds are in 3D, (but we will usually represent them as if they were pressed flat on the paper or chalk board.)

EXAMPLES

HYDROCARBONS Are molecules made up exclusively of

hydrogen and carbon Are named, according to IUPAC, by the

number of carbons in the compound. See reference table P

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

PART II

SATURATED VS UNSATURATED A Saturated Compound is formed when

ALL carbon atoms are joined by a SINGLE BOND

An Unsaturated Compound is formed when carbon atoms are joined by one or more Double or Triple BONDS

EXAMPLES:

ALKANES All SINGLE BONDS saturated hydrocarbons with the

general formula of CnH2n+2 (n= # of Carbons)

Also called the Methane Series or Paraffin Series

The suffix is “-ane”

ALKENES Contain one Double Bond Therefore are Unsaturated

Hydrocarbons Follow the Formula CnH2n

Suffix is “-ene”

ALKYNES Contain one Triple Bond Therefore are unsaturated Hydrocarbons Follow Formula CnH2n-2 Have Suffix “-yne”

So you must memorize all that, right?

No, of course not, crack out your trusty reference tables…

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES organic compounds can be

classified into groups with related structures &properties. These groups are called a Homologous Series

Each member of a Series differs from the preceding member by a common increment, usually a -CH2-.

BASIC DEFINITIONS SOMETIMES ON THE EXAM:

As the members of a Homologous Series increase in molecular size;

Boiling Point increases due to more Van der Waals forces

Freezing Point increases due to more Van der Waals forces

Homologous Series of hydrocarbons include the Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes and Aromatics.

ISOMERS (BASIC DEF. WE’LL COME BACK TO THIS

AGAIN AND AGAIN)

compounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structure.

The compounds; CH3CH2CHO (propanal) CH3COCH3 (acetone)

SOMETIMES THEY TRY TO TRICK YOU: What would an Alkadiene contain? Hydrocarbon with TWO Double Bonds Suffix is “-diene” (2 enes) Alkadienes are isomers with Alkynes

When they put these on the exam they expect you to get them wrong. They are called “discriminator questions”

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS When bonding something besides

hydrogen to the carbon it dramatically changes how the molecule behaves.

The general categories can have all kinds of carbons and hydrogens bonded on the end but as long as they have the functional group they are THAT kind of molecule

WHERE, OH WHERE DO WE FIND THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS FOR ORGANIC MOLECULES?

MONOUNSATURATED Have one double or triple bond

POLYUNSATURATED Have more than one double or

triple bond

POLYMERIZATION Polymerization is the formation of a large molecule from smaller molecules.

POLYMERS Composed of many repeating units calle

d monomers

Starch, Cellulose, and proteins are natural 

polymers Nylon and polyethylene are synthetic pol

ymers Polymerization is the process of joining monomers

PVC stand for poly vinyl chloride…

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

LOOK FAMILIAR?

1 Polyethylene Terephthalate 2 High Density Polyethylene 3 Vinyl 4 Low Density Polyethylene 5 Polypropylene 6 Polystyrene 7 usually mixed, hard to recycle.

CYCLO-HYDROCARBONS When long chains of carbons

bond to form a ring Named after the number of

carbons in the ring

SMALLEST IS CYCLOPROPANE (VERY UNSTABLE)

MOST COMMON IS CYCLOHEXANE (VERY STABLE)

AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS Contain what is called a

“Benzene Ring” which is a cyclohexane with internal double bonds so there are six carbons and six hydrogens.

SIMPLIFIED BENZENE:

MOLECULE THAT MAKE VANILLA SMELL LIKE VANILLA