Cancer and Other Non-Communicable DiseasesTypes of Non-Communicable Diseases

Group Chat• What do we already know or have heard about

cancer?

• Tumors• Different types of cancer• Detection• Treatments• Autoimmune disease?

Cancer• A disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth• More than 1,000,000 are diagnosed with cancer every

year

• Begins when the way the body normally repairs and maintains itself breaks down.• Controls that limit number of replacement cells stop

working

Tumors• As your body produces more and more of these

“faulty” cells they begin to collect and form clumps…or tumors

• Malignant tumor• Mass of cells that invades and destroys healthy tissue• Eventually damages vital organs

• Benign tumor• Masses of cells that are not cancerous• Abnormal, but usually harmless—do not invade, do not

destroy• Sometimes must be removed

Destructive• Cancer cells tear through and crush neighboring

tissue, strangle blood vessels and take nutrients that are needed by healthy cells• These dangerous cells travel…

• Metastasis• Cancer cells enter blood or lymph, move to other parts of

body and being forming new tumors

metastasis

normal cells divide uncontrollably

Cancer cells join to form a tumor

Cancer cells break away from the tumor and invade blood and lymph vessels

The cancer cells then travel to other parts of the body and can form new tumors

What Causes Cancer?• Inherited genes• Carcinogens• Examples?

• Certain viruses (HPV, hepatitis)• Radioactivity, UV radiation• Chemicals found in tobacco smoke• Asbestos• Lifestyle• Smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, unbalanced diet

Types of Cancer• Breast-cancer of tissue of the breast (most common in

women)• Prostate-part of male reproductive system• Respiratory-lungs, larynx, etc. (most linked to tobacco use)• Colon-organ in digestive system• Urinary-mostly bladder and kidney• Lymphoma-lymph nodes or lymph tissue• Skin-basal cell carcinoma, melanoma• Leukemia- tissue that produces blood (more common in

males)• Ovarian-part of female reproductive system• Nervous system-brain, spinal cord, etc.• Cervical-part of female reproductive system

Detecting Cancer• Self-exams: skin • Biopsy: sample of tissue taken from the body to be examined—

to determine what type of cancer, or malignant/benign tumor• X-rays: (CAT scan, CT)• MRI• Blood and DNA tests: • CAUTION

• Change in bowel or bladder habits• A sore that doesn’t heal• Unusual bleeding or discharge• Thickening or a lump anywhere in the body• Indigestion or difficulty swallowing• Obvious change in wart or mole• Nagging cough or horseness

Treatment • Most treatable when caught early• Surgery: to remove tumors—small, has not

spread, good location• Chemotherapy: drugs used to destroy cancer cells

• Also kills healthy cells, side effects-nausea, fatigue, vomiting, hair loss

• Radiation: destroy cancer cells with beam of radiation

• Combo of surgery, chemo, and radiation• “starving” tumors through blood supply• “vaccine” to stimulate immune system to destroy cancer

cells

Diseases of the Heart and Blood Vessels• The heart, blood vessels, and blood make what

body system?

• Blood Vessels-narrow tubes that run throughout the body for transportation for blood, oxygen, nutrients• Arteries, capillaries, veins

Diseases of the Blood Vessels• Arteriosclerosis: the walls of the arteries thicken,

harden, and become inflexible—leads to high blood pressure and heard disease

• Hypertension: high blood pressure (the force that blood exerts against the walls of arteries as the blood is pumped out of the heart

• Stroke: blood flow to a part of the brain is interrupted—kills brain cells

Diseases of the Heart• Coronary Artery Disease: arteries that carry blood

to the heart become narrow or blocked

• Heart Attack: coronary arteries become blocked and restrict blood flow to the heart, causing the heart to beat irregularly and inefficiently

• Congestive Heart Failure: heart becomes too weak to pump blood effectively

Pair and Share• How do we treat heart disease?

Hereditary Diseases• Abnormal chromosomes or defective genes

inherited from one or both parents

Types of Hereditary Diseases• Huntington’s disease

• Inherited, leads to degeneration of brain cells• Involuntary movements, mood swings, depression, irritability,

inability to remember facts• No cure, meds to control symptoms

• Sickle cell anemia• Inherited, body produces defective hemoglobin• Fatigue, paleness, shortness of breath, pain, infections, stroke• No cure, meds to treat pain, blood transfusion

• Hemophilia• Inherited, produces little or none of the blood proteins needed for

clotting• Severe bruising, excessive bleeding after a simple cut, hemorrhaging• No cure, blood transfusion, blood clotting proteins

• Cystic Fibrosis• Inherited, mucous glands—affects respiratory and digestive system• Difficulty breathing, cough, accumulation of mucus in intestines and

lungs, infections• No cure, meds to treat symptoms

Autoimmune Diseases• The immune system attacks the cells of the body

that the immune system normally protects

Diabetes • Chronic disease that affects the way body cells

convert sugar into energy• Body is unable to regulate its level of glucose• Tx-medicine, healthy eating, exercise.• If it’s not treated, can lead to blindness, kidney failure,

amputation, heart disease, stroke, and even death (acidosis)

symptoms• Frequent urination• Excessive thirst• Unexplained weight loss• Vision changes• Tingling in hands and feet• Sleepy• Sores that are slow to heal• More infections than usual

Type 1 (juvenile or insulin-dependent• Unknown cause…maybe genetic or environmental

trigger (virus) that causes immune system to attack itself

• 5-10% of all diabetes cases• Pancreas, organ that gives insulin is destroyed by

the immune system. • Body does not produce enough insulin, sugar

collects in blood, and body parts don’t get energy they need.

• Tx-take daily insulin to get body to work right• http://vimeo.com/9768817

Type 2 (adult-onset)• 90-95% of all cases• Often times caused by obesity and inactiveness,

most recently in kids• Body is unable to use insulin properly (insulin-

resistant) or may not have enough insulin in the body. Therefore, sugar builds up in the blood and can lead to serious health problems

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Osn9kruBn8

Allergies• Abnormal, destructive immune response

Causes• Allergen: substances that trigger an allergic

reaction

• Local allergies: affect a specific part of the body• Systemic allergy: affect entire body• Anaphylaxis: lungs fill with fluid and air passages constrict• EpiPen

Asthma• Chronic disease of the respiratory system—air

passages constrict and fill with mucus

Causes• Heredity, environment, allergies

Arthritis• Inflammation of the joints

• Osteoarthritis: most common, wearing down of cartilage that pads the bones (NOT autoimmune!)

• Rheumatoid: immune system attacks and damages joints

Advocate for Health600,000 people die of heart disease every year in the US. Many of those deaths could be prevented if people made simple lifestyle changes.

Get a partner (or work individually) and create a pamphlet explaining the risk factors for heart disease and how people can reduce their risk.

Include information about a person’s diet, exercise habits, and smoking habits.

Try to include both text and visuals in your pamphlet.