What are What are Civil Rights?Civil Rights?

What are Civil Rights?What are Civil Rights?

Civil RightsCivil Rights the positive acts the positive acts governments take to governments take to protect against arbitrary or protect against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment discriminatory treatment by government or by government or individuals.individuals.

Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

Abraham Lincoln on January 1, Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, declared all 1863, declared all

"slaves within any State, or "slaves within any State, or designated part of a State ... then designated part of a State ... then ... in rebellion, ... shall be then, ... in rebellion, ... shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free."thenceforward, and forever free."

The Civil War AmendmentsThe Civil War Amendments 1313thth Amendment Amendment – banned all forms of – banned all forms of

slavery and involuntary servitudeslavery and involuntary servitude(Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865)(Passed by Congress January 31, 1865. Ratified December 6, 1865)

1414thth AmendmentAmendment -- guarantees equal -- guarantees equal protection of the laws and due process to protection of the laws and due process to all citizensall citizens

(Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868)(Passed by Congress June 13, 1866. Ratified July 9, 1868)

1515thth Amendment Amendment -- specifically gives -- specifically gives blacks the right to voteblacks the right to vote

(Passed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3, 1870)(Passed by Congress February 26, 1869. Ratified February 3, 1870)

Women’s rights were not addressed in these Amendments!

Jim Crow Laws (Black Codes)Jim Crow Laws (Black Codes) During the years of Jim During the years of Jim

Crow, state laws mandated Crow, state laws mandated racial separation in racial separation in schools schools parksparks playgroundsplaygrounds restaurantsrestaurants hotelshotels public transportationpublic transportation theatrestheatres restrooms and so on.restrooms and so on.

These laws remained in These laws remained in effect throughout the effect throughout the 1960’s Civil Rights 1960’s Civil Rights Movement.Movement.

1515thth Amendment Amendment

To avoid the intent of the 15To avoid the intent of the 15thth Amendment Southerners Amendment Southerners moved to exclude the African moved to exclude the African American voter with American voter with Poll taxesPoll taxes Whites only primariesWhites only primaries Grandfather clause Grandfather clause Literacy TestLiteracy Test

The Push for EqualityThe Push for Equality1890-19541890-1954

The Progressive Era (1889-1920) saw The Progressive Era (1889-1920) saw many reforms in many reforms in Child labor lawsChild labor laws MonopoliesMonopolies And prejudice.And prejudice.

However, in what many call the However, in what many call the Supreme Court’s darkest hour, the Supreme Court’s darkest hour, the Court legitimized the principle of Court legitimized the principle of "separate but equal" in its ruling "separate but equal" in its ruling Plessy Plessy v. Fergusonv. Ferguson. (1896). (1896)

Organizations Organizations

Du Bois: NAACP (1909)Du Bois: NAACP (1909) Garvey: UNIA (1917)Garvey: UNIA (1917) Key Women’s GroupsKey Women’s Groups

NAWSANAWSA Temperance LeagueTemperance League National Consumers’ LeagueNational Consumers’ League

Linda Carol Brown, was not Linda Carol Brown, was not allowed to attend a school four allowed to attend a school four blocks from her house blocks from her house because it was for white because it was for white students. Instead, she had to students. Instead, she had to walk twenty-one blocks to the walk twenty-one blocks to the nearest all-black school.nearest all-black school.

19541954Brown vs. Board of Education Brown vs. Board of Education

The NAACP argued The NAACP argued that the intellectual, that the intellectual, psychological, and psychological, and financial damage financial damage that befell Black that befell Black Americans precluded Americans precluded any finding of any finding of equality under the equality under the separate but equal separate but equal policy. policy.

Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of Education

““With All Deliberate Speed”With All Deliberate Speed”

The Court struggled over a The Court struggled over a remedy.remedy.

A year later, in A year later, in Brown II Brown II the the Court ruled that segregated Court ruled that segregated systems must be dismantled systems must be dismantled “with all deliberate speed.”“with all deliberate speed.”

Aug 28 1954Aug 28 1954Emmett TillEmmett Till

Emmett TillEmmett Till’’s body s body is displayed in an is displayed in an open casket so that open casket so that the American the American public can see the public can see the horrible effects of horrible effects of racismracism

Dec 1, 1955Dec 1, 1955Triumph of Non-Violent ProtestTriumph of Non-Violent Protest

In 1955, Rosa Parks challenges In 1955, Rosa Parks challenges segregation in public transportationsegregation in public transportation

Dec 1, 1955Dec 1, 1955Rosa ParksRosa Parks

““The only tired I The only tired I was, was tired of was, was tired of giving ingiving in””

As an avid member As an avid member of the NAACP, Rosa of the NAACP, Rosa Parks had planned Parks had planned not to give up her not to give up her seatseat

January-FebruaryJanuary-February19571957

The Southern The Southern Christian Christian Leadership Leadership Conference is Conference is established in an established in an effort to bring effort to bring about equality in a about equality in a non violent non violent manner.manner.

Non-Violent Protests

September 23, 1957September 23, 1957 ““Little Rock NineLittle Rock Nine””

Nine African Nine African American students American students were not admitted were not admitted to the all-white to the all-white Central High in Central High in Little Rock, Little Rock, ArkansasArkansas

Governor Orval Governor Orval Faubus authorized Faubus authorized National Guard to National Guard to prevent students prevent students from enteringfrom entering

Crisis in Little Rock (Continued)Crisis in Little Rock (Continued)

Faubus recalled Faubus recalled National Guard but National Guard but angry mob was angry mob was threatening threatening studentsstudents

Eisenhower sent in Eisenhower sent in 1,000 paratroopers 1,000 paratroopers and federalized and federalized National Guard so National Guard so the students could the students could enter safelyenter safely

                          

February 1February 1stst 1960 1960Students Stage Sit-insStudents Stage Sit-ins

In 1960, In 1960, Greensboro, NC Greensboro, NC Four African-Four African-Americans sit at Americans sit at segregated lunch segregated lunch countercounter

The sit-in becomes The sit-in becomes a popular way to a popular way to protestprotest

April 1960April 1960Formation of SNCCFormation of SNCC

The Student Nonviolent The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Coordinating Committee is formed to give young is formed to give young blacks a place to blacks a place to participateparticipate

SNCC eventually SNCC eventually becomes more radical becomes more radical under Stokley Carmichaelunder Stokley Carmichael

May 4May 4thth 1961 1961CORE & The Freedom RidersCORE & The Freedom Riders

Congress of Racial Congress of Racial Equality sent student Equality sent student volunteers to ride volunteers to ride segregated busessegregated buses

““Freedom RidersFreedom Riders”” rode rode buses into Southern buses into Southern segregated bus segregated bus terminalsterminals

Many Many ““Freedom RiderFreedom Riderss”” were met with were met with violence in the Southviolence in the South

19631963Violence in BirminghamViolence in Birmingham

1963 –MLK led a 1963 –MLK led a demonstration in demonstration in Birmingham, Birmingham, AlabamaAlabama

Police Commissioner Police Commissioner Eugene Eugene ““BullBull”” Connor Connor

used fire hoses and used fire hoses and dogs on dogs on demonstratorsdemonstrators

Kennedy sent in Kennedy sent in 3,000 troops to keep 3,000 troops to keep order and proposed order and proposed new legislationnew legislation

May 27, 1963May 27, 1963School IntegrationSchool Integration

Schools Schools are to be are to be integrateintegrated d ““With With all all deliberatdeliberate speed.e speed.””

The March on WashingtonThe March on Washington

In August 1963, more than 250,000 In August 1963, more than 250,000 people marched peacefully on people marched peacefully on Washington to show support for Washington to show support for President Kennedy’s request that President Kennedy’s request that Congress ban discrimination in Congress ban discrimination in public accommodation.public accommodation.

King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.

September 15, 1963September 15, 1963““BombinghamBombingham””

Birmingham Birmingham Alabama, a bomb Alabama, a bomb is exploded in a is exploded in a church killing four church killing four young girlsyoung girls

City soon earns City soon earns nickname nickname ““BombinghamBombingham””

19641964Freedom SummerFreedom Summer

Students set out Students set out in mass to in mass to encourage the encourage the local black local black communities in communities in the south to votethe south to vote

The Civil Rights Act of 1964The Civil Rights Act of 1964 Outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter Outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter

registrationregistration Barred discrimination in public accommodationBarred discrimination in public accommodation Authorized the US Justice Department to initiate Authorized the US Justice Department to initiate

lawsuits to desegregate schools and public lawsuits to desegregate schools and public facilitiesfacilities

Allowed the federal government to withhold funds Allowed the federal government to withhold funds from discriminatory state and local programsfrom discriminatory state and local programs

Prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, Prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin or sexcolor, religion, national origin or sex

Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to monitor and enforce bans Commission (EEOC) to monitor and enforce bans on employment discriminationon employment discrimination

August 5August 5thth 1964 1964Freedom SummerFreedom Summer

President Johnson sends President Johnson sends military personal to look military personal to look for bodiesfor bodies

Some argue that the Some argue that the president got involved president got involved because there was a because there was a missing white personmissing white person

1988 Film 1988 Film ““Mississippi Mississippi BurningBurning”” is based on the is based on the disappearance of the disappearance of the three activists three activists

Protest as a Historical Continuum:Protest as a Historical Continuum:

Non-ViolenceNon-Violence Direct ActionDirect Action

DU BOISDU BOIS GARVEYGARVEY

MARTIN LUTHER KINGMARTIN LUTHER KING MALCOLM XMALCOLM X

JR.JR.

PANTHERSPANTHERS

SOUTHSOUTH NORTHNORTH

Direct Action ProtestsDirect Action Protests Civil Rights Civil Rights

had slow gainshad slow gains African African

Americans Americans adopt a new, adopt a new, more radical more radical approach to approach to fight racial fight racial prejudiceprejudice

Black PowerBlack Power

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) becomes more Committee (SNCC) becomes more radicalradical

SNCC embraces black powerSNCC embraces black power Violent acts will be justified and Violent acts will be justified and

preached racial distinctivenesspreached racial distinctiveness Split the Civil Rights MovementSplit the Civil Rights Movement

It is about taking care of business – the business of and for Black people…If we succeed we will exercise control over our lives, politically, economically, and physically. We will also contribute to the development of a viable larger society; in terms of ultimate social benefit there is nothing unilateral about the movement to free Black people.

Kwame Toure & Charles Hamilton Black Power, 1967

Black Power

Black Muslims Black Muslims

Nation of Islam Nation of Islam (NOI) Founded in (NOI) Founded in the 1930the 1930’’s by s by Elijah MuhammadElijah Muhammad

Embraced IslamEmbraced Islam Preached Black Preached Black

Nationalism Nationalism which pushes for which pushes for separation from separation from whites to create whites to create their own nationtheir own nation

Feb 21, 1965 Malcolm XFeb 21, 1965 Malcolm X

Very gifted speaker Very gifted speaker for the Nation of for the Nation of IslamIslam

““Stop singing and Stop singing and start swingingstart swinging””

Became more Became more moderate however moderate however he was he was assassinated Feb assassinated Feb 21, 196521, 1965

March 7March 7thth, 1965, 1965““Bloody SundayBloody Sunday””

Martin Martin Luther King Luther King leads march leads march across Pettus across Pettus Bridge in Bridge in Montgomery Montgomery AlabamaAlabama

50 marchers 50 marchers are are hospitalized hospitalized due to police due to police brutalitybrutality

August 10August 10thth 1965 1965Voting Rights ActVoting Rights Act

Literacy Literacy test and test and other such other such requiremerequirements that nts that limit black limit black voting voting become become illegal.illegal.

February 21, 1965 February 21, 1965 Riots in Riots in ResponseResponse

Weeks of riots are Weeks of riots are held in response to held in response to the assassination the assassination of Malcolm X and of Malcolm X and the slow progress the slow progress of the movementof the movement

African American African American Civil Rights Civil Rights Movement begins Movement begins to crumbleto crumble

April 4April 4thth, 1968, 1968Assassination of MLKAssassination of MLK

MLK MLK assassinated in assassinated in Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee on Tennessee on April 4, 1968April 4, 1968

James Earl Ray James Earl Ray admitted to the admitted to the assassinationassassination

In 1966, the National In 1966, the National Organization for Women Organization for Women (NOW) was formed to (NOW) was formed to address the many address the many problems faced by women.problems faced by women.

Women’s Rights Women’s Rights MovementMovement

The Impact of the Civil Rights The Impact of the Civil Rights Act of 1964Act of 1964

Southerners argued that the Act violated Southerners argued that the Act violated the Constitution and was an unwarranted the Constitution and was an unwarranted use of federal power.use of federal power.

The Court ruled that The Court ruled that state imposed state imposed (de (de jure) segregation must be eliminated at jure) segregation must be eliminated at once.once.

However, a full decade after However, a full decade after Brown, Brown, less less than 1% of African American children in than 1% of African American children in the South attended integrated schools.the South attended integrated schools.

Over time, these rulings and laws Over time, these rulings and laws opened up numerous occupations to opened up numerous occupations to minorities but especially to women.minorities but especially to women.

In 1961, President Kennedy created a In 1961, President Kennedy created a Commission on the Status of Women. The Commission on the Status of Women. The Commission’s report titled “Commission’s report titled “American American WomenWomen” detailed pervasive discrimination ” detailed pervasive discrimination against women.against women.

The Feminine MystiqueThe Feminine Mystique (1963) added to the (1963) added to the dawning recognition that something was dawning recognition that something was wrong.wrong.

Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 included a prohibition against gender discrimination, a prohibition against gender discrimination, the EEOC failed to enforce the law.the EEOC failed to enforce the law.

The Women’s Rights MovementThe Women’s Rights Movement