what an algorithm is a set of steps that can be applied to a wide range of problems a mechanical...
TRANSCRIPT
What an algorithm IS
A set of steps that can be applied to a wide range of problemsA mechanical method for solving problems represented symbolically
What an algorithm is NOT
A means to help children understand mathematical concepts
A pack of Yummy Gum has 15 sticks. There are 20 packs in one box. There are 4 packs in another box. How many sticks of gum are there in all?
1520
+ 4
39
What an algorithm is NOT (often)
The most efficient way to perform a calculation
30,000– 1
36x 25
Worthwhile Mathematical Tasks
»Engage students’ intellect;
»Develop students’ understanding and skills;
»Stimulate students to make connections;
»Promote the development of students’ dispositions to do mathematics.
Why do we teach algorithms?
That’s what’s in the book.
What else is there?
What if my calculator batteries die?
Informal Problem Solving Strategies
Direct Modeling--Children model and act out the problem
Counting--Children store one quantity and then count on or count back
Derived Facts--Children use known relationships to figure out problems
Invented StrategiesExamples for Basic Addition Facts
8 + 9 = ?
Doubles
Make tens
Compensating
8+8 = 16 8+9 must be 17
8+2 = 10 10+7=17
Take 1 away from 8 and give it to 9. 7+10 = 17
Addition Strategies (Carpenter, et al., 1998)
38 + 26 = ?
Sequential
Combining Units Separately
Compensating
30 + 20 = 50 and 50 + 8 = 58
58 + 6 = 64
30 + 20 = 50 and 8 + 6 = 14
50 + 14 = 64
Take 2 from 26 and give it to 38. 40 + 24 = 64
Application in Problem Solving
Algorithms Invented Strategies
Students do not know which operation to use in problem solving. They can only apply the steps when the problem is set up for them.
Invented strategies arise from meaningful contexts; children can recognize other similar contexts to which their strategies apply.
Confidence
Algorithms
Confidence is undermined when students are unable to do these “easy steps.” Students are more dependent on the teacher
Students have a sense of ownership of their procedures. They are much less dependent on the teacher.
Invented Strategies
Place Value Understanding
Algorithms Invented strategies
Students do not need to understand place value to perform the steps correctly.
In reasoning through situations, students build their concept of place value. They refer to the actual value of numbers in their calculations.
Accuracy
Algorithms Invented Strategies
Wrong answers resulting from faulty application of the steps are often completely unreasonable.
Wrong answers are usually close to the correct answer.
Flexible Thinking
Algorithms Invented Strategies
Students rely extensively on the steps--even when doing mental computation. They have difficulty thinking flexibly about number.
Students are better able to understand and apply other strategies--even those they did not invent.
Number Sense
Algorithms Invented Strategies
Students will often justify a result by simply repeating the steps.
Students verify correctness by looking at the reasonableness of results within the given context.