whaling and hawai‘iirvinv/students/finalnagamatsuf15.pdf · 2016-01-28 · “whaling and...

University of Hawai‘i – Mānoa

Whaling and Hawai‘i:

A Hub of Culture, Commerce, and Change

Sean Nagamatsu

LIS 601

Dr. V. Irvin

December 16, 2015

Sean Nagamatsu LIS 601

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 3

1.1 Topic 3 1.2 Scope and Audience 3 1.3 Citation Style 3

2. Search Strategy 4 2.1 Instructions 4 2.2 Library of Congress Call Numbers and Subject Headings 4

2.3 Search Terms, Boolean Expressions, and Natural Language 5

3. Search Process 5 3.1 Hawaii Voyager 5 3.2 Library of Congress Online Catalog 6 3.3 Gale Virtual Reference Library 6 3.4 Academic Search Complete 7 3.5 America: History & Life 7 3.6 Ulukau 7 3.7 Web of Science 8 3.8 JSTOR 9

3.9 Making of America 9 3.10 History Reference Center 9

3.11 QueryServer 10 3.12 The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum 10

4. Conclusion 10

5. Reference List (Works Cited) 12

6. Appendix I: Annotated Bibliography 17 6.1 Topic: Whaling in Hawai‘i 17 6.2 Sub-topic: Whaling in the Pacific Ocean 18 6.3 Sub-topic: The Whaling Industry 18

7. Appendix II: Search Terms Relevancy Chart 20


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1. Introduction

1.1 Topic

With the opening of the whaling film In the Heart of the Sea on 11 December 2015 and awareness of current practices regarding whales stirred up from 2013’s film Blackfish and, more pertinently for whaling, the television series Whale Wars, the public appetite for whale-related information could be described as growing. Scholarly interest might not necessarily follow that of popular culture, but greater public consciousness cannot help but influence some enterprising individuals to explore certain fields. Whaling plays a particularly interesting role in the history Hawai‘i, as it was one of the first commercial activities brought to the islands by Western society and drastically affected local culture of the time (citation needed). Not only did it bring “Western economic development and the mercantile trade to the Hawaiian Kingdom….It also brought lawlessness, drunkenness, and the rampant spread of disease, as well as the loss of young native sailors who shipped out on whalers--many never to return" (Nakayama and Menton 19). 1.2 Scope and Audience

This bibliographic research plan seeks to provide both historical and ecological resources for a scholarly audience interested in the practice and impact of whaling during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Such an audience might be comprised of researchers examining historical precedents for current whale-related situations or those examining the economics of Hawai’i in the nineteenth century as it became a more active hub for international commerce. This plan does not address more current concerns such as the conservation of local whale populations and the controversial whaling industry seen in Whale Wars. After the 1871 catastrophe hit the Pacific whaling fleet, the industry went into steady decline. Although whaling ships began recruiting up to half their crew from the Native Hawaiian population around this time, the industry as it was, had decreased significantly by the end of the nineteenth century. This plan ends with that turn of the century. The primary focus concerns how whaling affected Hawai‘i. The first sub-topic of this research focuses on the whale fishery—or body of ships hunting this specific animal—as it functioned in the Pacific Ocean. Much of the Western whaling practice began in the Atlantic, but as ships discovered how to go around Cape Horn more effectively, they began whaling the Pacific in earnest (citation needed). With this change, Hawai‘i became an important hub of activity (citation). Although not much whaling was done directly off shore, many ships stopped on the islands to renew supplies and morale. The second sub-topic of this plan centers around the commercial side of the whaling industry. Because the research focuses on Hawai‘i and the Pacific, a number of the resources in this sub-topic skew toward the West Coast of the continental United States. Regardless, contact with the continent determined how the business end of whaling developed. 1.3 Citation Style

The citations in this bibliography plan follow the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition (MLA).


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2. Search Strategy

2.1 Instructions

Throughout this plan, controlled vocabulary, subject headings, and Boolean search terms (i.e. AND, OR, NOT) will be presented in all capital letters. Search terms, search strings, and expressions in natural language will be presented in lower case letters. Classification names will be included in parentheses after their call numbers. 2.2 Library of Congress Call Numbers and Subject Headings

In order to determine subject headings and call numbers for this topic, I consulted both the print and online versions of the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) as well as the print set of the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). I found that the print version of LCSH provided a concise look at how the subject was classified, including classification names for call numbers, whereas the online version proved a bit more sprawling coverage. I spent more time with the online version, however, because the hypertext, search function, and tabbed browsing opportunities felt more reflective of my search needs and practices. The DDC provided a few search terms that did not occur in the LCSH. I began searching the LCSH with WHALING. The broader term FISHERIES listed here was not often relevant, but it did help my understanding of how whaling is generally classified as a type of hunting or harvesting of aquatic animals. The call numbers listed here were G545 (Voyages) and SH381-SH385 (Fisheries), the latter of which proved most relevant. The narrower terms listed proved too narrow for searches but helped further my understanding of whaling. They included HUMPBACK WHALE HUNTING (SH384.H84), SPERM WHALE HUNTING (SH384.S66), WHALEBOATS (VM465), OFFSHORE WHALING, and SCRIMSHAWS, the last two of which did not have connected call numbers. The online LCSH search for “whaling” also revealed subject headings of WHALING MASTERS, WHALERS (PERSONS), WHALING STATIONS, WHALING—HISTORY, WHALE OIL LAMPS, WHALE OIL, WHALE STOCK MANAGEMENT, and HAWAIIAN ISLANDS HUMPBACK WHALE NATIONAL MARINE SANCTUARY (HAWAII). A search for “whaling AND Hawai*” only resulted in the last subject heading mentioned under WHALING. I also looked at HAWAII—HISTORY, classified under the call numbers DU620-DU629. Searches combining “Hawaii” with economy, history, trade, goods, and commerce turned up no results. A search for “whale industry”, however, gave the result of WHALE WATCHING INDUSTRY, which would have been somewhat relevant if this plan were intended for research on current whale-related practices. The DDC classification WHALING SHIPS--ENGINEERING (623.824 8) represents the main addition to the search strategy developed through the LCSH system, although not necessarily applicable to Hawai’i. The DDC classifies WHALING into several different subheadings, which are LAW under 343.076 928 (Specific commodities), PRODUCTION ECONOMICS (338.372 95), PRODUCTS (338.372 95), under which is listed COMMERCE at 381.439 5 (Products of whaling), and TECHNOLOGY (639.28). The separate heading of WHALING INDUSTRY uses the same call number as the two product-related subheadings. WHALES (Cetacea and Sirenia)


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and the subheading for it ZOOLOGY also share a call number (599.5). The technology call number 639.28 also applies to WHALES—HUNTING. The other relevant subheadings here consist of RESOURCE ECONOMICS (333.959 5) and LAW (346.046 959 5), as well as CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGY (639.979 5) for a more current perspective. The DDC lists WHALERS under the call number 639.280 92 and WHALE OIL at 665.2. Because my main target audience would be using an academic library, I browsed the physical collection at UH Mānoa’s Hamilton Library. Several of the texts I wanted to review were in the Hawaiian/Pacific Collection, where I was able to look at several shelves with relevant call numbers but also had to request several texts I had found in the OPAC. Because my search to this point had mostly lacked texts focusing on the historical aspect of whaling in Hawai‘i, I asked the Hawaiian/Pacific reference librarian for recommendations. Because I mentioned regulation of whaling, she recommended several texts having to do with law throughout Hawai‘i’s history. 2.3 Search Terms, Boolean Expressions, and Natural Language

See Appendix II for a full list of search terms, Boolean expressions, and search strings. The most useful search terms included: whaling; whales; Hawai‘i; Honolulu; Lahaina; history; ships; commerce; fisheries; and Pacific. The most useful Boolean expressions depended on the resource being searched. General searches such as “Whaling AND Hawai*” often returned highly useful results, but the more specific “Whaling AND Lahaina” helped when searches proved too broad. “Whaling AND history AND law” also shaped search results in such a way that they filled gaps that they more general searches left open. Using limiters such as subject headings via sidebars helped further refine searches. The best search mode came in the form of these kinds of simple Boolean expressions, although browsing call numbers on physical shelves and using subject headings also proved fairly fruitful. 3. Search Process

3.1 Hawai‘i Voyager: Libraries of the University of Hawai‘i System

I decided to use Hawai‘i Voyager because it would be the primary OPAC for my audience. I thought I would find resources about whaling specific to Hawai‘i, especially in terms of how it affected its history. Many of the resources actually pertained more to the act of whaling itself. Even the resources I found through Voyager that are held in the UH Hawaiian/Pacific collection had more to do with the practice of whaling than its effect on Hawai‘i. The reference librarian in that collection pointed me toward historical law resources, and that helped inform my later searches. Most of my searches on Voyager came after an initial search of “Whaling AND Hawaii” (64 results). From that initial search, I used subject headings to find more resources. The six results for WHALING—HAWAII—HISTORY were useful and led me to WHALING—HAWAII—HISTORY—BIBLIOGRAPHY. There were only two results under this subject heading, but the search influenced me to look for further resources in the bibliography Maritime Industries of Hawai‘i, a Guide to Historical Resources: Whaling, Commercial, Fishing, Shipping (SH383.2 .N35 1987). Because a great deal of my prior knowledge about this topic came from Moby-Dick, I did a natural language search including the author, which was “Herman Melville in Hawaii” (17 results), though most of these proved irrelevant to my actual topic. I also confirmed for myself that using an asterisk for truncation in this system was not entirely effective, as


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“Whaling AND Hawai*” only returned one item, while “Whaling AND Hawaii” returned sixty-four. 3.2 Library of Congress Online Catalog

Despite being more familiar with WorldCat than with the Library of Congress Online Catalog, I felt it was necessary to search the latter. The topic of this plan called for it because an academic collection uses the Library of Congress classification system. I thought it would more similar to WorldCat, a broad listing of items that has felt easily searchable in my experience. However, I found the Library of Congress Online Catalog jarringly different. Perhaps I have not tried to leverage WorldCat in quite the same way. I tried to search for expressions using the search operator OR and parentheses, but kept getting zero results. The advanced search page allowed for the use of OR, but trying to insert parentheses into its multiple search bars again resulted in zero result returns. Finally, I found that the “expert” setting under the drop down menu of the keyword search page allowed for full Boolean expressions. It was also important to remember that this catalog uses a question mark instead of an asterisk for truncation. Search results lists here regularly expire after a set amount of time, which I found frustrating as it cut down on the effectiveness of opening individual items in new tabs. Several of the Boolean expressions I ran on this catalog gave relevant results, but I would suggest to researchers “Whaling AND (Honolulu OR Lahaina)” and “Whaling AND law AND history.” The first includes both major whaling ports in Hawai‘i and is more specific than simply searching for the entire archipelago. The expression incorporating law and history helps to close a gap between the two subtopics of this plan. The results did not address Hawai‘i law and history specifically, but they would give a researcher solid background for understanding how Hawai‘i fit in to the international whaling community. Malgosia Fitzmaurice’s Whaling and International Law would be a good place to start. Because of the way this catalog’s search functions, I did not get any results for natural language search strings such as “Whaling law in Hawaii.” 3.3 Gale Virtual Reference Library

I decided to use Gale Virtual Reference Library (GVRL) in order to supplement my exploration of definitions for the topic and background information. GVRL helps with this because part of its holdings include a wide array of encyclopedias. The University of Hawai‘i library system, however, does not subscribe to as many as does the Hawai‘i State Public Library System (HSPLS), so I accessed GVRL through the HSPLS database page. I did a simple search for “whaling” and got 713 results, the first page of which included nine relevant results out of twenty. From these nine, I chose to look at the entries in the UXL Encyclopedia of Water Science, the Gale Encyclopedia of American Law, the Dictionary of American History, and the Encyclopedia of American Environmental History. These all provided general background information that could have proved useful had I not already come across it in print resources (especially in the Hawaiian/Pacific collection). At this point in the search, I was looking for more specific information about whaling in Hawai‘i and did not find it in these four resources. Looking at them did help inform my later searches due to their varied natures. My subsequent searches of “Whaling AND Hawaii” returned 90 results, but none of them provided further relevant information. “Whaling AND Honolulu” (37 results), and “Whaling


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AND Lahaina” (2 results) also turned up empty. A search for the phrase “‘Whaling industry’” returned several resources that I had chosen not to examine in the initial “Whaling” search, and they also helped shape my thinking as I progressed with searches elsewhere. Returning to this database after exploring others, I tried a few more searches that did not reveal any new resources. I would recommend this database to researchers only if they had done no other previous reading of background information on this topic. 3.4 Academic Search Complete

I consulted Academic Search Complete next because it seemed like it would provide a wider range of resources than did GVRL and that they would also lean more towards specificity. My hope was borne out and, because a number of searches proved fruitful, I spent more time on this database than the others. I did find that a large amount of the results were scientific in nature, which does not necessarily help with my topic but could be useful information for the future. Arguably the most useful search employed the Boolean expression “Whaling AND history AND pacific,” which returned seven relevant results out of thirty. Searches for containing “Whaling” and any of the Hawai‘i places names related to whaling (including “Hawai*) returned fewer than twenty items each, but the three that were relevant proved very helpful. “Whale AND trade AND pacific” gave twenty-three results, but “Running into Whales: The History of the North Pacific from Below the Waves” fit well with this plan’s objectives. 3.5 America: History & Life

Because Academic Search Complete seemed to offer more scientific articles than I my search required and I had not found enough historical resources, I decided to utilize a history-specific database. I accessed this by switching the database on EBSCOhost from Academic Search Complete to America: History & Life. I thought I would find articles that might only be about Hawai‘i tangentially since the database focuses on American history. I actually found fairly specific articles. Seeing that I lacked access to full text of most, I checked the description of America: History & Life on the “A-Z Databases” page of the UH Mānoa library website, confirming its status as an index rather than a database. I missed this originally because I went straight there from the EBSCOhost interface. Fortunately, the two articles I most wanted to examine were available through the UH Mānoa system. Simply searching their titles through OneSearch showed that they could be accessed there. The “find it” link at the bottom of a search result also serves this purpose, but I only tried that later. I found “Maui during the Whaling Boom: the Travels of Captain Gilbert Pendleton, Jr.” through searching “Whaling AND history AND Hawai*” on America: History & Life. That search gave ten results, four of which were relevant. A search of “Whaling AND Hawai*” returned eighteen results, three of which were somewhat relevant. Of those three, I found most useful "Whalemen, Missionaries, And The Practice Of Christianity In The Nineteenth-Century Pacific." 3.6 Ulukau

Eventually realizing that no search could be as specific to Hawai‘i as one conducted through a Hawai‘i-made database, I turned to Ulukau. Although several of the result titles were already in English, I needed to click on the “English Text” option at the top of the page. Ulukau can feel a


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bit challenging to peruse because it only provides a title and the number of search matches within each text. Other databases provide information like author, journal title, and subject headings. The number of matches, however, becomes very useful. It also helps that the results come in categories. A basic search of “Whaling” returned 52 results. Of these, I found three that were relevant: volumes and two of Ralph S. Kuykendall’s The Hawaiian Kingdom and Ka Hana Lawai‘a a Me Nā Ko‘a O Na Kai ‘ewalu under the “General Category.” The Kuykendall volumes had sixty-four and fifty-one matches, respectively, and Ka Hana had thirty-eight. The search results each function a bit like a journal in that the matches then take the searcher to view specific content. The three results I found most useful were all books made available online. 3.7 Web of Science

Still searching for a more historical approach to whaling in Hawai‘i, I decided to check the UH Mānoa libguides, which can be accessed from the “Subject Guides” link on the UH Mānoa library homepage. I looked through the Hawai‘i subject libguides first, but found nothing relevant to my topic. The history section contained a “History Research Guide,” in which I clicked on the “Find Articles” tab. Making of America, JSTOR, and Web of Science all looked promising. I turned to Web of Science first since it seemed like it would provide a broader range of results than Making of America, and my previous experience with JSTOR made me think it would be helpful but not in filling the gap I was looking to close. I thought Web of Science would not be too helpful for historical resources, but since the libguide recommended, I hoped it would prove useful in this area. Its description in the libguide as including an “Arts & Humanities Citation Index” and a “Social Sciences Citation Index” along with the “Science Citation Index Expanded” encouraged me. Unfortunately, I found very little that I had not found elsewhere. The search on Web of Science functions a bit differently from other databases. Instead of subject headings, it sorts articles into “Research Areas,” even listing that as corresponding to the field tag SU. One can also search for articles that cite a particular individual’s work. In this way, looking up a particularly influential author in an area can lead a researcher to more recent articles that expand upon seminal works. Although most of my searches only returned relevant items I had already reviewed, I did find a few somewhat relevant articles in the twenty-five results from the search “Whaling AND history AND Hawai*”. “Listening to Leoiki: Engaging Sources in Hawaiian History” can be accessed through Project MUSE or Academic Search Complete, although it had not appeared in the same search done there. Web of Science features a “find it” link like the one on America: History & Life. As an example of how the search function here differs from others, a search for “Whaling” returned 40,723 items. Though this was the basic search, Web of Science actually performed a “topic” search. Refining the search by research areas (HISTORY OR ANTHROPOLOGY) returned 703 items, although entering “TS=whaling AND (SU=ANTHROPOLOGY OR SU=HISTORY)” into the advanced search bar returned 833 results. Searching within the refined, 703-item search for “Hawai*” only returned 4 results. I would recommend Web of Science for initial searches, especially as it functions more like an aggregation of several indexes or for following up on research that revealed a particularly influential scholar.


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3.8 JSTOR

JSTOR offered a number of useful resources. I would probably recommend a researcher start here after looking up background information. My previous experience with JSTOR focused primarily on literatary criticism. It has given me useful results in the past, but searches sometimes return so many results that it can feel unwieldy. The excerpt that shows search hits rather than an abstract below each search result also made me wary because sometimes it can be difficult to parse what exactly an article discusses without first opening it. My early searches did demonstrate a possibly daunting overabundance of results. Using the smaller whaling port of Lahaina in searches refined the results enough to make them manageable, although the first page of results for some of the earlier searches also gave a number of relevant articles. “Whaling AND Honolulu AND history” actually gave me the largest number of relevant results, even though I could not look over all of them. “Whaling AND Lahaina AND law AND history” felt the most revelatory of the searches I did here. Both “A Whaler in Pacific Ports” and “Preparing to Be Colonized” helped provide new perspectives on whaling. 3.9 Making of America

The history libguide also recommended Making of America. I did not feel like I had such a large gap in regards to history at this point in my search, but it felt like searching another history related database or two would make my search well rounded. I expected this database to be similar to America: History & Life, but perhaps with more full text articles and, from reading the libguide description, more primary sources. I found it necessary to click on “Other Searches in MoA” so I could perform searches using Boolean expressions. “Whal* AND Hawai*” returned 463 results, but 405 of them were books and, looking over the first fifty results, none of the books provided relevant directions for my topic. Clicking on the “view results” link under the left side-bar’s “Making of America Journal Articles” section, I was able to peruse more relevant results. This search returned most usefully the article “The Islands of the Pacific—Their Trade, Population, and Other Statistics,” which provides the perspective of Westerners arriving to the Pacific, often on whaling ships. Because Making of America focuses on providing access to primary sources, many of the results were relevant but perhaps not useful for the specific audience whose research this bibliographic research plan aims to facilitate. Primary sources need to be consulted for research, but such a deep dive into sources as specific as logbooks from individual ships would help researchers looking into more specific topics, especially regarding the whale fishery and its actual practices. Fewer of the resources had to do with the nature of the fishery in general or its impact on Hawai‘i. 3.10 History Reference Center

When I wanted to find more history-related databases earlier, I felt somewhat stymied that there were only a handful with that specific focus recommended by the history libguide. Refining the UH Mānoa’s “A-Z Databases” page by the subject “History” did not display any further databases, so I consulted the HSPLS database page and clicked on the “history” link. The


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subsequent list of databases included History Reference Center, which I then found through a title search of UH Mānoa’s databases. I had overlooked it in choosing “other databases” after Academic Search Complete because America: History & Life, the first I tried that way, had been somewhat frustrating. Interestingly, the History Reference Center provided chapters of books I would have thought to find elsewhere. My searches did not receive extensive returns, but “Whaling AND Pacific” and “Whaling AND law” provided a few good ones, some of which I had examined and relevant in other databases. The chapters of Ann Rayson and Helen Bauer’s Hawai‘i: The Pacific State proved rather relevant. 3.11 QueryServer

Not knowing which web resources would complement my research topic, I decided to use the metasearch engine QueryServer (http://queryserver.dataware.com/web.htm). This metasearch engine only seemed to cull the top results from the other searches it consulted, as it never returned more than a hundred results. After a search, it indicates how many items were duplicates. It also features social, news, and health searches. I tried the first two, but they only provided a spattering of relevant items. The most useful feature of QueryServer might be its results clusters. It bunches search items into content-related groupings. For example, the natural language search for “history of Hawai* whaler*” grouped its sixty-eight results into clusters such as “whaling industry,” “history of whaling,” “whalers village,” “history of Hawaii,” and “Native Hawaiian whalers.” The “whaling in Hawai*” social search did return a couple of Twitter accounts that could be helpful in a pinch. However, the “history of Hawai* whaler*” search returned the most useful results, mostly in the “Whaling industry” cluster and including the Hawai‘i page of the website Economic History. 3.12 The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum

I decided to use The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum website because I know it as the premier museum concerning the history of Hawai‘i. I know one can search their holdings like a library catalog, but I wanted to explore what their website made available outside that resource, since this plan calls for web resources. The search bar at the top of the website simply conducts a Google search. This means all the natural language search strings I entered for this site went to Google and included a “site:bishopmuseum.org” limiter. Harbor specific searches like “Honolulu as a whaling port” returned more irrelevant results than did the general search of “whaling history.” The latter search gave the resource “Hawaiian Annexation Scheme (A Sugar Trust Plot),” which mentions the decline of whaling as part of the economic issues Hawai‘i faced pre-annexation. 4. Conclusion

This bibliographic research plan allowed me to truly explore the skills gained this semester. I utilized a number of databases with which I had previously been unfamiliar. Through these databases, I experienced several different types of searches. I want to continue learning and thinking about the different interfaces databases provide for their users, so this represented a valuable exercise in that arena. I also enjoyed browsing UH Mānoa’s shelves and especially getting to know the Hawaiian/Pacific Collection better. I briefly explored the McCully-Mōʻiliʻili Public Library for whaling-related resources and, while it was only a cursory browsing, it piqued my interest and could be seen to represent another type of interface.

http://queryserver.dataware.com/web.htm


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Having now completed the research, I feel like I would have changed my focus slightly, at least for the sub-topics. I would have focused more on current perspectives or portrayals of whaling and perhaps the biological/ecological aspect of whales as they pertain to the Hawaiian Islands. If the topic extended further, I could have also examined whales’ place in traditional Hawaiian belief systems and the current conservation efforts in Hawai‘i. I think of Kumasi and Hill’s statement that “cultural competence is not merely about knowledge acquisition or service provision, but calls for having authentic interactions with people and engaging with the cultural contexts of their daily lives” (137). I could see the extensions of this topic reaching into real life interactions, but perhaps a summative project such as this research plan would not be quite the right format. I imagine interviewing people currently impacted by the presence of whaling in Hawai‘i and people who conduct biological research. Despite being limited by time and my current reference proficiency, I did appreciate the time I spent with historical documents related to Hawai‘i. Furthermore, although I did not interact with anyone but the people working in the Hawaiian/Pacific Collection, I feel like I did fall somewhat on the right side of Steven Bell’s question: “Were you focused on making a connection with that individual, or did you put all of your energy into delivering the content?” (need citation here) While writing about my search process, I kept the audience in mind and tried to consider not only my personal search preferences but those that might best help people following my steps through this topic.


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Works Cited Academic Search Complete. EBSCO Industries, Inc., 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

<http://bit.ly/1Qk1q4J> America: History & Life. EBSCO Industries, Inc., 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

<http://bit.ly/1IRfhgd> Arista, Noelani. "Listening To Leoiki: Engaging Sources In Hawaiian History." Biography: An

Interdisciplinary Quarterly32.1 (2009): 66-73. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1mos5kf>

Banner, Stuart. “Preparing to Be Colonized: Land Tenure and Legal Strategy in Nineteenth-

century Hawaii”. Law & Society Review 39.2 (2005): 273–314. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557617>

Bell, Steven. “Being Present with Learners in the Library: From the Bell Tower.” Library

Journal Online. 4 March 2015. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1lRLvht> Berwald, Juli. "Whaling." UXL Encyclopedia of Water Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Lawrence W.

Baker, and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. Vol. 2: Economics and Uses. Detroit: UXL, 2005. 329-331. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1RnElOx>

Bishop, Sereno E. “The Old Whaling Days.” Pacific Commercial Advertiser 46.7878 (1907): 5.

Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://hdl.handle.net/10524/45046> Busch, Briton C. "Whalemen, Missionaries, And The Practice Of Christianity In The

Nineteenth-Century Pacific." Hawaiian Journal Of History 27.(1993): 91-118. eVols. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://hdl.handle.net/10524/499>

Dorsey, Kurk. "Whaling." Encyclopedia of American Environmental History. Ed. Kathleen A.

Brosnan. Vol. 4. New York: Facts on File, 2011. 1384-1386. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1YjcoXj>

Dewey, Melvil, Joan S. Mitchell, Julianne Beall, Giles Martin, Winton E. Matthews, and

Gregory R. New. Dewey Decimal Classification and Relative Index. Dublin, Ohio: OCLC Online Computer Library Center, 2003. Print. [Z696 .D5192 1959]

Eaton, Dorman B. “Hawaiian Annexation Scheme: A Sugar Trust Plot.” New York, 1897. Web.

16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1IaigjN> Elkin, W. B.. “An Inquiry into the Causes of the Decrease of the Hawaiian People”. American

Journal of Sociology 8.3 (1902): 398–411. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2762067>

"Emptying The Seas: The History Of Commercial Whaling." Canadian Geographic 118.1


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(1998): 30. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1QozbSt> Forster, Honore, and Honore Forster. More South Sea Whaling: A Supplement to the South Sea

Whaler, an Annotated Bibliography of Published Historical, Literary, and Art Material Relating to Whaling in the Pacific Ocean in the Nineteenth Century. Canberra: Division of Pacific and Asian History, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1991. Print. [SH382.6 .F672 1991]

Forster, Honore. The South Sea Whaler: An Annotated Bibliography of Published Historical,

Literary, and Art Material Relating to Whaling in the Pacific Ocean in the Nineteenth Century. Sharon, Mass: Kendall Whaling Museum, 1985. Print. [SH382.6 .F67 1985]

Freidel, Frank. “A Whaler in Pacific Ports, 1841-42”. Pacific Historical Review12.4 (1943):

380–390. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3634063> Gale Virtual Reference Library. Cengage Learning, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

<http://bit.ly/1ROzzJ6> Gray, Alastair C. "`Light Airs From The South': Whalers' Logs In Pacific History." Journal Of

Pacific History 35.1 (2000): 109. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1RR8C7E>

Hawai‘i Voyager. Libraries of the University of Hawai‘i System, 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

<https://uhlibs.lib.hawaii.edu/vwebv/searchBasic?sk=uhlibs> History Reference Center. EBSCO Industries, Inc., 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

<http://bit.ly/1OsWDI1> “The Islands of the Pacific—Their Trade, Population, and Other Statistics.” Debow’s Review:

Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial Progress and Resources 18.2 (1855): 209-215. Making of America. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1MhwOZz>

Jones, Ryan Tucker. "Running Into Whales: The History Of The North Pacific From Below The

Waves." American Historical Review 118.2 (2013): 349-377. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1YjrtrU>

JSTOR. ITHAKA, 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1RllpQy> Kishigami, Nobuhiro, Hisashi Hamaguchi, and James M. Savelle. Anthropological Studies of

Whaling., 2013. Print. [SH 381 .A15 A58 2013] Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom: Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 1938.

Ulukau. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1P7qmLe> Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1854-1874: Twenty Critical Years. Honolulu:

University of Hawaii Press, 1953. Ulukau. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1NpauRY>


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Kumasi, Kafi D. and Hill, Renee. F. “Examining the Hidden Ideologies Within Cultural

Competence Discourses Among Library and Information Science Students: Implications for School Library Pedagogy.” School Libraries Worldwide 19.1 (2013): 128-139. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/slisfrp/94/>

La Croix, Sumner. “Economic History of Hawai‘i.” Economic History. Economic History

Services, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1P8eIhi> Langdon, Robert. Where the Whalers Went: An Index to the Pacific Ports and Islands Visited by

American Whalers (and Some Other Ships) in the 19th Century. Canberra: Pacific Manuscripts Bureau, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University, 1984. Print. [SH382.6 .W44 1984]

Library of Congress Online Catalog. U.S. Government, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

<https://catalog.loc.gov/> Library of Congress Subject Headings. U.S. Government, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

<http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects.html> Litten, Jane. “Whaler versus Missionary at Lahaina.” Selected Readings: Hawaiian Historical

Society. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society, 1969. Print. [DU620.3 .H387] Making of America. DLXS, 2007. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moagrp/> Maly, Kepā, and Onaona Maly. Ka Hana Lawaiʻa a Me Nā Koʻa O Na Kai ʻewalu: A History of

Fishing Practices and Marine Fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands. Hilo: Kumu Pono Associates, 2003. Ulukau. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1JbrDdP>

Martin, Kenneth R. “Maui during the Whaling Boom: the Travels of Captain Gilbert Pendleton, Jr.” Hawaiian Journal of History 13 (1979). eVols. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://hdl.handle.net/10524/351>

McCully, Lawrence. Compiled Laws of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: Printed at the

Hawaiian Gazette Office, 1884. Print. [KFH30 1884 .A236] Moore, Golda Pauline. Hawaii During the Whaling Era, 1820-1880. MA thesis. University of

Hawai‘i, 1934. Print. [CB5 .H3 no. 98] Mrantz, Maxine. Hawaii’s Whaling Days. Honolulu: Aloha Pub., 1976. Print. [SH383.2 .M73

1976] Nakayama, Mona, and Linda K. Menton. Maritime Industries of Hawaii: A Guide to Historical

Resources : Whaling, Commercial Fishing, Shipping. Honolulu: Humanities Program of the State Foundation on Culture and the Arts in cooperation with the Hawaiian Historical Society, 1987. Print. [SH383.2 .N35 1987]


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O'Connell-Todd, Kym. "Whaling." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd

ed. Vol. 8. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 465-466. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1O4uDdg>

“Our Whaling Pasts.” National Marine Sanctuaries. National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 2013. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://1.usa.gov/1QNY48s> Purcell, H.G. “Hawaii and the Whaling Fleet.” Nautical Research Journal 7.1/2 (1955): 3-6.

Print. [SH1 .N39] Rayson, Ann, and Helen Bauer. Hawaii: The Pacific State. 49-51. US: Bess Press, Inc., 1997.

History Reference Center. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1O6V5CR> Reeves, Randall R., and Tim D. Smith. "Commercial Whaling, Especially For Gray Whales,

Eschrichtius Robustus, And Humpback Whales, Megaptera Novaeangliae, At California And Baja California Shore Stations In The 19Th Century (1854-1899)." Marine Fisheries Review 72.1 (2010): 1-25. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1YfKoZN>

Revised Laws of Hawaii: Comprising the Statutes of the Territory, Consolidated, Revised and

Annotated. Honolulu, T.H: Honolulu Gazette, 1905. Print. [KFH30 1905 .A2] Rhodes, Diane Lee. “Changes After the Death of Kamehameha.” Overview of Hawaiian History.

National Park Service, 2001. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://1.usa.gov/1NUgPX0> Sherman, Stuart C, Judith M. Downey, Virginia M. Adams, and Howard Pasternack. Whaling

Logbooks and Journals, 1613-1927: An Inventory of Manuscript Records in Public Collections. New York: Garland Pub, 1986. Print. [SH381 .S46 1986]

Simpson, MacKinnon, and Robert B. Goodman. Whalesong: The Story of Hawaiʻi and the

Whales. Honolulu, Hawaii: Beyond Words Pub. Co, 1989. Print. [SH383.2 .S56 1989] Thurston, Lorrin A. The Fundamental Law of Hawaii. Honolulu, T.H: Hawaiian Gazette Co,

1904. Print. [KFH400 .A25] Ulukau. Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani College of Hawaiian Language; ALU LIKE Inc., 2004.

Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://ulukau.org/> Web of Science. Thomson Reuters, 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1RlkZJM> "Whaling." Gale Encyclopedia of American Law. Ed. Donna Batten. 3rd ed. Vol. 10. Detroit:

Gale, 2010. 373-374. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1Zb5pC6>

“Whaling Industry.” HawaiiHistory. Info Grafik Inc., 2015. Web. Dec. 16, 2016.


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<http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&PageID=287> Whitehead, John. “Hawaìi: The First and Last Far West?”. The Western Historical Quarterly

23.2 (1992): 153–177. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/970443>


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Appendix I: Annotated Bibliography 1. Topic: Whaling in Hawai‘i

Banner, Stuart. “Preparing to Be Colonized: Land Tenure and Legal Strategy in Nineteenth- century Hawaii”. Law & Society Review 39.2 (2005): 273–314. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3557617>

Extremely thorough investigation of nineteenth century law in Hawai‘i. Explores specific incidents such as passing of the Māhele that primed Hawai‘i for whaling boom. Provides non-traditional view of land tenure laws and extensive reference list. Only briefly mentions whaling and some culturally insensitive perspectives.

Busch, Briton C. "Whalemen, Missionaries, And The Practice Of Christianity In The Nineteenth

-Century Pacific." Hawaiian Journal Of History 27(1993): 91-118. eVols. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://hdl.handle.net/10524/499> Gives important review of conflict between whalers and missionaries in Hawai‘i. Also examines symbiotic aspects of their relationship. Features extensive citations. Does not include perspective of local culture.

Martin, Kenneth R. “Maui during the Whaling Boom: the Travels of Captain Gilbert Pendleton,

Jr.” Hawaiian Journal of History 13 (1979). eVols. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://hdl.handle.net/10524/351> Provides a first person perspective of Maui while whaling at its most influential. Details regarding whaling-focused hospital also valuable. Contains several illustrations of Hawai‘i by Pendleton. A concise presentation of information that presupposes some prior knowledge of cultural/commercial background.

Mrantz, Maxine. Hawaii’s Whaling Days. Honolulu: Aloha Pub., 1976. Print. [SH383.2 .M73

1976]

Good starting point for understanding topic. Seems basic because of illustration and simple prose, but provides thorough background information from first Hawai‘i whale ship arrivals to 1871 begin of decline. Also contains citations pointing to primary documents for further exploration of Hawai‘i history. Images valuable primary documents themselves. Features suggested reading list. Lacks thorough image citation and prose sometimes sensationalist.

Kuykendall, Ralph S. The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1854-1874: Twenty Critical Years. Honolulu:

University of Hawaii Press, 1953. Ulukau. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1NpauRY>

Fewer mentions of whaling than previous volume, but provides insight into changes occurring in Hawai‘i. More concerned with local culture and practices than other resources. Whaling mostly in chapter “From Whales to Sugar.” Other chapters show


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workings of Hawai‘i under Kamehameha IV and V. Ulukau takes researcher straight to pages containing each search terms. Single page viewing interrupts reading.

2. Sub-topic: Whaling in the Pacific Ocean Fishery

Jones, Ryan Tucker. "Running Into Whales: The History Of The North Pacific From Below The Waves." American Historical Review 118.2 (2013): 349-377. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1YjrtrU>

Examines ecological aspects of whale populations in relation to nineteenth century whaling. Discusses animal migration’s effect on Westerner’s navigation of the fishery. Important perspective, but does not address entire Pacific.

Gray, Alastair C. "`Light Airs From The South': Whalers' Logs In Pacific History." Journal Of

Pacific History 35.1 (2000): 109. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1RR8C7E>

Gives perspective on whaling ship logbooks and considers historiography of their use in studying the Pacific fishery. Discusses impact of whaling exploits on the native communities of the Pacific, including the economic relationship between the two. Includes discussion of relevant indices.

Freidel, Frank. “A Whaler in Pacific Ports, 1841-42”. Pacific Historical Review12.4 (1943):

380–390. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3634063>

Discusses travels and practices of a whale ship during peak whaling years. Provides perspective on ship logbooks that dominate topic’s primary sources. Could consider broader perspective beyond individual ship more thoroughly.

3. Sub-topic: The Whaling Industry

Nakayama, Mona, and Linda K. Menton. Maritime Industries of Hawaii: A Guide to Historical Resources : Whaling, Commercial Fishing, Shipping. Honolulu: Humanities Program of the State Foundation on Culture and the Arts in cooperation with the Hawaiian Historical Society, 1987. Print. [SH383.2 .N35 1987]

Good starting point for research. Includes annotated bibliography, organized by format type, and overview of topic. Focus is Hawai‘i but a number of resources cited from other areas of the fishery. Organization by content rather than format might be more useful.

"Emptying The Seas: The History Of Commercial Whaling." Canadian Geographic 118.1

(1998): 30. Academic Search Complete. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1QozbSt>

Provides overview of whaling from commercial perspective. Includes color photographs. More a timeline than an article.

Reeves, Randall R., and Tim D. Smith. "Commercial Whaling, Especially For Gray Whales,


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Eschrichtius Robustus, And Humpback Whales, Megaptera Novaeangliae, At California And Baja California Shore Stations In The 19Th Century (1854-1899)." Marine Fisheries Review 72.1 (2010): 1-25. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. <http://bit.ly/1YfKoZN>

Details Pacific whaling along North American coast. Provides thorough information about workings of commercial whale ships. Includes three images, a map, and sixteen graphic depictions of data. Could be too technical for some research purposes.


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Appendix II: Search Terms Relevancy Charts Appendix Key

Results Relevancy: HR = Highly Relevant U = Useful SR = Somewhat Relevant NR = Not Relevant TM = Too Many Search Results

Types of search performed: BE = Boolean Expression GKEY = Keyword Anywhere KW = Keyword Search NS = News Search SU = Subject Search SS = Social Search TS = Topic Search University of Hawai‘i Voyager

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy BE: “Whaling AND Hawai*” 1 SR BE: “Whaling AND Hawaii” 64 HR SU: WHALING—HAWAII—HISTORY 6 HR SU: WHALING—HAWAII—HISTORY—BIBLIOGRAPHY

2 HR

SU: WHALING—HAWAII—HISTORY—EXHIBITIONS

1 SR

SU: WHALES—PACIFIC OCEAN 2 NR BE: “‘Herman Melville’ AND Hawaii” 12 SR BE: “‘Herman Melville’ AND Whaling” 23 SR NL: “Herman Melville in Hawaii” 17 SR

Library of Congress Catalog

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy GKEY: Whaling 1,801 TM BE: “Whaling AND Hawaii” 22 U BE: “Whaling and (Hawaii OR Honolulu OR Lahaina)”

22 U

BE: “Whaling and (Honolulu OR Lahaina)” 8 U BE: “Whaling AND pacific” 103 U BE: “Whal? AND (Hawaii OR Honolulu OR Lahaina)”

69 SR

BE: “Whal? AND Hawaii” 66 SR BE: “Whal? AND history” 936 U


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BE: “Whal? AND pacific AND history” 58 SR BE: “Whaling AND law AND history” 15 U NL: “Whaling law in Hawaii” 0 NR

Gale Virtual Reference Library

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy KW: Whaling 713 U BE: “Whaling AND Hawaii” 90 SR BE: “‘Whaling industry’” 82 U BE: “Whaling AND Lahaina” 2 NR BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu” 37 NR BE: “Whaling AND history” 477 U BE: “Whaling AND history AND pacific” 220 U

Academic Search Complete

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy BE: “Whaling AND Hawai*” 17 U BE: “Whaling AND Hawaii” 14 U KW: Whaling 2,152 TM BE: “Whaling AND Lahaina” 4 U BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu” 12 U BE: “Whaling AND history” 342 TM BE: “Whaling AND history AND pacific” 30 U BE: “Whaler* AND Hawai*” 20 SR BE: “Whaler AND Lahaina” 1 SR BE: “Whaler AND Honolulu” 12 SR BE: “‘Humpback whale’ AND Hawai* AND history”

7 NR

BE: “‘Sperm whale’ AND Hawai* AND history

1 NR

BE: “Whale AND Honolulu AND history AND oil”

1 NR

BE: “Whale AND Hawai* AND history AND oil”

0 NR

BE: “Whale AND Lahaina AND history AND oil”

0 NR

BE: “Whale AND Hawai* AND oil” 2 NR BE: “‘Whale oil’ AND Hawai*” 0 NR BE: “‘Whale oil’ AND Pacific 4 NR BE “Whale AND trade AND Hawai*” 4 NR BE: “Whale AND trade AND pacific” 23 SR BE: “DE ‘WHALING—HISTORY’ AND Hawai*”

0 NR


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America: History & Life

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy BE: “Whaling AND history AND Hawai*” 10 U BE: “Whaling AND Hawai*” 18 U BE: “Whaler AND Hawai*” 13 SR BE: “Whale AND Hawai* AND oil” 0 NR BE: “Whaling AND history AND Pacific” 43 SR

Ulukau

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy KW: Whaling 52 HR - Polynesian Voyaging Society 18 matches SR - Ho‘olaupa‘i: Hawaiian Nūpepa Collection 9 matches SR - The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 1, 1778-1854, Foundation and Transformation

64 matches HR

- The Hawaiian kingdom, vol. 2, 1854-1874, twenty critical years

51 matches HR

- Ka hana lawaiʻa a me nā koʻa o na kai ʻewalu (A history of fishing practices and marine fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands)

38 matches U

BE: “Whaling AND missionar*” 48 U BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu” 52 U BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu” 49 U BE: “Whaling AND law” 51 U

Web of Science

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy TS: Whaling 40,723 TM BE: “TS=Whaling AND SU=HISTORY” 590 TM BE: “TS=Whaling AND SU= ANTHROPOLOGY”

271 TM

BE: “TS=Whaling AND (SU= ANTHROPOLOGY OR SU=HISTORY)”

833 TM

BE: “(TS=Whaling AND TS=Hawai*) AND (SU=ANTHROPOLOGY OR SU=HISTORY)”

5 SR

BE: “TS=Whaling AND TS=Hawai*” 368 TM BE: “(TS=Whaling AND TS=Hawai*) AND (SU=ANTHROPOLOGY OR SU=HISTORY)”

4 SR

BE: “TS=Whaling AND TS=Pacific” 618 TM


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BE: “(TS=Whaling AND TS=Pacific) AND (SU=ANTHROPOLOGY OR SU=HISTORY)”

76 U

BE: “TS=Whaling AND TS=history” 1,458 TM BE: “(TS=Whaling AND TS=history) AND (SU=ANTHROPOLOGY OR SU=HISTORY)”

300 TM

BE: “TS=Whaling AND TS=history AND TS=Hawai*”

25 U

JSTOR

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy BE: “Whaling AND Hawai*” 1,650 TM BE: “Whaling AND Hawai* AND history” 1,458 TM BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu AND history” 735 U BE: “Whaling AND Lahaina AND history” 60 U BE: “Whaling AND Hawai* AND culture” 937 TM BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu AND culture” 485 U BE: “Whaling AND Lahaina AND culture” 41 U BE: “Whaling AND Hawai* AND culture AND history”

888 U

BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu AND culture AND history”

466 U

BE: “Whaling AND Lahaina AND culture AND history”

39 U

BE: “Whaler* AND Lahaina AND culture AND history”

28 U

BE: “Whaling AND Lahaina AND law AND history”

41 HR

BE: “Whaling AND Honolulu AND law AND history”

420 U

Making of America:

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy KW: Whaling 782 TM BE: Whaler* 759 TM BE: “Whal* AND Hawai*” 463 (58 articles) U

History Reference Center

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy BE: “Whaling AND Hawai*” 8 U BE: “Whal* AND Hawai*” 11 U BE: “Whal* AND Honolulu” 2 SR BE: “Whal* AND Lahaina 2 SR


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BE: “Whaling AND pacific” 15 U BE: “Whaling AND culture” 4 SR BE: “Whaling AND law” 7 U

QueryServer

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy NL: “historical resources about whaling in Hawai*”

66 U

NL: “whaling in Hawai*” 67 U NL: “history of whaling in Hawai*” 63 U NL: “history of whaling in Honolulu” 64 U NL: “history of whaling in Lahaina” 68 U SS: “whaling in Hawai*” 9 U SS: “Hawai* whaler*” 7 SR NS: history of whaling in Hawai* 23 NR NL: “Hawai* whaler*” 72 SR NL: “history of Hawai* whaler*” 68 U

The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy KW: Whaling 50 U NL: “whaling history” 40 U NL: “Honolulu as a whaling port” 294 SR NL: “Lahaina as a whaling port” 45 U NL: “Hawai* whaler*” 66 SR

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