• After the Civil War, westward movement of settlers increased

• People began to populate the region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, especially the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains –Settlers included large numbers of

Southerners and African Americans

Westward Movement after Reconstruction

Westward Movement after Reconstruction

• Moved west for several reasons: 1) Southerners sought to rebuild lives

after Civil War 2) Newly-freed slaves (African

Americans) saw economic opportunities that were nonexistent in the South

Westward Movement after Reconstruction

3) Passage of the Homestead Act of 1862—This law gave free public land in the

western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land

4) New technologies (i.e. railroads and the mechanical reaper) opened new lands in the West –made farming more prosperous

Westward Movement after Reconstruction

• How did this westward movement impact Native Americans? – Severe Native American opposition to

expansion– Forced relocation from tribal lands to

reservations – Reduced population from warfare and disease – Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes

(“Christianization”)– Significant reduction of homelands due to

broken treaties

Post Reconstruction and Industrialization

Tenement

Urbanization and Growth of Cities

• Population boom also took place in the East; contributed to the growth of cities, especially:– Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, New

York• Reasons for urbanization: – Specialized industries developed, which

created factories (steel Pittsburgh; meat-packing Chicago)

– Increase in immigrant population –Americans moving from rural to urban

areas looking for jobs

Urbanization and Growth of Cities

• Factories in large cities provided jobs • Rapid industrialization and

urbanization led to overcrowded neighborhoods

• Living conditions in cities were often cramped and unsanitary, especially for immigrant families

Urbanization and Growth of Cities

• The rapid growth of cities caused housing shortages and the need for new public services, such as– sewage–water systems – public transportation – trolleys and streetcars

How would these change life in the city?

Bell Ringer 2/6

• Timeline Practice: Number the following events in order with 1 being the earliest event and 7 being the latest event.– Jim Crow Laws– Stamp Act– Articles of Confederation– Louisiana Purchase– House of Burgess established– Kansas-Nebraska Act– Emancipation Proclamation

Immigration • Before 1871, most immigrants to America came

from northern and western Europe: – Germany– Great Britain– Ireland– Norway– Sweden

• Between 1871 until 1921, most immigrants to America came from southern and eastern Europe – Greece– Italy– Poland – Russia – Present day Hungary and Yugoslavia – China and Japan

Immigration to the US

• Increase in immigration due to: – Desire for religious freedom (pull) – Escape from oppressive governments (push)– Hope for economic opportunities (pull)

• Immigrants entered the United States through Ellis Island in New York Harbor • The Statue of Liberty was often the first

view for immigrants after their voyage across the Atlantic • 40% of Americans can trace roots to

ancestors who came through Ellis Island

Immigration

Find a partner and answer questions 1-20 on the

following test:

Answers to Immigration Test1)Mouth 2) Eye 3) Nose 4) Spoon 5) Chimney6) Ear7) Filament8)Stamp9) Strings10) Heel

11) Trigger12) Tail13) Leg 14) Shadow 15) Ball (in

hand) 16)Net17) Forearm18) Horn19) Arm (in

mirror) 20) Diamond

• Upon their arrival, immigrants began the process of assimilation http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=32l3sTFRFX8

–This was called the American “melting pot” • Immigrants often settled into ethnic

neighborhoods in cities• However, immigrant families worked hard

to learn English, adopt American customs and become American citizens

• Public schools played a crucial role in assimilating immigrants into American society

Immigration

• Contributions of immigrants: –Chinese workers helped build

Transcontinental Railroad –Worked in textile and steel mills in the

Northeast –Worked in the clothing industry in NYC–Slavs, Italians, Polish worked in coal mines in

the East • All worked at great personal risk in

hazardous conditions and for very low wages

Immigration

• Think-Pair-Share: Find a partner and answer the following question:

“How did Americans react to the increase of immigrants coming to the United States?”

• Brainstorm as many ideas as you can think of

Immigration

• Despite their hard work and contributions, immigrants often faced discrimination and hostility – Fear and resentment that immigrant workers

would take jobs for lower pay than Americans– Prejudice based on cultural and religious

differencesNativism= prejudice against the “wrong

groups” coming to America• Increasing pressure led Congress to limit

immigrant through the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Immigration

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882:

-Ban on all immigration from China (except for students, teachers, merchants, and tourists)

-Barred Chinese immigrants from U.S. citizenship

- Not repealed until 1943Immigration Restriction Act of

1921:-Set up a quota system limiting

who and how many immigrants could come to the U.S.

- Aimed at people from Eastern Europe.

Think-Pair-Share

• What problems existed in the cities?

• What could be done to solve those problems?

Reform Movements• What problems existed in the cities?Reformers tried to solve the problems of

the urban poor – “social responsibility”–Social Gospel movement–Settlement Houses: educational,

cultural (Americanize), and social services (day care)• Jane Addams – Hull House (Chicago)