Westward ExpansionMr. Webster’s Class

James Monroe and The Era of Good Feelings• In 1816, James Monroe won the presidential election and became the 5th president of the United States.• During Monroe’s presidency, the United States experienced a period of national unity known as the Era of Good Feelings.• James Monroe is often associated with the Monroe Doctrine (1823), which served as a warning to European powers to stay out of American affairs.• Clip

The Missouri Compromise

• In 1819, the Missouri Territory asked Congress for admission as a state. At the time, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states.• Most settlers in Missouri wanted slavery

to be legal there. This would give slave states a slight majority in Congress. • The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state, as long as Maine was admitted as a free state.• The compromise also prohibited slavery north of 36˚30’ north (MO Compromise Line).

The Republic of West Florida

• After the Louisiana Purchase, some Americans believed the purchase included West Florida, although Spain continued to claim this area.• In 1810, a group of Americans

captured a Spanish fort in present-day Baton Rouge, LA, and declared West Florida an independent republic.• Later same year, President

Madison annexed West Florida into the United States.

The Seminoles of Florida

• After the annexation of West Florida, the rest of Florida remained under Spanish control.• Many slaves from the South often fled to Florida, where they joined forces with Seminole Indians.• The Seminole nation emerged from various Native American tribes, primarily the Creek, who lived in Georgia and Alabama.

Florida joins the United States

• When the Seminoles and Americans began staging raids against each other, General Andrew Jackson invaded Florida and seized Pensacola and St. Marks.• Realizing they could not beat the Americans, Spain agreed to cede Florida to the United States in 1819 (via the Adams-Onis Treaty). • The treaty officially took effect in

1821.• Clip

Florida History Comic Strip – worth 25 points• For this assignment, you are to create a comic strip that portrays the

early history of Florida. In your comic strip, you should create a combination of captions and illustrations that piece together the unique history of Florida. Some of the events you may want to include are: the founding of Florida by Ponce de Leon, the establishment of St. Augustine, the construction of the Castillo de San Marcos, the transition of power between the Spanish and the British, and the series of events that led to the Adams-Onís Treaty and Florida becoming an American territory. • You need to have at least 6 comic strips, and together, they should take

up an entire page.• This assignment is worth 25 points, and I will be giving 5 points for

each of the following: historical accuracy, historical significance, clarity, color, and creativity/effort.

Review Questions Assignment – worth 20 points• You are to use your textbook (pg. 314-347) to create 10 questions

and answers that you feel would make good test questions. You may have a maximum of three vocabulary terms. You may not do multiple choice, fill in the blank, or true and false.• You are to put all of your questions on one sheet of paper, and all of

your answers on another sheet of paper. On the answer sheet, you also need to write down the page # where you got your information.• Once you have completed creating your questions and answers, you

will submit them to me and I will distribute another student’s questions to you for you to answer. • The first three students to complete the assignment successfully

will receive a reward.

Extra Credit Opportunity (due 3/6) – worth 20 points• For this assignment, you are to conduct research and

create a list of various historical sites in Florida. For each entry, you need to write at least two sentences that explain the background and relevance of the site you have chosen. Please include your source as well. You can pick and choose whichever sites you would like, as long as you can demonstrate how the site is historically significant.• I will be giving one point for each entry, and you may

include up to twenty.• NO LATE SUBMISSIONS WILL BE ACCEPTED!

The Election of 1824

• In the Election of 1824, four separate candidates sought the office of the presidency. • When no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, the decision was sent to the House of Representatives.• As the House prepared to vote, Henry Clay agreed to use his influence as Speaker to help John Quincy Adams defeat Jackson.

John Quincy Adams – 6th President of the U.S.A.• 6th President of the United States• Son of John Adams• Born in Massachusetts• Negotiated the sale of Florida• Wrote the Monroe Doctrine• Accused by Andrew Jackson of

making a corrupt bargain with Henry Clay• Later served in the House of

Rep’s.• Clip

The Election of 1828

• Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams• During the campaign of 1828, both sides resorted to mudslinging, or attempts to ruin their opponent’s reputation with insults.• The Adams campaign

questioned whether Jackson was legally married to his wife Rachel, which created a considerable scandal.• Jackson won by a landslide.

Jackson Era Vocabulary

• favorite son – a candidate for office who has support mostly from his home state • mudslinging – a method in election campaigns that uses

gossip and lies to make an opponent look bad• plurality – the largest number of something, but less

than a majority• majority – greater than half of a total number of

something• spoils system – the practice of handing out government

jobs to supporters• veto – to reject a bill to prevent it from becoming a law

Andrew Jackson

• 7th President of the United States• Popular, self-made man & war hero• Nicknamed “Old Hickory”• First Democratic President• Practiced the spoils system• Eliminated the 2nd Bank of the U.S.• Known for the Nullification Crisis and the Indian Removal Act• Clip

Nullification Crisis

• In 1828 and 1832, Congress passed two different tariff acts.• South Carolina declared both of them to

be unconstitutional.• The state threatened to secede, or

break away, from the Union if the federal government interfered.• Jackson then asked Congress to pass

the Force Bill, allowing him to use the military to enforce the law.• Eventually, South Carolina repealed its

Nullification Ordinance.

Indian Removal Act

• In 1830, President Jackson pushed the Indian Removal Act through Congress. • This law allowed the federal government to pay Native Americans to move west.• In 1834, Congress established the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma), which was to be the Natives’ new home.

The Cherokee vs. Georgia

• Most eastern Native American peoples felt forced to sell their land and move west. The Cherokees, however, refused.• In the 1790s, the federal

government had recognized the Cherokee as a separate nation.• The state of Georgia refused to

accept the Cherokee’s status, and made Cherokee land a part of the state.• The Cherokee turned to the U.S.

Supreme Court.

The Cherokee vs. Georgia

• In Worcester v. Georgia (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that Georgia had no right to interfere with the Cherokee.• President Jackson declared he would ignore the Supreme Court’s ruling, and he refused to enforce it.• Finally, in 1838, the

Cherokee were forced to move west.

The Trail of Tears

• In 1835, a select number of Cherokee signed the Treaty of Echota and agreed to give up all Cherokee land by 1838.• When the treaty’s 1838 deadline

arrived, only about 2,000 (of 17,000) Cherokee had moved west.• President Van Buren ordered the

army to move the rest of them.• Since the Cherokee knew that

fighting would lead to their destruction, they gave in and decided to relocate.

The Trail of Tears

• Between June and December 1838, U.S. soldiers rounded up some 15,000 Cherokee and guarded them as they marched west.• The journey was a terrible ordeal. By the time it was over, about ¼ of the Cherokee population was dead.• This forced journey is known as the Trail of Tears.• Clip• History vs. Andrew Jackson

(Second) Seminole War

• The Seminole in Florida were the only Native American group to successfully resist removal.• In 1835, the U.S. Army arrived in

Florida to force the removal of the Seminole.• On December 28, 1835, a group of Seminole attacked American troops as they marched across central Florida. • Only a few soldiers survived. This is known as the Dade Massacre, and it marked the beginning of the Second Seminole War.

(Second) Seminole War

• Between 1835 and 1842, the Seminoles waged war against the United States.

• The Seminoles were joined by “Black Seminoles,” who were African-Americans who had escaped slavery in Georgia and South Carolina.

• Although the United States won the war, it came at a heavy cost. Many soldiers, civilians, Seminoles, and Black Seminoles lost their lives during the war.

• After the war, the Seminoles were forced to move to Indian Territory, although a few managed to escape into the Everglades, where their descendants still live today.

Florida Territory (1821-1845)

• When Spain transferred Florida to the United States in 1821, Florida became an American territory and Andrew Jackson was appointed military governor.• Tallahassee became the capital in 1824.

Three log cabins served as Florida’s first Capitol buildings. • At that time, there were fewer than 8,000

people living in the territory (including enslaved people).• Later, as news spread of Florida’s fertile

land, thousands of new settlers streamed into the area.

Mosquito County

• What is now Orlando was once a part of Mosquito County, formed in 1824. • The 1830 census lists 733 persons

living in Mosquito County, mostly slaves. • During the Second Seminole War,

most of the county’s residents fled (or were killed). By 1840, the county’s only residents were military personnel.• In 1844, Mosquito County was cut in

half, with the northern half being renamed Orange County.

Statehood for Florida

• The 1837 Florida census reported a population of 48,000, with enslaved people making up almost half of that number.• In 1839, the territory of Florida

applied to enter the Union as a slave state.• Once Iowa emerged as a free

state candidate, Florida’s application was finally approved.• Florida became the 27th state

when it was admitted into the Union on March 3, 1845.

History of Orlando

• The modern city of Orlando grew up around Ft. Gatlin, which was built during the Second Seminole War.• The city was originally named Jernigan after the area’s first permanent settler, Aaron Jernigan.• Legend states that Orlando was named after Orlando Reeves, a soldier who was killed during the Second Seminole War. • It was during the 1850s that Orlando

officially received its name and became county seat of Orange County.

Naming of Orlando – worth 25 points

• For this assignment, you are to pretend that you work for the Orlando Sentinel, and that your current assignment is to write an article that reveals how the city of Orlando got its name. You must base your article on relevant historical data, which has been provided to you (see handout). • In your article, you must inform readers of the different theories that

relate to the naming of Orlando. However, in the end, you must pick the theory that you feel is most plausible, and provide evidence that backs up your claim. Your aim is to convince as many readers as possible that your theory is the correct one. Your finished product should be at least 3 paragraphs long.• This assignment is worth 25 points. I will be giving 5 points for each of

the following: historical accuracy, evidence, focus, structure, and grammar/punctuation.

Seminole Wars Assignment – worth 20 points• For this assignment, you are to conduct research to determine WHEN and WHERE the following Seminole War Battles were fought: Battle of Negro Fort, Dade Massacre, Battle of Lake Okeechobee, Battle of Jupiter Inlet, and the Battle of Pine Island Ridge.• You are to use the map you have been provided to demonstrate when and

where each battle took place. • You must then research one of the battles and write a paragraph about it

(significance, outcome, causes, effects, etc.) YOU MUST INCLUDE A SOURCE!• I will be grading as follows:• Accuracy of Battle Locations – 5 points• Accuracy of Battle Dates – 5 points• Significance / Relevance / Accuracy of Written Portion – 10 points

Martin Van Buren

• 8th President of the United States• First president to have been born

a United States citizen• Spoke Dutch as his first language• Van Buren’s presidency is largely associated with the Panic of 1837, which was a financial crisis that led to a depression, or severe economic downturn.• Clip

William Henry Harrison

• 9th President of the United States• Hero at the Battle of Tippecanoe• His campaign slogan was “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.”• First Whig President• During his inauguration, Harrison insisted on delivering his long speech without a hat or coat. He died of pneumonia exactly one month later.• Clip

John Tyler

• 10th President of the United States• Born in Virginia• Ran as W.H. Harrison’s running mate in

the 1840 election (“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”).

• Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency upon the death of the incumbent.• Served in the Confederate House of

Representatives late in life• Clip

Oregon Country

• In the early 1800s, both the United States and Great Britain claimed the vast, rugged land known as the Oregon Country.• Fur traders and mountain men were the first Americans to take up the challenge of living in the Oregon Country.• Beginning in the 1830s, fur traders and mountain men carved out several routes that played a vital role in western settlement.• The most popular route was the Oregon Trail.

Marcus and Narcissa Whitman

• Dr. Marcus Whitman and his wife Narcissa were one of the first settlers to venture into Oregon Country.• In 1836, they built a mission among the Cayuse

people.• They wanted to provide medical care and

convert the Cayuse to Christianity.• Unknowingly, they brought measles to the

mission, which killed many of the Cayuse children. • The Cayuse blamed the Whitmans for the

children’s death, and they attacked the mission in 1847, killing the Whitmans and 11 others.

The Oregon Trail

• Drawn by reports of fertile land, many Americans took to the Oregon Trail.• In 1843 alone, approximately

one thousand emigrants made the journey.• Pioneers making the 2,000-mile voyage packed all of their belongings into canvas-covered wagons and formed wagon trains with other travelers.

Manifest Destiny

• By the 1840s, many Americans believed it was the nation’s “Manifest Destiny” to extend its boundaries to the Pacific Ocean.• In 1846, this was partly achieved when the United States and Great Britain agreed to split the Oregon Country at 49˚N latitude. • The portion south of the line was acquired by the United States.

Vocabulary

• mountain man – an adventurer of the American West• emigrant – a person who leaves his or her country to live

somewhere else• Tejano – a Texan of Latin American descent• barricade – to block off• annex – to add a territory to one’s own territory• forty-niner – fortune-seeker who came to California during the

Gold Rush• boomtown – a fast-growing community• vigilante – a person who acts as police, judge, and jury without

formal legal authority

Texas

• In 1821, Mexico won independence from Spain. At that time, Mexico controlled the land that is now Texas.• Wishing to increase settlement, Mexico offered

vast tracts of land to people who would agree to settle there.• Stephen Austin brought 300 American families to settle in Texas, and his success made him a leader among American settlers.• Before long, Americans greatly outnumbered

Tejanos (Mexicans who claimed Texas as their home).• Tensions developed when Americans refused to follow Mexico’s rules.

Texas

• In 1830, Mexico issued a decree that closed its borders to further immigration.• American settlers, led by Austin

and Sam Houston, tried to make peace with the Mexican leaders, but these efforts failed.• Texans began making plans to break away from Mexico. • In 1835, the conflict grew violent.

The Texas Revolution

• In December 1835, Texans captured the city of San Antonio from a larger Mexican force.• Mexican General Santa

Anna was enraged. When his army reached San Antonio in February 1836, they found a small Texan force barricaded inside a mission building called the Alamo.

The Alamo

• At the Alamo, the Texans had only about 180 soldiers to take on Santa Anna’s army of several thousand.• Notable amongst the Texans was folk hero Davy Crockett.• For 13 days, the defenders of the Alamo kept Santa Anna’s army at bay with rifle fire.• On March 6, 1836, Mexican cannon fire smashed the Alamo’s walls.• The Mexican army killed all defenders, but they provided Texans with a rallying cry: “Remember the Alamo!”

The Texas Republic

• On March 2, 1836, a group of Texan leaders met and declared Texas independent from Mexico.• On April 21, 1836, Texans defeated the

Mexican forces at San Jacinto.• On May 14, 1836, Santa Anna signed a

treaty that recognized the independence of Texas.• In September 1836, Texans elected

Sam Houston as their president. Houston then sent a delegation to ask the U.S. to annex, or take control, of Texas.• In 1845, Texas joined the Union.

James K. Polk

• 11th President of the United States• James K. Polk’s presidency is largely associated with the signing of the Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican-American War.• It was during Polk’s

presidency that the United States acquired what is now the southwest region of the country (through treaty with Mexico).

New Mexico Territory

• In the early 1800s, the land called New Mexico was a vast region between Texas and California.• Santa Fe was the first

Spanish settlement there. It was founded in 1610.• New Mexico became a part of Mexico when Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821.

Santa Fe Trail

• The new Mexican government welcomed American traders.• The first trader to reach Santa Fe was William Becknell. His route to New Mexico came to be known as the Santa Fe Trail.• Many Americans began

settling in the area, and some believed that acquiring New Mexico was par of American Manifest Destiny.

California

• Spanish explorers and missionaries from Mexico settled California in the 1700s.• They began a chain of missions that eventually extended from San Diego to Sonoma, including:• San Diego (1769)• San Francisco (1776)• Santa Barbara (1786)

• They also established pueblos, such as:• San Jose (1777)• Los Angeles (1781)

Mexican California

• After Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, California became a Mexican state.• Mexicans bought mission lands

and set up huge ranches, or ranchos.• In the 1840s, many Americans began settling in California.• President James K. Polk was determined to get the California and New Mexico territories from Mexico.

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848)• Relations between the United States and Mexico was not friendly.• Both nations disagreed about the location of the Texas-Mexico border.• When President Polk

ordered General Zachary Taylor to lead forces into the disputed area, Mexican troops attacked.• On May 13, 1846, Congress declared war on Mexico.

The Bear Flag Republic• Even before war with Mexico had officially begun, American settlers in northern California had begun an uprising.• They were encouraged by American general

John C. Fremont.• The settlers had little trouble overcoming the

weak Mexican presence in the territory, and on June 14, 1846, the Americans declared California independent.• They renamed California the Bear Flag Republic, after the flag the rebels made for their new nation.• Within a month, American warships arrived at San Francisco and San Diego to claim the republic for the United States.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• During the Mexican-American War, the United States was successful in driving the Mexican forces out of Texas, New Mexico, and California.• In September 1847, the U.S. forces

captured Mexico City. The U.S. had won the war!• On February 2, 1848, Mexico’s leaders signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which greatly expanded the size of the United States.• Manifest Destiny had finally been realized.

California Gold Rush

• In 1848, gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill.• People from all over the world

traveled to California in search of riches.• Those who arrived in 1849 were

called forty-niners.• During this time, about 300 men

arrived from China. This was the first large group of Asian immigrants to settle in America, and it helped establish California’s Chinese American community.

49ers

• As people rushed to new areas to look for gold, they built new communities.• Towns and small cities appeared

almost overnight.• Cities also flourished. San Francisco

became a boomtown, growing quickly from a tiny village to a city of about 20,000.• For all their hard work, very few 49ers achieved lasting wealth.• Boomtown merchants, however, made huge profits.

California Gold Rush Assignment – worth 20 points

• For this assignment, you are to utilize the reading you have been provided to create an advertisement that convinces others to come to California.• In the advertisement, you should list all of the favorable

aspects of California.• You may also use the advertisement as a form of

propaganda, which means you may leave out some of the undesirable details about life as a 49er.• I will be grading as follows:• Historical Accuracy / Relevance – 10 points• Neat / Colorful / Creative – 10 points

Utah

• The area now known as Utah was settled by Mormons seeking religious freedom.• In 1846, the Mormons began migrating

west, reaching the Great Salt Lake in 1847. There they founded Salt Lake City.• In 1848, the U.S. acquired the Salt Lake

area from Mexico. Utah became a territory in 1850.• The Mormon practice of polygamy prevented Utah from becoming a state until 1896, at which point the practice had been given up.

The South

• By 1850, the economy of the South was thriving. That economy, however, depended on slavery.• In the Deep South, cotton was king.• Industry developed more slowly in the South than in the North. • Few Southerners wanted

to invest in industry when agriculture produced such great profits.

White Society in the South

• Although slavery was at the heart of the Southern economy, not all white people owned slaves.• Most white Southerners were yeomen, or farmers who owned small farms. Yeoman generally owned few or no enslaved African Americans.• Plantation owners made up a small percentage of the white population, but they owned a majority of slaves.

Life as a Slave

• The fate of most slaves was hardship and misery. They worked hard, earned no money, and had little hope of freedom.• Families were often torn apart, so slaves developed networks of relatives and friends. • Many slaves turned to Christianity for hope and resistance.• Slave codes were laws in the Southern states that controlled enslaved people.

Underground Railroad

• Many slaves resisted authority by running away from their owners.• Some tried to achieve freedom by escaping to the North.• Among those who succeeded were Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass.• Runaways were sometimes aided by the Underground Railroad, which was a network of “safe houses” owned by people opposed to slavery.