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WEST RAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Compiled on behalf of:

West Rand District Municipality (WRDM)

COMPILED BY:

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL FOCUS (SEF)

Gauteng Head Office

P O Box 74785

Lynnwood Ridge

Pretoria

0040

Email: [email protected]

www.sefsa.co.za

COPYRIGHT WARNING Copyright in all text and other matter, including the manner of presentation, is the exclusive property of the author. It is a

criminal offence to reproduce and/or use, without written consent, any matter, technical procedure and/or technique contained in this document. Criminal and civil proceedings will be taken as a matter of strict routine against any person

and/or institution infringing the copyright of the author and/or proprietors

Strategic Environmental Focus WRDM AQMP 2010 i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) is a legal requirement in terms of Section 15 (1) of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) (NEMAQA), to assist local governments in performing the air quality management functions delegated to them by the Act. The West Rand District Municipality (WRDM) reacted positively to the call by appointing Strategic Environmental Focus (Pty) Ltd (SEF) and USK Consulting Environmental and Waste, to develop an AQMP. The AQMP was developed in December 2009, however post completion of the report, the Merafong City Local Municipality was re-incorporated from the North West Province into the WRDM. Thus, the WRDM appointed SEF to update and amend the existing AQMP to include Merafong City Local Municipality. Gondwana Environmental Solutions assisted in peer reviewing the AQMP. The main purpose of the WRDM AQMP is to achieve the following goals:

• Establish an effective and sound basis for planning and management of air quality within the WRDM;

• To manage air quality that will promote human health and well being; • To encourage sustainable economic development that is not harmful to residents

and ecosystem;

• To allocate accountability to appropriate polluters; and • To ensure effective communication and public participation.

In order to achieve the above mentioned goals the following air quality planning procedures, aimed at identifying and improving air quality in a given area, consisting of 6 steps are required (Manual for Air Quality Management Planning in South Africa, DEAT 2008):

1. Translating Goals into Objectives and Targets; 2. Baseline air quality assessment; 3. Development of an Air Quality Management System (AQMS) and gap/problem

analysis; 4. Development of intervention strategies; 5. Compiling action plans for implementation; and 6. Evaluation and follow up.

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TRANSLATING GOALS INTO OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS

• Goal 1: Establish an effective and sound basis for planning and management of air quality within the WRDM

Objectives Target Actions

To establish and maintain

all necessary committees

and forums for air quality

management and

governance

To have a DM Air Quality

Management Committee

Develop terms of reference or founding statements for the DM Air Quality Management Committee by June 2011. Invite all applicable provincial and/or national

government departments to become committee

members by September 2011.

To have a DM Air Quality

Stakeholder Group

Formulate terms of reference for the DM Air Quality Stakeholder Group by June 2011. Constitute the DM Air Quality Stakeholder Group by September 2011.

Strengthen the functioning of the DM Air Quality Officers Forum.

Ensure that all meetings are scheduled annually to

improve attendance and representations by all relevant

municipalities. Create a web-link to the GDARD web

page. Develop and publish bi-annual newsletter of the

DM Air Quality Officers Forum.

To develop technical

expertise amongst all

relevant municipal and

provincial officials.

Develop Air Quality

Management Training

Needs Program

Appoint Air Quality Control Officers. Conduct Training

Needs Assessment across the Province. Communicate

the outcomes to the Air Quality Management

Committee and Air Quality Stakeholder Group.

Ensure that relevant

personnel receive Air

Quality Management

Training or Awareness

Training

Identify available air quality management courses and enroll personnel to attend training. Schedule relevant air quality management for all relevant personnel to attend by January 2012. Ensure that all municipal air quality officers attend Atmospheric Emissions Licensing course by December 2010.

• Goal 2: To manage air quality that will promote human health and well being


To identity all sources of air

pollution in the DM and

develop reduction

measures.

To develop emission

inventory for different

pollutants and sources.

Identify pollutants of concerns and conduct dispersion

modelling within different areas where such pollutants

are known to occur.

To comply with ambient air

quality standards.

To ensure that the ambient

air quality within the WRDM

is within the parameters set

in the National Ambient Air

Quality Standards for South

Africa established on 24

December 2009..

Monitor industrial air emissions for listed activities to ensure that they comply with the Minimum Emissions Standards set in terms of Section 21 of AQA by relevant time Liaise with industries to ensure that they understand

new licensing requirements and they commit to

operate within the legal limits, and to report their

emissions levels to relevant local municipalities, or

GDARD.

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To enhance ambient Air

Quality Monitoring within

the WRDM.

Develop a master plan for the creation or enhancement of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network in the DM. Conduct Ambient Air Quality Monitoring against the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for South Africa established on 24 December 2009.

• Goal 3: To encourage sustainable economic development that is not harmful to residents and ecosystems


To address the effects of

emissions from the use of

fossil fuels in residential

applications

To establish baseline

information on the use of

fossil fuels in residential

applications

Identify residential areas that use fossils fuels for cooking and heating by December 2011. Prioritise the residential areas using fossils fuels that require installation of air quality monitoring equipment by December 2011. Install suitable air quality monitoring equipment at all prioritised residential areas by March 2012. Monitor air quality for a period of 12 months, covering all seasons (April 2011 to March 2012)

To provide alternative

energy sources to those

residential areas that are

dependent on fossil fuels

Liaise with all key electrification stakeholders (DME,

Eskom) to establish the extent of electrification

backlogs by December 2010.

Determine if provincial interventions are necessary to

speed up electrification by February 2011.

Investigate the use of biomass, solar and wind as

alternative sources of energy for the affected

residential areas by March 2011

Increase efficiency of fossil

fuel use in residential

applications.

Start the roll-out of the implementation of Basa Njengo Magogo programme in the WRDM by December 2011.

• Goal 4: To allocate accountability to appropriate polluters


To ensure compliance to

NEMAQA Listed Activities

Minimum Emissions

Standards

To enforce all provisions of Listed Activities Minimum Emissions Standards throughout the WRDM.

Capacitate municipalities on the requirements and

enforcement of Listed Activities Minimum Emissions

Standards by August 2011.

Enforce Minimum Emissions Standards.

Create an inventory of all non-scheduled or non-listed

operators in the WRDM and monitor their compliance

to Minimum Emissions Standards by December 2011.

To ensure compliance to

Atmospheric Emission

Licenses (AEL)

To ensure that all holders of

AEL permits comply with

stipulated requirements

Capacitate the local municipalities to understand the transition from APPA to NEMAQA by September 2011. Train all relevant DM and DM officials in the

implementation of the AEL.

Establish monitoring mechanisms at every LM

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• Goal 5: To reduce transport air emissions within the District Municipality


To establish the extent of transport emissions in the WRDM

Quantify air emissions emanating from the transport sector.

Conduct vehicle count by June 2011.

Volumes of vehicle fuels sold in Merafong City to be

included in the DME magisterial district database by

fuel type by March 2011.

Install road-side air quality monitoring equipment for

selected routes and locations by December 2011.

Start measuring air emissions associated with the

transport sector by March 2012

To reduce transport air

emissions.

To have a strategy to deal

with transport air emissions

in the WRDM

Develop a strategy to reduce transport emissions in the WRDM by March 2012.

• Goal 6: To ensure effective communication and public participation


To promote effective

communication and public

participation in decision

making by increasing the

public’s awareness of and

concern for air quality

issues throughout the DM

To ensure effective Public

Participation in the DM air

quality management

programmes

Engage in public participation processes in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Sections 59, 72, 118, 152, 154 & 195); NEMA (Sections 2(4), 23(d) & Chapter 6 of the NEMA EIA Regulations; AQA (Section 57).

Provide awareness

development programmes

on air quality management

to stakeholders throughout

the DM.

Coordinate stakeholder awareness development

programmes on air quality management.

Create partnerships

between the LM and

Stakeholders throughout

the Province through the

establishment of air quality

forums

Encourage stakeholders to establish air quality forums

throughout the DM wherein air quality issues are

raised and discussed.

BASELINE AND NEEDS ANALYSIS A baseline air quality assessment was done based on the existing and available documentation within the Municipality, such as: air quality data from mines and industry; meteorology and climate data from South African Weather Services and independent weather station. As part of the public participation process, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to mines and industries to solicit information regarding the sources of pollution within the WRDM

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The State of the Environment Reports (SoERs), Spatial Development Framework (SDFs) Reports, Integrated Development Plans (IDPs), Environmental Management Framework (EMF), Municipality Demarcations Board, Statistics South Africa and other reports were reviewed to solicit population statistics and demographics for the WDRM and its LMs. Information for each LM pertaining to population size and growth, number of households , population and economic growth, levels of education, socio economic distribution, HIV and Aids for were obtained from these documents. Information such as the number of households electrified, or reliant on fossil fuels, population size and municipality area for example is very crucial in understanding the levels of pollution in an area and the extent the community exposure to the harmful air pollutants. These documents also indicated the level and commitment of the WRDM and its LM in tackling social economic and environmental issues which have a large bearing on air quality. From the gaps identified during the status quo and baseline assessment the following key problems, in order of importance, were identified:

• Air Quality Management System (AQMS);

• Listed Activities and Mining processes;

• Domestic fuel burning; • Air quality management capacity;

• Sources of air emissions emanating from non-listed activities;

• Agricultural Activities and Biomass burning; • Transport emissions; and

• Landfill sites and incinerators.

INTERVENTION PLANS After the gap analysis process, several intervention strategies were identified and defined. These strategies are necessary to alleviate the challenges associated with the air quality management problems that have been identified. The intervention strategies consists of projects that range from short term (those that can be implemented within 2 years), medium term (those that can be implemented between 2 and 5 years) to long term (those that require more than 5 years for successful implementation). IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERVENTION PLANS Once the intervention strategies are accepted as being desirable and adequate in addressing the identified air quality problems, they would translated into implementation schedules. The schedules mirror the intervention strategies, but go further to include definite actions that need to be undertaken, identify responsible parties and implementation timeframes.

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EVALUATION AND FOLLOW UP Evaluation and follow-up are integral parts of the AQMP. This Chapter outlines the AQMP review processes as outlined in supporting legislation and guidelines as well as evaluation of the effectiveness of the interventions and reporting on AQMP. CONCLUSION This AQMP is one of the tools that the WRDM and all stakeholders can use to promote sound air quality management practices within the district. It provides a framework for the district and local municipalities that develop their own AQMPs. This is the first issue of the WRDM AQMP and will be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure continuity. The implementation of the AQMP requires building air quality management planning capacity at district and local levels, as well as raising public awareness of environmental issues in general, and air quality management in particular. The latter is critical in guaranteeing meaningful participation of all stakeholders. Stakeholders are encouraged to liaise with relevant authorities if they require any clarity on the development processes.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ vii TABLE OF FIGURES...................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS...........................................................................................xiii ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS.............................................................................xvi 1 INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................1

1.1 Purpose of the Air Quality Management Plan....................................................1 1.2 Air Quality Management Planning Process .......................................................1 1.3 Status Quo and Situation Analysis ....................................................................4

1.3.1 Geography of the WRDM...........................................................................4 1.3.2 Identification of priority pollutants and priority sources ...............................5 1.3.3 Existing measures and management practises ..........................................5

1.4 Air Quality Management – GAP Analysis ..........................................................5 1.5 Baseline Emissions Inventory............................................................................5 1.6 Ambient Air Quality Standards and the Desired State of the Air ........................6 1.7 Air Quality Management System and Emission Reduction Measures................7 1.8 Factors Influencing Air Quality Management Planning ......................................7 1.9 Air Quality Management Plan Implementation Manual ......................................8 1.10 Monitoring and Review......................................................................................8

2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE AQMP.............................................10 2.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) ........10 2.2 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 1965 (Act No. 45 of 1965) (APPA).......11 2.3 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998), as

amended (NEMA) ...........................................................................................12 2.4 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of

2004) (NEMAQA)............................................................................................13 2.4.1 The new NEMAQA...................................................................................14 2.4.2 Transitional arrangements as provided for in section 61 of the NEMAQA 14 2.4.3 The licensing authority .............................................................................15 2.4.4 New listed activities and minimum emission standards ............................15

2.5 Other Related National Legislation..................................................................16 2.5.1 Municipal By-laws ....................................................................................18

2.6 International Policy..........................................................................................18 2.6.1 Greenhouse gases and climate change ...................................................19 2.6.2 Kyoto Protocol..........................................................................................20 2.6.3 Stratospheric ozone depletion..................................................................20 2.6.4 Trans-boundary air pollution.....................................................................21 2.6.5 International concerns around mercury ....................................................21

2.7 Regional Policy ...............................................................................................22 2.8 National and Provincial Guidelines..................................................................22

3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT ........23 3.1 Government’s Roles and Responsibilities .......................................................23

3.1.1 The National Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA) ........................23 3.1.2 Provincial Environmental Departments.....................................................25 3.1.3 Municipalities ...........................................................................................26 3.1.4 Other National Departments.....................................................................27

3.2 Industry’s Roles and Responsibilities ..............................................................28

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3.3 Labour’s Roles and Responsibilities................................................................29 3.4 The General Public’s Role and Responsibilities ..............................................30

4 SCOPE OF THE AQMP..................................................................................31 4.1 Geographical Setting.......................................................................................31

4.1.1 Westonaria Local Municipality ..................................................................31 4.1.2 Randfontein Local Municipality.................................................................31 4.1.3 Mogale City Local Municipality .................................................................33 4.1.4 The District Management Area (DMA)......................................................33 4.1.5 Merafong City Local Municipality..............................................................33

5 STATUS QUO ANALYSIS ..............................................................................35 5.1 Topography.....................................................................................................35 5.2 Meteorology and Climate ................................................................................38 5.2.1 Regional Meteorology .....................................................................................38 5.2.2 Local Meteorology...........................................................................................41 5.3 Evaluation of Air Quality Information Based on Available Data........................45

5.3.1 Gauteng State of the Environment Report................................................47 5.3.2 Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development.......................................47

5.4 Municipal Policies and Development Frameworks...........................................48 5.4.1 West Rand District Municipality ................................................................48 5.4.2 Mogale City Local Municipality .................................................................49 5.4.3 District Management Area........................................................................51 5.4.4 Randfontein Local Municipality.................................................................52 5.4.5 Westonaria Local Municipality ..................................................................53 5.4.6 Merafong City Local Municipality..............................................................53

5.5 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Data................................................................57 5.5.1 Mogale City Local Municipality .................................................................57 5.5.2 Merafong City Local Municipality..............................................................58

5.6 Dust Fall-Out Data ..........................................................................................59 5.6.1 Westonaria LM – Mining dust fall-out data ...............................................60 5.6.2 Merafong City – Mining dust fall-out data .................................................61

5.7 Key Sources Identified to Date ........................................................................69 6 LOCAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY OBJECTIVES .............................................75

6.1 Local Ambient Air Quality Objectives...............................................................75 6.2 Selection of Priority Pollutants for which Guidelines are to be Established......75 6.3 Criteria and Approach for Setting Local Health Related Guideline Values.......77

6.3.1 Limit Values and Alert Thresholds............................................................77 6.3.2 Local Air Quality Objectives - Actions Required .......................................78

7 BASELINE EMISSION INVENTORY ..............................................................80 7.1 Sources, Emissions and Pollutants of Concern ...............................................80 7.2 Source Identification........................................................................................82

7.2.1 Point Sources...........................................................................................83 7.2.2 Non-Point Sources ...................................................................................92 7.2.3 Mobile Sources ......................................................................................102 7.2.4 Combined Emissions .............................................................................106

8 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND GAP AND NEEDS ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................109

8.1 Air Quality Management System ...................................................................109 8.2 Gap Analysis, Needs Assessments...............................................................111 8.3 Recommended Actions .................................................................................112

8.3.1 Location of Monitoring Stations ..............................................................113 8.3.2 Monitoring and Data Processing Protocols.............................................115

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8.3.3 Monitoring Methods proposed for investigation in the short-term............116 8.3.4 Protocol for Integration of Industry and existing Air Quality Monitoring .........

Stations..................................................................................................117 8.3.5 Emission Inventory.................................................................................118 8.3.6 Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling .........................................................118 8.3.7 Air Quality Management System - Actions Required ..............................130

9 INTERVENTION STRATEGIES....................................................................131 9.1 Capacity Building and Training......................................................................131

9.1.1 Senior Atmospheric Scientist .................................................................132 9.1.2 Air Quality Liaison Officer.......................................................................132 9.1.3 Air Quality Officer ...................................................................................133 9.1.4 Air Quality Technician ............................................................................133

9.2 Emissions Reduction Measures - Actions Required ......................................133 10 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN............................................................................138

10.1 Identify Intervention Strategies ......................................................................138 10.2 Scenario Based Approach.............................................................................138 10.3 Implementation Plan .....................................................................................144 10.4 Projects.........................................................................................................147 10.5 Funding Mechanisms ....................................................................................153

10.5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................153 10.5.2 Objective of a financial plan ...................................................................153 10.5.3 Financial plan development....................................................................153 10.5.4 Types and sources of finance ................................................................156 10.5.5 Local Sources ........................................................................................156 10.5.6 International Sources .............................................................................157 10.5.7 Risks associated with financing..............................................................158 10.5.8 Recommendations in the development of the Financial Plan .................159 10.5.9 National treasury funding .......................................................................159 10.5.10 Equitable Share Grant............................................................................159 10.5.11 Capacity Building and Restructuring Grant.............................................160 10.5.12 AQMP cost estimates.............................................................................160

11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION...............................................................161 12 CONCLUSION..............................................................................................162 13 REFERENCE LIST .......................................................................................163 14 APPENDICES...............................................................................................166

Appendix 1: Stakeholder Engagement.................................................................166 Appendix 2: Questionnaire ..................................................................................167 Appendix 3: Emissions factors for point pollution sources....................................169 Appendix 4: Emission factors for internal petrol and diesel combustion. ..............171

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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1: AQMP Process as prescribed in the Air Quality Management Guideline

(Manual for Air Quality Management Planning in South Africa, DEAT 2008).....2 Figure 2: The West Rand District Municipality Locality Map .........................................32 Figure 3: West Rand District Municipality Digital Elevation Model ................................36 Figure 4: West Rand District Municipality Slope Categories .........................................37 Figure 5: Annual Rainfall in the WRDM ........................................................................42 Figure 6: Meteorological Data for the Mogale City Local Municipality - 2007 .................43 Figure 7: Air temperature recorded in Westonaria on an hourly basis from June 2006 to

October 2007. Values are presented as moving averages. ............................44 Figure 8: Wind speeds recorded in Westonaria on an hourly basis from June 2006 to

October 2007. Values are presented as moving averages. ............................44 Figure 9: Wind directions recorded in Westonaria on an hourly basis from June 2006 to

October 2007. Values are presented as direction degrees.............................44 Figure 10: Relative humidity recorded in Westonaria on an hourly basis from June 2006

to October 2007. Values are presented as moving averages. ........................45 Figure 11: Period-average wind rose for the period October 2008 to September 2009,

based on wind field data from the SAWS Potchefstroom station. ....................39 Figure 12: Comparison of total monthly rainfall for October 2008 to September 2009 with

the long-term average rainfall for Potchefstroom.............................................40 Figure 13: The Randfontein Air Quality Monitoring Station ...........................................46 Figure 14: Criteria Pollutant Concentrations in the Mogale City Local Municipality - 2007

.......................................................................................................................57 Figure 15: Dust fall rates recorded by Kloof Gold Mine DustWatches during the January-

September 2008 monitoring period. ................................................................61 Figure 16: Dust fall rates recorded by single buckets during the January-December

2006 to 2008 monitoring period.......................................................................63 Figure 17: Dust fall average rates recorded by the Goldfields Driefontein Gold Mine

DustWatches during the January to February 2010 monitoring period ............64 Figure 18: Dust fall-out average rates recorded by the Blyvooruitztcht DRD single

buckets dust monitors during the October 2008 to September 2009 monitoring period .............................................................................................................66

Figure 19: Dust fall-out average rates recorded by the Harmony Gold Elandsrand Mine single buckets dust monitors during the February 2009 to January 2010 monitoring period ............................................................................................67

Figure 20: Time Weighed Average limit for respirable dust recorded by the Cluster Holdings during 2006 – 2009 dust sampling period.........................................68

Figure 21: Time Weighed Average limit for respirable dust recorded by the Corobrik Driefontein factory January 2009 to June 2009...............................................68

Figure 22: Point source emissions profile for the WRDM commercial and industrial sectors in 2007 ...............................................................................................90

Figure 23: Non-point source emissions profile for the WRDM residential sector in 200796 Figure 24: Estimated amount of PM10 particles emitted from agricultural land within the

WRDM area during 2007 ..............................................................................100 Figure 25: Estimated amount of PM10 particles emitted from tailings dams within the

WRDM area during 2007 ..............................................................................102 Figure 26: Estimated criteria pollutant emissions from road transport within the WRDM

during 2007...................................................................................................107

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Figure 27: Estimated combined criteria pollutant emissions from the WRDM during 2007.....................................................................................................................108

Figure 28: Development of an air quality management strategy through the implementation of select air quality management tools (after WHO, 2000) ...109

Figure 29: Air quality management system proposed for implementation by WRDM...110 Figure 30: Proposed Implementation Plan for AQMP role out over a 10 year period ...146

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Table 24 of the National Framework for Air Quality Management in South Africa........................................................................................................................................3 Table 2: National legislation directly or indirectly linked to the management of air quality......................................................................................................................................16 Table 3: National Departments, other than the DEA, that has an interest or responsibility in respect of managing atmospheric emissions within their jurisdiction..........................27 Table 4: Sources of Air Pollution within the Merafong City Local Municipality...............56 Table 5: Summary of Emissions at DRDGOLD for 2009...............................................58 Table 6: Cases of dust related illness reported in the WRDM.......................................59 Table 7: Dust fall-out standards....................................................................................60 Table 8: Results from DRDGOLD monitoring points.....................................................61 Table 9: AngloGold West Wits dust monitoring network site descriptions .....................62 Table 10: Goldfields-West Driefontein Mine dust monitoring network ...........................64 Table 11: The Blyvooruitztcht DRD monitoring network: Site description and site number......................................................................................................................................65 Table 12: The Harmony Gold Elandsrand monitoring network: Site description and site number..........................................................................................................................66 Table 13: List of Industrial operations located within the West Rand District Municipality......................................................................................................................................72 Table 14: Types of Listed Activities currently being undertaken within each municipality......................................................................................................................................73 Table 15 Government Gazette No. 32816 of 24 December 2009 and SANS 1929 of 2005 air quality standards for criteria air pollutants........................................................76 Table 16: Actions Required - Local Air Quality Objectives ............................................79 Table 17: Selected Air Pollutants...................................................................................81 Table 18: Potential Air Pollution Sources identified within the WRDM. ..........................84 Table 19: Commercial and Industrial Air Pollution Source Descriptions.........................87 Table 20: Estimated amount of fuel consumed by the WRDM’s commercial and industrial sectors during 2007.......................................................................................................88 Table 21: Estimated emission quantities released by the commercial and industrial sectors of the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum) .............................................89 Table 22: Available waste generation data for the WRDM (January 2008 - January 2009)......................................................................................................................................91 Table 23: Summary of statistics used to estimate emissions contributed by the residential sector of the WRDM during 2007 .................................................................94 Table 24: Estimated amount of fuel consumed by the WRDM’s residential sector during 2007..............................................................................................................................95 Table 25: Estimated emission quantities released by the residential sectors of the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum) ...................................................................95

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Table 26: Estimated amount of PM10 particles emitted from agricultural land within the WRDM area during 2007.............................................................................................100 Table 27: Estimated amount of PM10 particles emitted from tailings dams within the WRDM area during 2007.............................................................................................102 Table 28: Estimated emission quantities released by road transport in the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum) ........................................................................................106 Table 29: Estimated combined emission quantities released from the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum) ........................................................................................106 Table 30: Factors to be considered for locating air quality and meteorolological monitoring sites within the WRDM...............................................................................115 Table 31: WRDM Gap and Needs Assessment..........................................................120 Table 32: Air Quality Management System – Actions, Tasks and Objectives .............125 Table 33: Possible frequency and content of reports to be considered by WRDM in the short term (next two years) in defining its medium-and long-term reporting commitments and targets ..................................................................................................................129 Table 34: Air Quality Management System Development - Actions Required.............130 Table 35: Proposed Emission Reduction Measures ....................................................134 Table 36: WRDM Gap and Needs and recommended Intervention Strategy ..............139 Table 37: Tabular description of levels of management (scenarios) related to air quality management ...............................................................................................................143 Table 38: Project No. 1 – Maintenance of air quality monitoring equipment at existing Air Quality Monitoring Stations..........................................................................................147 Table 39: Project No. 2 – Establishment of Additional Air Pollution Monitoring Stations and Monitoring/ Modelling & Emissions Inventory Programmes ..................................148 Table 40: Project No. 3 – Public education and awareness programmes on air pollution reduction within the LMs..............................................................................................148 Table 41: Project No. 4 – Capacity Building ................................................................149 Table 42: Project No. 5 – Development and/or Review of the Municipal By-Laws .......149 Table 43: Project No. 6 – Air quality management framework .....................................150 Table 44: Project No. 7 - Develop Domestic Fuel Burning Strategy.............................150 Table 45: Project No. 8 - Reducing transport emissions within the district ...................151 Table 46: Project No. 9 - Listed and Non-listed activities .............................................151 Table 47: Project No. 10 - Determination of Greenhouse Gasses (GHG) withi WRDM and its LMs..................................................................................................................152 Table 48: Project No. 11 Cost –Benefit Analysis .........................................................152 Table 49: Human Resources costing for Air Quality Management Units......................154 Table 50: List of activities for the establishment of an Air Quality Management System which require Capital Investment for Implementation ..................................................155

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AEL Atmospheric Emission Licence

AIR Atmospheric Impact Report

APINA Air Pollution Information Network for Africa

APPA Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 1965 (Act No. 45 of 1965)

AQM Air Quality Management

AQMP Air Quality Management Plan

AQMS Air Quality Management System

AQO Air Quality Officer

ARC Agricultural Research Council

BNM Basa Njengo Magogo

CBO Community Based Organisation

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CoHMA Cradle of Humankind Management Authority

CoHWHS Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site

CO Carbon monoxide

CO2 Carbon dioxide

DoA Department of Agriculture

DBSA Development Bank of Southern Africa

DEA Department of Environmental Affairs

DEAT Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism

DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

DoH Department of Health

DoL Department of Labour

DoLA Department of Land Affairs

DMA District Management Area

DME Department of Minerals and Energy

DPLG Department of Provincial and Local Government

DoT Department of Transport

DRDGOLD Durban Roodepoort Deep Gold

DWA Department of Water Affairs

DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIP Environmental Implementation Plan

EMF Environmental Management Framework

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EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

GDARD Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Greenhouse gasses

GSDF Gauteng Spatial Development Framework

GSSD Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development

HAPs Hazardous air pollutants

HCFC Hudrochlorofluorocarbons

IDP Integrated Development Plan

IEM Integrated Environmental Management

I&APS Interested and Affected Parties

IS Implementation Strategy

IWMP Integrated Waste Management Plan

LM Local Municipality

LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas

MRF Material Recovery Facility

MES Minimum Emission Standard

MEC Member of the Executive Committee

NEAF National Environmental Advisory Forum

NEMA National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 19980

NEMAQA National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No 39 of 2004)

NEPAD New Partnership for African Development

NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations

NOx Nitrogen Oxides of Nitrogen

NO2 Nitrogen dioxide

POP Persistent Organic Pollutants

PPP Public-Private Partnership

PM10 Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10µm

PM2.5 Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5µm

PSC Project Steering Committee

SABS South African Bureau of Standards

SADC Southern African Development Community

SAAQIS South African Air Quality Information System

SANS South African National Standards

SAPIA South African Petroleum Industry Association

SAWS South African Weather Services

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SDF Spatial Development Framework

SEF Strategic Environmental Focus (Pty) Ltd

SoER State of the Environment Report

SQR Status Quo Report

TSP Total Suspended Particles

UN United Nations

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

VOC Volatile Organic Compounds

WRDM West Rand District Municipality

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ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

• Due to the Terms of Reference (ToR) for this project, the emission inventory report used to compile this AQMP is based on qualitative approaches;

• Due to the nature of the data available in terms of the air quality within the WRDM and the ToR for this project no dispersion modelling has been included in this study;

• Not all companies and industries approached during the data collection stage of the project were willing to participate. In some cases data collection questionnaires were never returned within the given timeframe for this inventory report. Data provided to SEF from LMs was also incomplete. Therefore, the values presented in the WRDM AQMP are expected to be lower than actual values. Emissions from sources that were not accounted for, were estimated;

• Where participants provided SEF with a fuel usage ranges, the highest value was used in the emission calculations;

• Where fuel usage was obtained as per day values, it was assumed as a worst case scenario that combustors were operated thirty (30) days a month; and

• Biogenic sources demand complex specialist work, which was not allowed for in the estimated budget and time for this project. Therefore, these sources were excluded when the WRDM Emissions Inventory was developed. Biogenic sources (of which trees are the most important) emit various natural compounds e.g. Volatile Organic Carbons (VOCs) including α Pinene) and can play an important role in the atmospheric chemistry.

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of the Air Quality Management Plan

Strategic Environmental Focus (Pty) Ltd (SEF) was appointed to develop an Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) for the West Rand District Municipality (WRDM). An Air Quality Management Plan is a legal requirement in terms of Section 15 (1) of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) (NEMAQA). The purpose of the plan is to assist Authorities in the management and statutory regulation of air quality within their area of jurisdiction. SEF, in association with USK Consulting and Waste, developed an AQMP for the WRDM in December 2009. At the time of compiling the report, the WRDM consisted of the following Local Municipalities (LMs): Mogale City, Westonaria, Randfontein and the District Management Area (DMA). Post completion of the report, the Merafong City LM was re-incorporated from the North West Province into the WRDM. Thus, the WRDM appointed SEF to update and amend the existing AQMP to include Merafong City LM. An AQMP describes the current state of air quality in an area, how it has been changing over recent years and what could be done to ensure clean air quality in the region (Manual for Air Quality Management Planning in South Africa, DEAT 2008). It provides goals and objectives for a region and prescribes short- and long-term policies and controls to improve air quality. An AQMP sets a course of action that will attain air quality goals in a specified geographical area. It requires actions by government, business, industry, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and the population, as its success is integrally linked and will depend on support from all these sectors.

1.2 Air Quality Management Planning Process

The main purpose of the AQMP development process is to establish an effective and sound basis for planning and management of air quality in selected areas. This type of planning will ensure that significant sources of emissions are identified and controlled in the most cost-effective manner. The ultimate goal is to assure that health effects and impacts on building materials and the environment will be minimised in the future. In order to undertake the planning procedures aimed at identifying and improving air quality in a given area, 6 steps are typically required (Manual for Air Quality Management Planning in South Africa, DEAT 2008):

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1. Goal setting; 2. Baseline air quality assessment; 3. Development of an Air Quality Management System (AQMS) and gap/problem

analysis; 4. Development of intervention strategies; 5. Compiling action plans for implementation; and 6. Evaluation and follow up.

The development of an AQMP is a dynamic process and is presented in (Figure 1) below.

Figure 1: AQMP Process as prescribed in the Air Qua lity Management Guideline (Manual for Air Quality Manage ment Planning in South Africa, DEAT 2008)

The evaluation and assessment of data in the baseline assessment will inform the decision on the need for a more advanced air quality management planning process to be undertaken in the area. The number of steps required and degree of detail in each step will vary, depending on whether the AQMP is for a National Department, Provincial Department or Municipality and the ambient air quality rating of the area under review. Thus:

• A detailed AQMP would involve all 6 steps to be addressed in detail; and

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• A basic AQMP would involve addressing steps 1, 2 (basic), 4 (if necessary) and 6.

Each of the local Departments would have to implement an AQMP with varying degrees of detail depending on the ambient air quality area rating as identified in Table 24 of the National Framework for Air Quality Management in the Republic of South Africa, 2007 (National Framework)1 (Table 1). Table 1: Table 24 of the National Framework for Ai r Quality Management in South Africa

Province Metropolitan or District Municipality

Air Quality Rating Reasoning

Northern Cape Kgalagadi DM Potentially Poor Mining

West Coast DM Poor Industrial

City of Cape Town MM Poor Urban

Cape Winelands DM Poor Agriculture

Western Cape

Eden DM Potentially Poor Urban and Industrial

Nelson Mandela MM Poor Urban Eastern Cape

Amatole DM Potentially Poor Urban

Ugu DM Potentially Poor Urban and Agriculture

eThekwini MM Poor Urban and Industrial

uMgungundlovu DM Potentially Poor Urban and Agriculture

Uthukela DM Potentially Poor Urban and Agriculture

iLembe DM Potentially Poor Urban and Agriculture

Uthungulu DM Poor Industrial and Agriculture

KwaZulu Natal

Amajuba DM Potentially Poor Urban and Agriculture

Ehlanzeni DM Potentially Poor Industrial

Gert Sibande DM Poor Industrial

Mpumalanga

Nkangala DM Poor Industrial

West Rand DM Potentially Poor Urban and Mining

City of Johannesburg Poor Urban

Sedibeng DM Poor Urban and Industrial

Ekurhuleni DM Poor Urban and Industrial

City of Tshwane Potentially Poor Urban

Gauteng

Metsweding Potentially Poor Mining

Bojanala DM Poor Mining North West

Southern DM Potentially Poor Urban and Mining

Mopani DM Potentially Poor Mining

Capricorn DM Potentially Poor Urban and Mining

Limpopo

Waterberg DM Potentially Poor Industrial

1 National Framework for Air Quality Management in the Republic of South Africa, Draft 2007

As contemplated in section 7 of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) and serving as the Department of environmental affairs and tourism’s air quality management plan as contemplated in section 15(1) of the act.

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The National Framework prescribes the following in terms of the air quality rating assigned to a specific Metropolitan or District Municipality:

• Acceptable Air Quality Rating - Basic AQMP: Steps 1, 2 (partial), 4 (if necessary) and 6;

• Potentially Poor Air Quality Rating - Detailed AQMP (with certain exclusions): Steps 1 – 6 (with certain exclusions); and

• Poor Air Quality Rating - Detailed AQMP: Steps 1 – 6. Therefore in terms of the above and Table 24 of the National Framework the level of detail required for the WRDM AQMP is a Detailed AQMP (with certain exclusions), as the National Framework classifies the area as having potentially poor air quality rating due to the urban and mining areas located within the Municipality.

1.3 Status Quo and Situation Analysis

This phase included a review of all existing and available documentation that relate to or may have an influence on air quality management, at all levels within the District Municipality. A meticulous information search on previous studies was done. All the relevant documents and sources were thoroughly combed for useful information; in order to develop a proper AQMP the “status quo” must be well defined. An air quality baseline assessment report was then compiled for the WRDM and included, the following: 1.3.1 Geography of the WRDM

Air quality of any region is controlled by the climate, topography, natural and anthropogenic activities that occur in and surrounding regions concerned (GPDACE, 1998). Extreme air pollution concentrations in the atmosphere are primarily governed by meteorological fluctuations and/or change in emission patterns (Gokhale & Khare, 2007). Air movement and mixing affect pollution levels, and are dependent upon differences in high and low pressure and the occurrence of temperature inversions. Topography plays an important role in controlling the level of air pollution either by providing a drainage pathway to transport pollution from source to areas down-gradient, or acting as a barrier to pollution movement. It is necessary, therefore, to study the geography of a region in air pollution studies. A review of the geography of the WRDM was conducted. Documents previously prepared for the WRDM were reviewed and these included, but are not limited to, the State of the Environment Reports (SoER), Environmental Management Framework (EMF) as well as satellite and aerial imagery.

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1.3.2 Identification of priority pollutants and pri ority sources

Pollutants were identified based on activities conducted in the WRDM and available literature. A pollutant was regarded as a “priority pollutant” if it, through ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition or in any other way presented a threat to human health, well-being or the environment. Priority sources were identified after the priority pollutants had been identified by singling out the sources of those pollutants. 1.3.3 Existing measures and management practises A review of the existing measures and management practises in place to address poor air quality in the WRDM was conducted. These were documented and incorporated in the status quo report. A stakeholder workshop was held to analyse and give feedback to the status quo analysis.

1.4 Air Quality Management – GAP Analysis

Utilizing the information gained throughout the status quo analysis, a detailed gap analysis and needs assessment of air quality management in the WRDM was undertaken. The gap analysis and needs assessment was aimed at evaluating the existing air quality management strategies to identify deficiencies, needs and requirements. This included the following:

• An evaluation of current air quality monitoring procedures, including the location of monitoring stations as well as parameters monitored;

• An evaluation of the roles and responsibilities of the WRDM in terms of air quality management;

• Future air quality management needs; and

• Institutional and organizational needs. Information was solicited from the Project Steering Committee (PSC), Authorities, Stakeholders and Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs).

1.5 Baseline Emissions Inventory

A desktop baseline emissions inventory was developed for the WRDM using available sources of literature and data. Evaluation of the Municipality Policies and Frameworks and interaction with the WRDM and its associated LM revealed that there was inadequate air quality data within the District Municipality. Two air quality monitoring stations exist within the WRDM, one in the Mogale City LM and one in the Randfontein LM. There is no air quality information sharing between industries and the Municipality.

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The Mogale City LM air quality station monitors sulphur dioxide (SO2); oxides of nitrogen (NOx); carbon monoxide (CO); ozone (O3); and particulate matter (PM10) as stipulated in NEMAQA. The WRDM area has been intensively mined and disturbed in some areas. These mining activities have left the legacy of waste dumps, some of which have been covered by vegetation, while others are still exposed to wind and water erosion. Depending on the season and wind conditions, un-vegetated areas, uncovered mine dumps and paved areas within the WRDM contribute significantly to dust generation. Dust monitoring is conducted by mines and industries within the WRDM and some of the results, which were provided for the inventory by Kloof Gold Mines, AngloGold Ashanti, Goldfields, Corobrick and Cluster Holdings were incorporated into the Status Quo Report (SQR). Meteorology and climate data for the WRDM was obtained from the South African Weather Services. The data received was only for temperature, humidity and rainfall. The South African Weather Services confirmed that other parameters, such as wind speed and wind direction are not measured in WRDM. During compilation of the Emission Inventory Report a privately owned weather station was identified within the town of Westonaria that recorded air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind direction as well as wind speed. Documents such as the SoER, EMF, as well as satellite and aerial imagery were also used to gather meteorology, climate and topography data for WRDM.

1.6 Ambient Air Quality Standards and the Desired S tate of the Air

Setting Ambient Air Quality Standards for the WRDM:

The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS), in collaboration with the then, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT) (now the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA)), established ambient air quality standards for criteria pollutants. Two standards were published as part of this process:

• SANS 69:2004 - Framework for setting and implementing national ambient air quality standards; and

• SANS 1929:2005 - Ambient Air Quality - Limits for common pollutants. SANS 69 defines the basic principles of a strategy for air quality management in South Africa. This standard supports the establishment and implementation of ambient air quality objectives for the protection of human health and the environment. The SANS 1929 standard sets limit values based on human health effects of SO2, PM10, NOx, O3, Pb and C6H6 concentrations. These standards will be used to develop ambient air quality standards for the WRDM for point, non-point and mobile sources of air pollution.

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Taking cognisance of the SABS standards as outlined above, recommendations identifying roles and responsibilities of the Municipality and proposing standards, as a guideline for stakeholder engagement were compiled. This AQMP was circulated to stakeholders and discussed during a stakeholder engagement workshop that was held on September 2009 at the WRDM. The air desired state of the air quality in WRDM was discussed during the workshop and the National Ambient Air Quality Standards established on 24 December 2009 should be adopted by the WRDM, as per the recommendations of this study.

1.7 Air Quality Management System and Emission Redu ction Measures

An AQMS that includes monitoring, modelling and reporting was recommended based on already defined priority pollutants, priority sources and priority areas. Recommendations on pollutants to be monitored were made based on priority sources for each monitoring station to be installed. This means that for a vehicle emissions monitoring station for instance, CO, CO2, O3, PM10, NOx, SO2 and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), would be monitored and for mining tail dump monitoring, particulates (Total Suspended Particles (TSP), PM10, PM2.5) would be priority pollutants, as well as (SO2) for domestic combustion emissions. It was advised that, where applicable, the monitoring stations measure BTEX (one of the Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)) and H2S. H2S is mainly associated with odourous emissions and should only be measured near significant sources of H2S, rather than recorded in ambient conditions. Finally, recommendations on the type of modelling that is suitable for WRDM were made. Emission reduction measures that include details on interventions required with recommended timeframes were also set for the WRDM.

1.8 Factors Influencing Air Quality Management Plan ning

A summary of the factors, which will influence air quality management planning in the WRDM were compiled. These included the following:

• Institutional arrangements;

• Capacity issues in terms of skilled human resources and availability of air monitoring and modelling equipment; and

• Budget availability.

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1.9 Air Quality Management Plan Implementation Manu al

With the status quo established, ambient air quality standards established, the desired state established as well as the identification of future air quality priorities, specific plans were developed that comprised of the AQMP. These plans included the following:

• An Institutional Development and Organisational Plan: At the minimum this plan will contain:

o Institutional and organisational structures for achieving the goals and objectives of the AQMP;

o Human resources requirements necessary for achieving the goals and objectives of the AQMP; and

o Strategies and programmes for awareness raising, training, and skills transfer for achieving the goals and objectives of the AQMP.

• “Air quality management plans” - this constitutes specific plans addressing different priority pollutants and priority areas. At the minimum this plan contained:

o A description of strategies and programmes for achieving the goals and objectives set for each priority pollutant and area;

o A description of target projects for achieving the goals and objectives set for each priority pollutant and area; and

o Human resources and capacity requirements necessary for achieving the goals and objectives of the AQMP.

• An infrastructure plan: this addressed specific infrastructure needs and requirements at each priority pollutant and area;

• A plan defining potential partnerships required as a mechanism for providing services and facilities required for air quality management; and

• A plan defining potential economic mechanisms for the AQMP. This included funding mechanisms required to achieve goals and objective at each level of the AQMP, and development of a financial plan for implementing the AQMP.

1.10 Monitoring and Review

This phase constituted the following:

• Development of monitoring and review systems for the Air Quality Management programmes;

• Providing training to top management implementation of the AQMP and procedures and monitoring, evaluation and review systems;

• Undertaking 1 initial audit together with top management to ensure transfer of skills for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the plan and procedures developed; and

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• Compilation of brief monitoring and evaluation report with recommendations for improvement.

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2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE AQMP

2.1 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1 996 (Act No. 108 of 1996)

The Bill of Rights contained in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act No. 108 of 1996) (hereinafter referred to as the Constitution) is the cornerstone of democracy in South Africa. It enshrines the rights of all people in the country and affirms the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. The state must respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights.

Section 24 of the Constitution states that everyone has the right:

a. To an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and

b. To have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that –

i. Prevent pollution and ecological degradation;

ii. Promote conservation; and

iii. Secure ecologically sustainable development and the use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

In order to give effect to this right in the context of air quality, it is necessary to ensure that levels of air pollution are not harmful to human health or well-being. Thus, the setting of ambient air quality standards is necessary, as well as mechanisms to ensure that ambient air quality standards are achieved and maintained. Hence, the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) (NEMAQA) provides an objectives-based approach to the management of air quality at different governance and operational levels and is the legislative means to ensure that the rights described above are upheld. In implementing the NEMAQA it is therefore necessary to ensure that there is clarity on governance and technical objectives so that air quality management measures are implemented in a cohesive, coherent and uniform manner that ensures the most benefit for the least cost through efficient and effective use of resources.

The management of air quality in South Africa is influenced by policy and legislation developed at International, National, Provincial and Municipal levels. National policy

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provides the critical reference point for air quality management. Provincial legislation expands on the National approach and can be used to address particular air quality issues, although there is currently no example of Provincial air quality legislation within South Africa. Municipal authorities influence air quality governance through the introduction of by-laws, which are legally enforceable within the Municipal authority’s jurisdiction. In an international context, trans-boundary air pollution and global air quality impacts are relevant. South Africa also has obligations under multi-lateral environmental agreements.

2.2 Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 1965 (Act No. 45 of 1965) (APPA)

Since 1965, the approach to air pollution control in South Africa was informed and driven by APPA. The Act did not set targets or standards that would permit the achievement of an environment that is not harmful to health or well-being in accordance with the Bill of Rights contained in the Constitution. The Constitution is thus the pivotal piece of legislation that informs all environmental legislation.

The purpose of APPA is to provide for the prevention of the pollution of the atmosphere. Part II of the Act sets out the procedure for the permitting of Scheduled Processes, which includes among other processes waste incineration processes, iron and steel processes, ceramic processes, hydrocarbon processes, etc. A registration certificate is a mandatory requirement and the Act prohibits any person from carrying on a Scheduled Process unless that person is the holder of a current registration certificate. A current registration certificate is granted after compliance with the conditions of a provisional registration certificate and the requirements of the DEA to whom this power has been delegated. The current registration certificate is issued subject to conditions. These include the condition that all appliances used for preventing or reducing to a minimum the escape, into the atmosphere, of noxious or offensive gases shall be properly operated and maintained and that the best practice means for achieving this are implemented. Part III of APPA provides for the control and regulation of smoke pollution arising from any fuel-burning appliance, whereas Part IV deals with dust control. Whenever dust originating on any land in a dust controlled area is causing a nuisance to persons residing or present in the vicinity of that land, the owner or occupier may be required to take the prescribed steps or adopt the “best practicable means” for the abatement the dust.

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The APPA was repealed in terms of Section 60 of the NEMAQA and transitional arrangements in respect of registration certificates, listed activities and ambient air quality standards in terms of APPA are provided for in Sections 61, 62, and 63 of the NEMAQA.

2.3 National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Ac t No. 107 of 1998), as amended (NEMA)

NEMA provides the legislative framework for environmental management in South Africa. Its purpose is to provide for co-operative environmental governance, and it defines principles for decision-making on matters affecting the environment. Key principles from Chapter 1 of the NEMA that are relevant to air quality include:

• Pollution avoidance or minimisation - that pollution and degradation of the environment must be avoided, or, where they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied; and

• Waste avoidance and consideration of life cycle assessment - that waste is avoided, or where it cannot be altogether avoided, it must be minimised and re-used or recycled where possible or disposed of in a responsible manner.

NEMA further provides for the establishment of the National Environmental Advisory Forum (NEAF) as a body to encourage stakeholder participation and develop management methods that include the guidance and perspectives of stakeholders within the NEAF (Chapter 2 of the NEMA). Co-operative governance is outlined in Chapter 3 of NEMA and mechanisms for conflict resolution in Chapter 4. Integrated Environmental Management (IEM) is used as a guiding philosophy to ensure that impacts are considered across different spheres of influence, including social dimensions (Chapter 5 of the NEMA). Chapter 6 of NEMA takes cognisance of obligations in terms of international agreements, while Chapter 7 provides legislative means for compliance and enforcement. Methods of compliance, enforcement and protection within the jurisdiction of NEMA are detailed, and the process for developing Environmental Management Co-operation Agreements, which are a mechanism for co-operative governance, is outlined in Chapter 8. NEMA provides government with the regulatory tools to implement the National Environmental Management Policy. NEMAQA is one of the various pieces of legislation that fall under the ambit of NEMA.

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2.4 National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) (NEMAQA)

The NEMAQA represents a move to an air pollution control strategy that is based on receiving air quality management. It focuses on the adverse impacts of air pollution on the ambient environment and sets standards as the benchmark for air quality management performance. At the same time it sets emission standards to minimise the amount of pollution that enters the environment. The objectives of the Act as stated in Chapter 1 are as follows:

• To protect the environment by providing reasonable measures for - o The protection and enhancement of the quality of air in the Republic; and o The prevention of air pollution and ecological degradation.

• Securing ecologically sustainable development while promoting justifiable economic and social development; and

• Generally to give effect to Section 24(b) of the Constitution in order to enhance the quality of ambient air for the sake of securing an environment that is not harmful to the health and well-being of people.

The National Framework is one of the significant functions detailed in Chapter 2 of the NEMAQA. The framework serves as a blueprint for air quality management and aims to achieve the air quality objectives as described in the preamble of NEMAQA. Chapter 3 of the NEMAQA covers institutional and planning matters summarised as follows:

• The Minister may establish a National Air Quality Advisory Committee as a subcommittee of the NEAF established in terms of the NEMA;

• Air Quality Officers (AQOs) must be appointed at each level of government (National, Provincial, Municipal);

• Each National Department or province preparing an Environmental Implementation Plan (EIP) or Environmental Management Plan (EMP) in terms of NEMA must include an AQMP. Each Municipality preparing an Integrated Development Plan (IDP) must include an AQMP;

• The contents of the AQMPs are prescribed in detail; and • Each organ of state is required to report on the implementation of its AQMP in

the annual report submitted in terms of NEMA. In Chapter 4 of the NEMAQA, air quality management measures are outlined in terms of:

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• The declaration of Priority Areas, where ambient air quality standards are being, or may be, exceeded;

• The listing of activities that result in atmospheric emissions and which have or may have a significant detrimental effect on the environment;

• The declaration of Controlled Emitters;

• The declaration of Controlled Fuels;

• Other measures to address substances contributing to air pollution, that may include the implementation of a Pollution Prevention Plan or an Atmospheric Impact Report (AIR); and

• The requirements for addressing dust, noise and offensive odours. Licensing of Listed Activities through an Atmospheric Emission Licence (AEL) is addressed in Chapter 5 of the NEMAQA, international air quality management in Chapter 6 and offences and penalties in Chapter 7.

2.4.1 The new NEMAQA The much anticipated remaining provisions of the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 2004 (39 of 2004) (NEMAQA) finally came into effect on 1 April 2010 in terms of Government Notice No. 220 of 26 March 2010. In addition, in terms of GN 248 of 31 March 2010 ("GN 248"), the list of activities resulting in atmospheric emissions which have or may have a significant detrimental effect on, inter alia, the environment and the minimum emission standards for these activities as contemplated in section 21 of the NEMAQA also commenced with effect from 1 April 2010. The effect of the commencement of the remaining provisions of the NEMAQA and the publication of the listed activities in GN 248 is that now, inter alia, in terms of section 22[2] of the NEMAQA, a provisional atmospheric emission licence or an atmospheric emission licence is required for the conducting of these listed activities. The APPA and more specifically, the scheduled processes identified in the Second Schedule to the APPA are accordingly repealed.

2.4.2 Transitional arrangements as provided for in section 61 of the NEMAQA In short, the transitional arrangements in section 61 of the NEMAQA differentiate between provisional and final registration certificates issued in terms of the APPA. A valid provisional registration certificate remains valid for a period of two years from 1 April 2010 subject to, inter alia, the issuance of a provisional or final atmospheric emission licence ("AEL"). A valid registration certificate remains valid for a period of four years from 1 April 2010 subject to, inter alia, the lodgement of a renewal application in

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terms of section 47 within the first three years of the stipulated four year period. An application for a provisional or final registration certificate which was pending at 1 April 2010 must, in terms of section 61(3), be proceeded with as if it was an application for an AEL in terms of section 37 including the submission of information, the potential applicability of section 24 of the NEMA[3], publication etc. as provided for in section 38[4].

2.4.3 The licensing authority Section 37 states that an application form for an AEL is to be submitted to the licencing authority. In terms of section 36(1) (and subject to sections 36(2) – (4)), the licencing authority is no longer the national sphere DEA, but is now the local sphere metropolitan and district municipality. It appears therefore that pending applications submitted to the DEA will now be processed by the metropolitan and district municipalities.

2.4.4 New listed activities and minimum emission st andards GN 248 identifies the listed activities which require AEL and the minimum emission standards (MES) which are to be complied with for the relevant activity. These listed activities differ significantly to the Scheduled processes in terms of the APPA. The entities are encouraged to assess the applicability thereof to their own operations. Regulation 2 deals with the applicability of the Notice and states that the MES's as contained therein shall apply to both permanently operated plants and for experimental (pilot) plants with a design capacity equivalent to the one of a listed activity. Insofar as compliance with the MES is concerned, transitional arrangements are also provided, as follows:

• New plants must comply with the MES as contained in Part 3 on the date of publication of the Notice (i.e. 1 April 2010);

• Existing plants must comply with the MES for existing plants as contained in Part 3 within 5 years from the date of publication of the Notice (i.e. 31 March 2015); and

• Existing plants must comply with the MES for new plants as contained in Part 3 within 10 years from the date of publication of the Notice (i.e. 31 March 2020).

In terms of regulation 6, an application can be submitted for the postponement of the compliance time frames as set out above and the procedure to follow should a person wish to submit a postponement application. Whilst the NEMAQA is a welcome evolution in respect of air quality control, it is expected that the applicability and interpretation thereof and the listed activities will not, as with the

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commencement of any new legislation constituting "uncharted territory", so to speak, be without its challenges.

2.5 Other Related National Legislation

There are a number of other pieces of National legislation that impact either directly or indirectly on the implementation of the NEMAQA. These have been captured in (Table 2) showing the links and relevance to air quality management in general and the implementation of the NEMAQA in particular. Table 2: National legislation directly or indirect ly linked to the management of air quality

Legislation Air Quality Management Links Relevance

National Key Points Act,

1980 (Act No. 102 of 1980)

• Provides for the protection of significant State or private assets, relative to National security

• Regulates the flow of information regarding Key

Point activities

• Allows for measures to be implemented to

maintain the security of a Key Point

Many significant emitters have

been classified as National Key

Points, and the Act is used to

regulate access to information

Protection of Information Act,

1982 (Act No. 84 of 1982)

• Covers the protection of information related to

defence, terrorism and hostile organisations

• Information regarding these activities in any

form is prohibited and cannot be disseminated

• Prohibited places can be declared, and thus also fall under the protection of this Act

Can be used to regulate access to

information on air quality

Conservation of Agricultural

Resources Act, 1983 (Act

No. 43 of 1983)

• Regulates burning of veld, except in state forests

• Allows for control and prevention of veld fires through prescribed measures

• Allows for control measures to be prescribed

regarding the utilisation and protection of veld

that has been burned

Addresses controlled burning,

which directly impacts on ambient

air quality

Local Government Municipal

Structures Act, 1998 (Act No.

117 of 1998)

• Establishes Municipal categories

• Designates functions and powers of

Municipalities

Specifies that the responsibility for

integrated development planning,

within which AQMP must reside,

rests with the District Municipalities

National Veld and Forest

Fires Act, 1998 (Act No. 101

of 1998)

• Purpose is to combat and prevent veld, forest

and mountain fires

• Fire Protection Agency can be designated and has power to conduct controlled burning with

respect to conservation of ecosystems and

reduction of fire danger

Addresses controlled burning,

which directly impacts on ambient

air quality

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• Lighting and purpose of fires is regulated

National Water Act,1998 (Act

No. 36 of 1998)

• Establishes strategy to address management of

water resources including protection and use of

water

• Establishes management agencies

• Provides for pollution prevention and

remediation, including land-based sources

• Addresses emergency incidents, including land-

based pollutant sources

Pollution sources from dust

particles containing chemicals

from industrial and mining

activities that may impact on

water resources

Local Government Municipal

Systems Act, 2000 (Act No.

32 of 2000)

• Provides a framework for planning by local

government

• Describes contents of an IDP and the process to be followed

AQMPs are to be incorporated into

IDPs

Promotion of Access to

Information Act, 2000 (Act

No. 2 of 2000)

• Facilitates constitutional right of access to any information whether held by State or another

person (if it is related to exercise or protection

of a right)

• Details the means to access records, whether

public or private

• Does not detract from provisions in NEMA

Section 1 and Section 2

• Allows for denial of access based on defence, security or international relations

Promotes access to information,

including air quality information,

although it has provisions for

refusing access

Promotion of Administrative

Justice Act, 2000 (Act No. 3

of 2000)

• Details the administrative procedure to be

followed when carrying out an administrative

action and the process of review

Formal interactions between

government departments, the

public and other stakeholders by

informing due process in decision-

making

International Trade

Administration Act, 2002

(Act No. 71 of 2002)

• Establishes the International Trade

Administration Commission as an

administrative body

• Regulates the import and export of controlled

substances

Import and export control related

to ozone-depleting substances as

a declared substance

Mineral and Petroleum

Resources Development Act,

2002 (Act No. 28 of 2002)

• States that it is necessary to submit an

environmental management programme or plan

when applying for various mining, prospecting

or reconnaissance rights

• The contents of such documents are specified

and are subject to the approval of the Minister

of Minerals and Energy

• The Minister is required to consult with any

State department which administers any law

relating to matters that affect the environment

and must request the comments of that

Grants the decision-making power

on matters potentially affecting the

air environment to the Minister of

Minerals and Energy in the case of

mining activities, but includes a

need to comply with the NEMAQA

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department on the environmental plan or

programme being considered

• Regulations promulgated in 2004 state that the

holder of a right or permit must comply with

legislation relating to air quality management

and control

National Health Act, 2003

(Act No. 61 of 2003)

• Makes reference to environmental pollution

control by Municipalities.

• Municipal health services are defined as

including the responsibility for environmental

pollution control

• The responsibility for municipal health services

rests with metropolitan and DMs

Air quality management falls within

environmental pollution control

Intergovernmental Relations

Framework Act, 2005 (Act

No. 13 of 2005)

• Determines a framework to facilitate interaction

and co-ordination, in the implementation of

legislation, between spheres of government

• Principles of participation, consultation and

consideration are included

• Provides mechanisms for conflict resolution,

including the appointment of a facilitator

Provides mechanisms for co-

ordination and conflict resolution

across spheres of government in

aspects of legislative

implementation

2.5.1 Municipal By-laws According to Section 156(2) of the Constitution, a Municipality may draft and administer by-laws for the effective administration of matters that it has the right to administer. Air pollution is listed as a matter in which local government has authority and National or Provincial government may not compromise or impede a Municipality’s right to exercise its powers or perform its functions. Within this context, Municipalities may develop by-laws that pertain to air pollution. Model air pollution control by-laws are being developed by the DEA to ensure that there is uniformity across Municipalities.

2.6 International Policy

South Africa has ratified several multilateral environmental agreements relating to air quality and is obligated to implement the conditions of these agreements. Chapter 6 of the NEMAQA provides guidance on implementing these requirements in addressing trans-boundary air pollution issues. It deals with air pollution that has impacts outside of our borders, as well as with contraventions of multilateral environmental agreements that address environmental pollution. It makes provision for the investigation of offences, or possible offences, and the passing of regulations to address air quality impacts. The inclusion of the Department of Foreign Affairs is also necessitated by the NEMAQA

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through consultation on regulations, as well as in relations with other countries on South Africa’s trans-boundary air quality impacts. South Africa’s commitments in the international arena address three major air quality issues, namely, greenhouse gases (GHGs) and associated climate change; stratospheric ozone depletion and Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

2.6.1 Greenhouse gases and climate change United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) provides the framework for addressing climate change as a global issue and was founded in 1992, and came into force in 1994. It provides a broad consensus for establishing institutions and practices to address climate change by introducing processes of ongoing review, discussion and information exchange. The UNFCCC also differentiated between the responsibilities of developed and developing countries, by designating Annex 1 and Non-Annex 1 status, respectively, to parties to the convention. Developed countries have greater commitments as stated in Annex 4 of the Convention. The framework convention is expanded on through protocols, of which the Kyoto Protocol is the most recent and well recognised. South Africa ratified the UNFCCC in August 1997, and is classified as a non-Annex 1 Party, or a developing country. South Africa has obligations as stated in Article 4 Paragraph 1 of the UNFCCC, including the preparation of the National Communication, which incorporates an inventory of GHGs not covered by the Montreal Protocol. South Africa’s First National Communication to the UNFCCC was published in 2000 and included a National Inventory on GHGs. The Communication reported that an urgent need exists for the establishment and maintenance of a GHG emission inventory database. Collection of data should be integrated with the establishment of an emission inventory data management system. The determination of appropriate emission factors for local conditions and recognition of these in future guidelines is an issue requiring attention. This is particularly important in respect of the need to establish baselines for potential Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects under the Kyoto Protocol. An independent verification system to ensure that only verified data is included in a national emissions database needs to be developed and maintained.

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2.6.2 Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in December 1997 at the meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC, and came into force in February 2005. The protocol establishes the commitment of developed (Annex 1) countries to reduce GHG emissions by 5.2%, compared to 1990 levels, for the period 2008 – 2012. There are three principle mechanisms used to facilitate GHG emission reduction, including: CDM, joint implementation and international emissions trading. The purpose of the CDM is to assist Parties not included in Annex I in achieving sustainable development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention, and to assist Parties included in Annex I in achieving compliance with their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments. South Africa acceded to the protocol in 2002 and it came into force in 2005. However, South Africa’s status as a non-Annex 1 country implies no binding commitment to cap or reduce GHG emissions. South Africa, as a developing country, is in a position to benefit from the CDM.

2.6.3 Stratospheric ozone depletion The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer The Vienna Convention was agreed upon in 1985, with countries expressing commitment to conduct research and share information on stratospheric ozone depletion. The convention focused on the protection of human health and the environment from adverse effects resulting from anthropogenic influences on ozone destruction. Chemicals responsible for ozone destruction were also identified and monitored. The convention provided the framework for a binding agreement on addressing ozone depletion. The convention is also viewed as significant as it demonstrates the co-operation of international governments to address a global environmental issue. South Africa acceded to the convention in January 1990. The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer The Montreal Protocol was signed in September 1987 as a means of addressing the production, supply and use of ozone-depleting substances. It puts in place procedures for the phasing out of chlorofluorocarbons and halons. The schedules for phase-out and obligations take cognisance of a developed and developing country’s status, designated as Article 5 and non-Article 5 parties, respectively. The protocol was significantly amended in 1990 (London Amendment) and 1992 (Copenhagen Amendment), with further amendments made in 1997 (Montreal Amendment) and 1999 (Beijing Amendment). The amendments served to include additional obligations and additional

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ozone-depleting substances, such as methyl bromide, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and methyl chloroform, and also to tighten schedules of compliance. South Africa ratified the protocol in January 1990, the London Amendment in May 1992, and ratification of the Copenhagen Amendment in 2009. As a developing country, the compliance requirements for South Africa are less stringent, allowing flexible timeframes and phased-in restrictions, although South Africa is currently in full compliance with the conditions of the protocol.

2.6.4 Trans-boundary air pollution The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) The Stockholm Convention was signed in May 2001, and came into force in May 2004. The Convention is intended to address the production and use, or banning, of POPs for the protection of human health and the environment. Twelve pollutants are considered in the convention, including pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), industrial chemicals of hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated biphenyls and unintended by-products of dioxins and furans. Intentionally produced POPs are targeted for reduction and elimination, while unintentional production requires feasible elimination. The management and disposal of stockpiles of obsolete chemicals are also addressed. Trade restrictions are included in the convention. Reporting processes, implementation plans and information provision measures are also included in the convention. South Africa ratified the convention in 2002, and it came into force in 2004. DDT is still in use in the country despite the provisions of the convention, as sufficient epidemiological evidence has been provided to motivate its continued use in the control of malaria vectors. The use of the chemical is monitored through a reporting structure. An implementation plan for the Convention is also being developed. The Africa Stockpiles Programme is also a significant measure, as funds are provided by developed countries for the safe disposal of POPs and contaminated soil.

2.6.5 International concerns around mercury There are international initiatives to address mercury but to date no international policy has been developed. A recent programme backed by the United Nations (UN) that aims to reduce the health and environmental impacts of mercury includes a two-year period of voluntary action to reduce emissions and an evaluation to determine whether an international treaty is necessary. It aims to develop partnerships between government, industry and other key groups to reduce emissions. South African Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) are involved in the campaign and it is potentially an initiative that

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could be addressed in greater detail in the 2nd Generation National Framework or through the use of other NEMAQA tools.

2.7 Regional Policy

Southern Africa has made progress toward developing environmental management policy across the region, including initiatives through the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Air Pollution Information Network for Africa (APINA). However, the agreements have arisen from gatherings of stakeholders and have no formal government status. Through APINA, two agreements have emerged, namely the Harare Resolution on the Prevention and Control of regional Air Pollution in Southern Africa and its likely Trans-Boundary Effects and the Maputo Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution in Southern Africa and its likely Trans-Boundary Effects, in 1998 and 2003 respectively.

2.8 National and Provincial Guidelines

The National Framework for Air Quality Management in the Republic of South Africa and the Manual for Air Quality Management Planning in South Africa provides guidance to National, Provincial and Local Government Authorities on air quality management planning. The documents aim to establish best practice guidelines on the definition of objectives, strategies, plans and procedures in terms of air quality and in so doing achieve the objectives of the NEMAQA. These guidelines and frameworks are supported by tools such as the Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development (GSSD). The GSSD is a comprehensive, yet concise strategy that outlines a desired state for sustainable development for Gauteng Province. This GSSD is a provincial government initiative that outlines the path on which the public, private and civil society sectors will work together in ensuring that Gauteng prospers on a more sustainable basis.

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3 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Everyone, to a greater or lesser extent, is responsible for some form of atmospheric emission that has an impact on air quality.

3.1 Government’s Roles and Responsibilities

Government’s roles and responsibilities are clearly spelt out in various government policies and legislation. However, these roles and responsibilities differ across departments and spheres of government and include, as per Section 24 of the Constitution, legislative and other means to improve air quality and progressively ensure that ambient air is not harmful to health and well-being. In this regard, departments and spheres of government with specific air quality management mandates, including the DEA, the Provincial Environmental Management Departments and all Municipalities, exercise their roles and functions by implementing the governance cycle.

3.1.1 The National Department of Environmental Affa irs (DEA) The DEA is the National Lead Agent for environmental management, and hence air quality management, and must therefore provide national norms and standards to ensure coordinated, integrated and cohesive air quality governance. To this end, the NEMAQA provides for a number of the DEA responsibilities within the governance cycle, which is described in Chapter 4 of NEMAQA. However, the national Minister has a number of exclusive air quality management powers as summarised below: In this regard, the Minister must:

• Establish the National Framework; • Identify substances or mixtures of substances in ambient air which, through

ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition or any other way, present a threat to health or well-being or the environment, or which the Minister reasonably believes present such a threat, and the subsequent establishment of National standards for ambient air quality for these substances, and the

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establishment of National emission standards from point and non-point sources for these substances or mixture of substances;

• Prescribe the manner in which ambient air quality measurements must be carried out and reported and the manner in which measurements of emissions from point and non-point sources are carried out and reported;

• Preparing a national AQMP and preparing an annual report providing information on progress regarding the implementation of the AQMP;

• Publish and maintain a national list of activities which result in atmospheric emissions and which the Minister reasonably believes have a detrimental effect on the environment, including health, social, economic and ecological conditions, or cultural heritage, and for establishing minimum emission standards in respect of a substances or mixture of substances resulting from the listed activity;

• Execute the overarching auditing function to ensure that adequate ambient and compliance monitoring occurs nationally;

• Enforce compliance with the NEMAQA, the National Framework and any other relevant legislation;

• Review the impact on air quality of all government policies, strategies, plans, programmes and actions and ensuring that they conform to any other relevant legislation; and

• Ensure that air quality information is accessible to all stakeholders. The Minister may also:

• Establish a National Air Quality Advisory Committee as a subcommittee of the National Environmental Advisory Forum (NEAF), to advise the Minister on the implementation of the NEMAQA;

• Declare an area a National Priority Area if the Minister reasonably believes that ambient air quality standards are being exceeded or are likely to be exceeded, or the area requires specific air quality management action to rectify the situation;

• Prescribe the regulations necessary for implementing and enforcing the approved Priority Area AQMP;

• Declare an appliance or activity as a Controlled Emitter if that appliance or activity results in atmospheric emissions, which through ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition of any other way, presents a threat to health, well-being or the environment, or which the Minister reasonably believes presents such a threat;

• Declare a substance or a mixture of substances, which when used as a fuel in a combustion process, results in atmospheric emissions which through ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition or in any other way, presents a threat to health, well-being or the environment, or which the Minister reasonably believes presents such a threat, as a Controlled Fuel;

• Declare any substance contributing to air pollution as a priority air pollutant;

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• Investigate situations which create, or are anticipated to contribute to air pollution across the Republic’s borders, or air pollution that violates, or is likely to violate, an international agreement binding on the Republic in relation to the prevention, control or correction of pollution and for prescribing measures to prevent, control or correct the emissions within the Republic in consultation with the Cabinet member responsible for foreign affairs; and

• Prescribe measures for the control of dust, noise and offensive odours.

3.1.2 Provincial Environmental Departments Provincial Environmental Departments are the Provincial Lead Agents for environmental management, and hence air quality management, in each province and must therefore provide, where necessary, provincial norms and standards to ensure coordinated, integrated and cohesive air quality governance in the province. As with the DEA, Provincial Departments have a number of responsibilities within the governance cycle, which is described in Chapter 4 of NEMAQA However, each provincial Member of the Executive Committee (MEC) responsible for the environment has a number of exclusive air quality management powers as summarised below: In this regard, the MEC must:

• Designate an officer in the provincial administration as the Provincial Air Quality Officer (AQO) who is responsible for the co-ordination of all air quality related matters in the province;

• Prepare a Provincial AQMP; • Prepare an annual report providing information on progress regarding the

implementation of the AQMP and compliance with the provincial implementation plan;

• Process an application for an Atmospheric Emission Licence (AEL) if the applicant is a Municipality in the province; and

• Review the AQMPs received from Municipalities. The MEC may also:

• Identify substances or mixtures of substances in ambient air, which through ambient concentrations bioaccumulations, deposition or in any other way, present a threat to health, well-being or the environment or which the MEC reasonably believes present such a threat;

• The MEC may in respect of each of those substances establish Provincial standards for ambient air quality for these substances, from point and non-point

26

sources for these substances or mixture of substances if national standards are not sufficiently strict;

• Declare an area as a Provincial Priority Area if the MEC reasonably believes that ambient air quality standards are being exceeded or are likely to be exceeded, or the area requires specific air quality management action to rectify the situation;

• The Province must prepare an AQMP for the area in consultation with the AQOs in the affected Districts or Metropolitan governments and present this plan to the MEC within a stipulated time frame;

• Prescribe the regulations necessary for implementing and enforcing the approved Priority Area AQMP;

• Publish and maintain a provincial list of activities which result in atmospheric emissions and which the MEC reasonably believes have a detrimental effect on the environment, including health, social, economic and ecological conditions, or cultural heritage;

• Establish minimum emission standards in respect of a substance or mixture of substances resulting from the listed activity, if implementing national standards does not achieve the desired improvement in ambient air quality in the province;

• Declare an appliance or activity as a Controlled Emitter if that appliance or activity results in atmospheric emissions, which through ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition or in any other way, presents a threat to health, well-being or the environment, or which the MEC reasonably believes presents such a threat;

• Declare a substance or a mixture of substances, which when used as a fuel in a combustion process, results in atmospheric emissions which through ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition or in any other way, presents a threat to health, well-being or the environment, or which the MEC reasonably believes presents such a threat, as a Controlled Fuel;

• Declare any substance contributing to air pollution as a provincial priority air pollutant;

• Prescribing measures for the control of dust, noise and offensive odours in the province; and

• Establish a programme of public recognition of significant achievement in air pollution prevention in the province.

3.1.3 Municipalities As with the DEA and the Provincial Departments, Municipalities have a number of responsibilities within the governance cycle. However, each Municipality has a number of exclusive air quality management powers as summarised below: In this regard, the Municipality must:

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• Designate a Municipal Air Quality Officer from its administration;

• Develop an AQMP for inclusion in its IDP in accordance with Chapter 5 of the Municipal Systems Act, 2000 (Act No. 32 of 2000); and

• Prepare an annual report including progress regarding the implementation of the AQMP and compliance with the plan.

The Municipality may also:

• Establish local standards for emissions from point, non-point and mobile sources if a Municipality, in terms of its by-laws, identifies a substance or mixture of substances in ambient air, which through ambient concentrations, bioaccumulation, deposition or any other way, presents a threat to health, well-being or the environment, or which the Municipality reasonably believes presents such a threat; and

• Require the appointment of an Emission Control Officer within a given company (Section 48 of NEMAQA), thereby extending the powers of the authority by ensuring that the Emission Control Officer is applying the correct measures to minimise emissions.

In addition, Metropolitan and District Municipalities must:

• Implement the AEL system and carry out the responsibility for performing the functions of the licensing authority as set out in Chapter 5 of the NEMAQA.

3.1.4 Other National Departments There are a number of National Departments that, within their various jurisdictions, have an impact on air quality and, hence, have an interest or responsibility in respect of managing atmospheric emissions within their jurisdiction, as summarised in (Table 3) below. Table 3: National Departments, other than the DEA, that has an interest or responsibility in respect of managing atmospheric emissions within th eir jurisdiction

National Department Examples of interest or responsibility

Department of Minerals and Energy

(DME)

• Dust from mine spoil tailings dumps and other mining operations;

• Emissions resulting from the use of fossil fuels;

• Emissions from mining haul roads;

• Dust from open-cast mining operations; and

• Emissions from fires in coal mines, including abandoned mines.

Department of Health (DoH) • Household fuel burning;

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• Emissions from household products; building materials, furniture, floor

coverings, adhesives, etc.; medical waste treatment plants; and

• Emissions from hospital boilers.

Department of Agriculture (DoA) • Dust from agricultural activities (e.g. ploughing);

• Emissions from stubble burning, sugar cane burning, un-surfaced farm

roads, crop-spraying and burning of fire breaks; and

• The impact of emissions on soil quality (e.g. acidification).

Department of Labour (DoL) • Emissions within the workplace.

Department of Water Affairs (DWA), the

then Department of Water Affairs and

Forestry (DWAF)

• Emissions from veld and forest fires;

• Emissions sinks (e.g. forests as carbon sinks); and

• The impact of emissions on water quality (e.g. acidification).

Department of Transport (DoT) • Emissions from various forms of transport, including vehicle emissions;

and

• Emissions from transport infrastructure construction.

Department of Land Affairs (DoLA) • Emissions from various changes in land-use (e.g. the change from virgin

to agricultural land)

Department of Provincial and Local

Government (DPLG)

• Emissions from national disasters where such emissions occur.

Department of Housing (DoH) • Emission from coal and wood burning, especially in dense, low-income

communities.

Department of Defence (DoD) • Emissions from the use and/or testing of explosives and other weapons.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) • Emissions resulting from technology choices.

3.2 Industry’s Roles and Responsibilities

Emissions from some industries often have a measurable impact on air quality. In this regard, industry too has a responsibility not to impinge on everyone’s right to air that is not harmful to health and well-being. Furthermore, in terms of Section 28 of the NEMA, industries that cause, have caused or may cause significant pollution or degradation of the environment must take reasonable measures to prevent such pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring, or, in so far as such harm to the environment is authorised by law or cannot reasonably be avoided or stopped, to minimise and rectify such pollution or degradation of the environment. In terms of the NEMAQA, certain industries have further responsibilities, including:

• Taking reasonable steps to prevent the emission of any offensive odour caused by any activity on their premises;

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• Compliance with any relevant national standards for emissions from point, non-point or mobile sources in respect of substances or mixtures of substances identified by the Minister, MEC or Municipality;

• Compliance with the measurement requirements of identified emissions from point, non-point or mobile sources and the form in which such measurements must be reported and the Organs of State to whom such measurements must be reported;

• Compliance with relevant emission standards in respect of Controlled Emitters if an activity undertaken by the industry and/or an appliance used by the industry is identified as a Controlled Emitter;

• Compliance with any usage, manufacture or sale and/or emissions standards or prohibitions in respect of Controlled Fuels if such fuels are manufactured, sold or used by the industry;

• Comply with the Minister’s requirement for the implementation of a pollution prevention plan in respect of a substance declared as a priority air pollutant; and

• Comply with an Air Quality Officer’s legal request to submit an atmospheric impact report in a prescribed form.

Furthermore, industries identified as listed activities have further responsibilities, including:

• Submitting an application for an AEL and complying with its provisions;

• Compliance with any minimum emission standards in respect of a substance or mixture of substances identified as resulting from a listed activity; and

• Designate an Emission Control Officer, if required to do so.

3.3 Labour’s Roles and Responsibilities

Workers tend to be in the frontline of pollution problems and exposure to hazardous environments. In response to this, the NEMA protects workers refusing to do environmentally hazardous work by providing that no person is civilly or criminally liable or may be dismissed, disciplined, prejudiced or harassed on account of having refused to perform any work if the person in good faith and reasonably believed at the time of the refusal that the performance of the work would result in an imminent and serious threat to the environment. Additionally, the NEMA also protects ‘whistleblowers’ by providing that no person is civilly or criminally liable or may be dismissed, disciplined, prejudiced or harassed on account of having disclosed any information, if the person in good faith reasonably believed at the time of the disclosure that he or she was disclosing evidence of an environmental risk and the disclosure was made in accordance with certain provisions.

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3.4 The General Public’s Role and Responsibilities

As with industries, in terms of Section 28 of the NEMA, persons that cause, have caused, or may cause pollution or degradation from occurring, continuing or recurring, or, in so far as such harm to the environment is authorised by law or cannot reasonably be avoided or stopped, to minimise and rectify such pollution or degradation of the environment. It can be argued that there is a social responsibility for everyone to actively participate in air quality governance by participating in the development of the regulatory framework for air quality management. In this regard, the NEMAQA provides numerous opportunities to submit to the Minister or MEC written or oral representations on or objections in respect of, for example:

• The National Framework or any amendment to the Framework;

• Ambient air quality standards;

• The declaration of priority areas; • Priority area AQMPs;

• The listing of activities that require and AEL to operate;

• The declaration of Controlled Emitters; • The declaration of Controlled Fuels; and

• Any regulation.

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4 SCOPE OF THE AQMP

4.1 Geographical Setting

The WRDM is located in the west of the Gauteng Province and lies to the north-east of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, to the east of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, to the north of the Bojanala Platinum District Municipality, to the south-west of the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality and to the south-east of the Sedibeng District Municipality (Figure 2). The WRDM consists of four LMs, namely Mogale City, Randfontein, Westonaria and Merafong City, but also includes the District Management Area (DMA) (Figure 2). The District Municipality is thus also considered to be a cross boundary Municipality. Merafong City LM includes areas from both the Gauteng and the North West Provinces within its borders.

4.1.1 Westonaria Local Municipality The Westonaria LM is bordered by the Randfontein LM, the Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality, the Merafong City LM, the Sedibeng District Municipality and the Emfuleni LM. Similar to other Municipalities in the WRDM, Westonaria is classified as a Category B Municipality. The Westonaria LM population decreased from 109 328 people in 2001 to 99 218 in 2007 (Stats SA 2007). The Westonaria area comprises of an area approximately 616 km². It is expected that the population of Westonaria will have increased to approximately 194 440.2 by 20152.

4.1.2 Randfontein Local Municipality Randfontein LM is 477.0290 km2 and is bordered by Mogale City LM and Westonaria LM (Figure 2). According to the 2001 Census results, the population for Randfontein is approximately 92 049 persons. The majority of this population (38%) is made up of those between the ages of 15-34. Those between the ages of 35-64 years, make up 33% of

2 Source: The Distribution Of South Africa’s Population, Economy And Water Usage Into The Long Term Future Department Of Water Affairs and Forestry Directorate: Water Resources Planning & * was obtained from Westonaria Municipality

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the population, with the remainder being made up of the elderly and children under the age of 14.

Figure 2: The West Rand District Municipality Loca lity Map

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The Randfontein LM’s economy centres predominantly on Gold and Uranium mining and textile manufacturing. The Municipality also serves as a processing centre and market for surrounding agricultural areas. The majority of the employment in the Municipality is created by the community services, trade and manufacturing sectors. Mining employs the fourth largest proportion of the population in the Randfontein LM3.

4.1.3 Mogale City Local Municipality Mogale City LM is located to the west of the City of Johannesburg (Figure 2) and covers an area approximately 1110 km2. In terms of the Municipal Demarcation Act, 1998 (Act No. 27 of 1998), the Mogale City LM has been established as a Category B Municipality4. The City consists of a combination of rural and urban areas with a total population of more than 289 000 people. Mogale City is experiencing major development pressures, particularly towards the east and currently does not have capacity to electrify all the new households. This has subsequently resulted in additional indoor air pollution due to fossil fuel burning for cooking, heating and lighting applications.

4.1.4 The District Management Area (DMA) The DMA stretches to the north-eastern parts of the study area (Figure 2). It also forms part of the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site (CoHWHS), which is considered as one of the major economic drivers in the District, particularly on tourism development. The DMA is predominantly rural in character. Approximately 0.3% of the CoHWHS is utilised by industrial, commercial or mining. There is no heavy industry in the CoHWHS. The dominant sector is primarily agriculture, with approximately 70 - 80% of the population currently farmers of some description. A small proportion of the population are living in the economic margins in the informal settlements5.

4.1.5 Merafong City Local Municipality The Merafong City LM is bordered by the Westonaria and Randfontein LMs in the east, Mogale City LM in the north and by the North West Province in the west (Figure 2).

3 According to Randfontein LM, 2005 SoER 4 According to Municipal Demarcation Act, 1998 (Act No. 27 of 1998), Category B Municipalities have the following characteristics:

(a) a collective executive system; (b) a mayoral executive system; and (c) a Municipality with a mayoral executive system combined with a ward participatory system.

5 WRDM Draft IDP 2008 -2009

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Merafong City LM is a cross boundary Category B Municipality consisting of areas from both the Gauteng and the North West Provinces within its borders. According to the 2001 Census, the Merafong City LM has a total population of approximately 210 481, however the most recent information estimates the total population at 215 865 people (Statistics SA, 2007). According to the Merafong City Annual Report of 2007/2008 the City estimates the total population to be 287 607 people. The majority of this population (41%) is made up of those between the ages of 15-34. Those between the ages of 35-64 years comprise 22% of the population with the remainder being made up of the elderly and children under the age of 14. Merafong City LM is the home to the richest and deepest gold mines in the world. The most dominant feature of the Municipality is Gatsrand, which is regarded as the area with the highest potential for conservation and tourism. The majority of the employment within the Municipality is provided by the mining sector (61%), private households and trade.

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5 STATUS QUO ANALYSIS

5.1 Topography

Understanding the topography and climate of the WRDM is essential in terms of delineating the airshed of the area. An airshed is defined as a geographical area that shares the same air mass due to topography, meteorology and/or climate. As such, pollutants emitted into this area may interact or increase in concentration or can be retained for an extended period of time. The greater part of the WRDM has an elevation of between 1 473m and 1 600m above mean seal level (Figure 3). The points of highest elevation are between 1 728m and 1 856m above mean sea level and the lowest points are between 1 217m and 1 345m. The average slope of the area is between 0 and 3% (Figure 4), whereas the areas of highest elevation are concentrated in the central and southern portions of the District. The areas of highest slope (between 3 – 7% and >7%) are located towards the far north and south of the District. The ridges in the north form part of the Magaliesberg Mountain Range, which falls partly within the DMA, while the ridges to the south are located to the south of the town of Westonaria, towards Hillshaven and the N12 and even further south along the R500. Pollutants emitted in the study area may be concentrated in lower lying areas and trapped as a result of climatic conditions (temperature and wind speed and direction) related to seasonal variation.

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Figure 3: West Rand District Municipality Digital Elevation Model

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Figure 4: West Rand District Municipality Slope Ca tegories

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5.2 Meteorology and Climate

5.2.1 Regional Meteorology

Spatial variations and diurnal and seasonal changes in the wind field and atmospheric stability regime are functions of atmospheric processes operating at various temporal and spatial scales (Goldreich and Tyson, 1988). Atmospheric processes at macro- and meso-scales need therefore to be taken into account in order to accurately parameterise the dust generation potential and atmospheric dispersion potential of a particular area. The wind field and the intensity and frequency of occurrence of precipitation represent the most important meteorological parameters influencing the emission, dispersion and deposition of a pollutant. Sufficient meteorological data was available from the SAWS Potchefstroom weather station to provide a good understanding of the surface wind field and rainfall patterns in the region. Hourly average wind data and precipitation data was obtained from the SAWS Potchefstroom weather station.

Surface Wind Field

The erosion and vertical dispersion of dust and other pollutants is a function of the wind field. The wind determines the dust generation potential, the distance of downwind transport, and the rate of dilution of pollutants. The generation of mechanical turbulence is similarly a function of the wind speed, in combination with the surface roughness. Period average and monthly wind roses for the period October 2008 to September 2009 from the SAWS Potchefstroom station are illustrated in (Figure 5).

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Figure 5: Period-average wind rose for the period O ctober 2008 to September 2009, based on wind field data from the S AWS Potchefstroom station.

In the Potchefstroom area, the surface wind field largely reflects the synoptic scale circulation. The northerly wind component associated with the presence of the continental high pressure and the influence of the tropical easterlies during summer and spring months is evident by the increase in airflow from the northerly quadrant. During the winter, light wind with northerly component becomes more prominent. Due to the influence of the local terrain, the wintertime flow regime is predominately characterised by northerly and westerly wind. Gusts are primarily associated with airflow from the north-easterly quadrant, with an increase in the frequency of high wind during spring months. The annual wind roses reveal that by far the most frequent winds were coming from the north sector, and gusts were blowing from those sectors. Secondary winds come from the northwest and east region. October, November 2008 and September 2009, is characterised by strong northerly winds, with gusts reaching over 8.8 m/s being recorded in each month except for March,

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February and April 2009. The strongest northerly winds were in October, November 2008 and September 2009.

Precipitation

Precipitation is important to air pollution studies since it represents an effective removal mechanism for atmospheric pollutants and inhibits dust generation potentials. Rain falls mainly in summer from October to March, with the peak being in November-January. Total monthly rainfall recorded at the SAWS Potchefstroom monitoring station for the period October to September 2009 are compared to long-term average rainfall recorded for the Potchefstroom (SAWS, 2005) in (Figure 6). The October 2008 to September 2009 period experienced a total of 579.1 mm, higher than the long-term average of 470 mm, according to Potchefstroom weather station. January 2009 recorded the highest rainfall at 115 mm.

Potchefstroom Rainfall

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

Rai

nfal

l (m

m)

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Figure 6: Comparison of total monthly rainfall for October 2008 to September 2009 with the long-term average rainfall for Potchefstro om.

41

5.2.2 Local Meteorology

The WRDM is situated in the cool to moderate Highveld region of the Gauteng Province. Average minimum and maximum temperatures recorded at the Mogale City LM weather station (station number 0474456) are 9.3ºC and 22.2ºC, respectively6. The climate is therefore typical of Highveld conditions, with relatively warm to hot summers, fairly high rainfall and moderate to cool winters (with little or no rain). Cycles of prolonged drought, lasting for several years, are a natural phenomenon. Valleys and wetlands are much cooler at night and more prone to frost than higher lying areas. The area experiences thunderstorms, which usually occur in the late afternoons during the summer months. Extreme weather conditions, such as hail and fog, rarely occur within the District. Hail occurs on average 2 days during the year, while fog occurs on average 8 days per annum (WRDM State of The Environment Report, 2005). Average annual precipitation recorded at the Krugersdorp weather station is 736mm, which falls predominantly between October and March, during the summer months. Monthly rainfall ranges from 4mm to 138mm. (Figure 7) illustrates the annual rainfall patterns in the WRDM. The South African Weather Service confirms that meteorological data available with respect to the WRDM reports on temperature, humidity and rainfall values but that the values related to wind speed and direction within the WRDM and its associated LMs are not available. Information received from the Mogale City LM report an average wind velocity during 2007 and the first two months of 2008 of 3.5 and 5.7 m/s, predominantly from the north easterly and north-north easterly directions (Figure 8) with a relative humidity of 51% in 2008. Further investigation during the compilation of the Emission Inventory Report identified a privately owned weather station located within the town of Westonaria that recorded air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, wind direction and wind speed for the period July 2004 to October 2007. This data represents a more continuous dataset compared to the data available from the LMs. Weather data indicated air temperatures ranging between 5oC and 20oC (Figure 9), while wind speeds ranged between 1.5m.s-1 and 7m.s-1 (Figure 10) predominantly in a north-north-westerly direction (Figure 11). Humidity ranged between 40% and 90% (Figure 12).

6 Records were collected from the Mogale City weather stations for the time period 1961 – 1990.

42

Figure 7: Annual Rainfall in the WRDM

43

Figure 8: Meteorological Data for the Mogale City L ocal Municipality - 2007

Strategic Environmental Focus WRDM: AQMP 2010 44

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Figure 11: Wind directions recorded in Westonaria on an hourly basis from June 2006 to October 2007. Values are presented as direction degrees.


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Figure 12: Relative humidity recorded in Westonari a on an hourly basis from June 2006 to October 2007. Values are presented as moving averages .

5.3 Evaluation of Air Quality Information Based on Available Data

One of the major stumbling blocks encountered during the compilation of the Status Quo Report (SQR) is poor and often lacking air quality data. There is little quantitative data available for the WRDM and what quantitative data is available in terms of the ambient air quality has not been forthcoming from the DM, either through a lack of capacity to report on the data, faulty infrastructure and/or a lack of interest in the compilation of the AQMP to date.

Two air quality monitoring stations exist within the WRDM, one in the Mogale City LM and one in the Randfontein LM (Figure 13). GDACE donated seven air quality monitoring stations to various municipalities in 2004, including the Mogale City and Randfontein stations. Both stations are point analysers.


Figure 13: The Randfontein Air Quality Monitoring Station

It was highlighted at the Steering Committee meeting (of 05 February 2009) for the development of the AQMP for the WRDM, that there is no air quality data available for the DMA and that the air quality monitoring station in the Mogale City LM is not operational. It was also noted that the air conditioner in the monitoring station in the Randfontein LM is not working and as a result the analysers cannot be switched on. It was also emphasised that the Westonaria LM does not have an air quality monitoring station and that the most reliable air quality data would be that sourced from the Goldfields Mine. The Steering Committee meeting (of 13 January 2010) highlighted that no official air quality and meteorological monitoring stations exist with the Merafong City LM. It was recommended that air quality and meteorological data for the Merafong City LM be sourced from the industries and mines within the municipality. Meteorological data was received for the Mogale City LM for the periods January to December 2007 and 2008. As mentioned above, limited meteorological data is available from the South African Weather Service. Data from various sources, such as mines and industry within Merafong City LM has also been received. This section will therefore mainly report on the air quality information contained within the SoER, Municipal Policies and Development Frameworks and to a lesser extent on the information related to empirical air quality information from monitoring stations within the WRDM.


5.3.1 Gauteng State of the Environment Report Gauteng has the highest population density, highest concentration of industries, largest vehicle population, a very stable and well-defined inversion layer during winter, which in combination result in very high levels of pollution during the winter months. In contrast, during summer, whilst the sources of air pollution are largely in place except for a reduction in domestic coal usage, the increase in summer rainfall and change in wind patterns results in relatively lower levels of air pollution. Air pollution levels are highest in areas where coal is used as a primary domestic energy source, heavy industrialised areas and areas along the main traffic routes. The increasing use of roads for the transportation of passengers and goods, instead of mass transport systems, will add to the existing pollution load. Although there is limited data, the available literature indicates the incidence of respiratory illnesses is either caused or exacerbated by poor air quality. It should be emphasised that this is the major air quality issue in Gauteng, and it needs to be urgently addressed.

5.3.2 Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development The Gauteng Strategy for Sustainable Development reports that much development has taken place over the past three decades, but there remain many urgent challenges for sustainable development, such as extreme poverty and unemployment, political instability, environmental deterioration, population growth, and HIV/AIDS. The following challenges to sustainable development in terms of air quality management have been highlighted by the report:

• Despite a good policy and legislative framework, there is a continuing ad hoc approach to sustainable development issues;

• Limited intergovernmental communication and relations in decision-making processes, and the need to build human resource and skills capacity within Gauteng’s institutional environment;

• In contrast to the well-resourced Metropolitan areas there are less well resourced Districts;

• Implementation of legislation, the lack of monitoring and evaluation of systems, and integration monitoring efforts;

• Lack of integration of policies and initiatives in the Province, and the implementation of such initiatives not sufficiently contributing to sustainable development in the Province;

• The mismatch between available skills and economy within the Gauteng economy;


• Gauteng’s large ecological footprint, thus reducing the vulnerability of the economy to changes in the external environment and relations;

• Uneven distribution of wealth, education, health care, energy, waste services, housing, water and sanitation facilities in the Province, coupled with the proximity of many residential areas to unhealthy/ hazardous areas, which has resulted in health and safety risks to communities and potential degradation and pollution risks to sensitive environments;

• Reliance on non-renewable resources for energy production and the lack of viable energy alternatives;

• Reliance on private modes of transport (i.e. cars) and the need to improve accessibility to an affordable, integrated public transport system;

• Pollution levels and high volumes of waste produced within the Province;

• Air pollution (with Johannesburg being rated fifth worst in the world); • Financial constraints for the implementation of sustainable development

initiatives and the meeting of sustainable development targets; and

• Understanding of the principle of sustainable development.

5.4 Municipal Policies and Development Frameworks

5.4.1 West Rand District Municipality

2005 State of the Environment Report7 (SoER)

The WRDM, with financial aid from the Development Bank of South Africa (DBSA), has undertaken a SoER for its jurisdictional area. SoERs provide information on the current state of the environment of a particular area, making them effective tools used to monitor and assess changes in the environment and to plan for effective environmental management (DEAT, 2001). The SoER confirmed that until 2005 there was no air quality monitoring network within the WRDM but a sophisticated ambient air monitoring station had been installed at the Leratong Hospital in Kagiso in Mogale City. Another ambient air monitoring station was operational in the Randfontein municipal area. However, due to the lack of comparative data, an assessment on the ambient air quality in the area could not be done. According to the report it was expected that airborne concentrations of particulate concentrations and dust fallout will be the main concern in this area originating from exposed or partially exposed tailings dams, unpaved roads, mining and industrial activities, such as crushing and screening, material handling, temporary storage piles, as well as other sources, such as biomass (veld) burning and informal biomass or refuse burning.

7 West Rand District Municipality 2005 State of Environment Report


Other pollutant concentrations such as ground level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were found to be present at elevated levels in other areas. O3 and NO2 were found to occur in close proximity to busy roadways yet do not exceed guidelines in other studies. Ambient SO2 concentrations have been found to exceed SA guidelines in industrial areas. Emissions of HAPs, including various toxins, teratogens, mutagens and carcinogens are frequently associated with waste disposal facility operations and certain industrial activities. No data on the concentrations of HAPs were available for the WRDM.

5.4.2 Mogale City Local Municipality Mogale City Integrated Development Plan (IDP) 2008/09 Mogale City IDP identifies the following key challenges with regards to air quality management:

• Dust fall-out from mines and related health impacts; • Radiation and contamination of soil, air and water: impacts on ecosystems and

humans; and

• The impact of climate change on the LM.

2003 Spatial Development Framework8 (SDF)

The 2003 Mogale City SDF provides guidelines for spatial planning development in the Municipality. The SDF comprises of a SQR which outlines the spatial development opportunities and constraints. The Municipal SDF deals with the following, strategic issues (among others): proposed casino development, urban renewal, urbanisation boundary, Cosmo City, formal housing and land acquisition, mining land, urban integration, rural development, nodal development and public transportation. The Gauteng Spatial Development Framework (GSDF) of 2000 has a significant impact on development, especially in the semi-rural and rural areas to the north and northeast of the primary node of Mogale City. The GSDF neglected major development trends in the Muldersdrift area, currently experiencing major urbanisation pressures. Mogale City has appointed consultants to update its SDF to reflect current developments. The aim of the Mogale City SDF is to guide spatial development in line with new strategies for the Municipality. Of relevance to this study is the impact of future spatial planning and

8 Mogale City 2003 Spatial Development Framework


development and implications to air quality i.e. reduction in fossil fuel use due to electrification of households and the proclamation of defunct mine townships resulting in proper rehabilitation of mining areas.


Mogale City compiled its first SoER in 2003. The report outlines information on the state of the biophysical, built environment and socio-economic environment and management responses geared towards achieving greater sustainability within the Municipality. Of importance to this study is that the report provides the following air quality management recommendations:

• An air pollution-monitoring network needs to be established, involving the major role-players, including the community;

• A detailed air pollution management strategy needs to be developed for Mogale City LM;

• An education and awareness campaign, focusing on the causes and effects, as well as the minimisation of air pollution, needs to be conducted;

• Indigenous natural vegetation needs to be preserved and/or re-established in the urban open space area, to prevent dust pollution and assist in purifying the air;

• Land use planning should take cognisance of waste sources, such as industrial areas, and special care should be taken where human settlements are in close proximity of industrial areas. In situations where this currently occurs, air quality should be monitored and publicised;

• Avoid any residential settlements adjacent to major roads;

• Develop a clean burning fuel and alternative energy programme for Kagiso, Munsieville and all the informal settlements in the area, in order to reduce air pollution in the communities (refer to programmes such as those run by Sustainable Energy);

• Sustainable Energy, Environment and Development Programme (SEEDP), a research and training programme aiming at the development of skills and awareness in the field of clean energy supply; and

• Develop and improve the effectiveness of the public transport systems and cycling lanes in Mogale City LM.

This AQMP will reflect, among other issues, progress made in implementing the recommendations made in the SoER.

2003 Environmental Management Framework10 (EMF)

9 Mogale City 2003 State of Environment Report 10 Mogale City 2003 Environmental Management Framework


Mogale City has a rich natural, cultural and international heritage worth conserving for future generations allowing great opportunities for tourism in the area. Of importance to the Municipality is its location in relation to the Swartkop Mountains, Crocodile River catchment and a range of conservation areas that are formally designated and protected. These include the Magaliesberg Protected Natural Environment, the Kings Kloof Natural Heritage Site, and the Cradle of Mankind World Heritage Site. The Sterkfontein Caves are one of the most important fossil sites in the world. The Municipality developed its EMF in 2003. This was mainly as a response to development pressures that threaten to compromise the environmental integrity of the Municipality. The Mogale City EMF is a decision support tool that aims to pro-actively identify areas of potential conflict between development proposals and critical/ sensitive environments. It provides the Municipality with a point of departure not only for assessing development applications but, at a larger scale, the opportunity to incorporate various environmental provisions into policies. The EMF also provides detailed management guidelines to ensure that development takes place in a sustainable manner. The EMF, however, did not provide a detailed assessment of air quality management in the Municipality and some of the development pressures associated with it.

5.4.3 District Management Area

2005 State of Environment Report11 (SoER)

The DMA is predominantly rural in nature. The main intended use of the area is nature-based tourism, with the CoHWHS being the main tourism driver. Mining and quarrying are also practiced in the area. The first SoER for the CoHWHS was developed in 2005. The CoHWHS falls within the jurisdictional area of the WRDM, but is also managed by GDARD.The land that comprises the CoHWHS is largely privately owned. Approximately 14 600 people live in the area, i.e. about 1% of total population in WRDM. The report outlines the status quo and a situation analysis of the biophysical, heritage and socio-economic issues. It also established a baseline for the indicators from which monitoring of various issues can take place in the future. Environmental Management Framework (EMF)

11 Mogale City, 2003 Cradle of Humankind State of Environment Report


The District Management Authority has recently (2008) appointed consultants to prepare an EMF for the CoHWHS, including its recently proclaimed buffer zone which extends to the northern parts of Mogale City LM earmarked for future developments. The aim of the EMF will be to guide developments in and around the CoHWHS.

5.4.4 Randfontein Local Municipality


The 2005 SoER noted that the Randfontein LM is committed to improving the quality of life of all its inhabitants through sustainable development. Therefore the Municipality set out to establish a baseline for the indicators from which monitoring of various issues can take place in the future. 2002 Spatial Development Framework (SDF) In response to the fragmented spatial pattern of the Municipality, the Randfontein LM developed a SDF. The Randfontein SDF is based on the following guiding principles and trends:

• The diversified nature of urban development;

• The presence of unsuitable geotechnical conditions which hamper spontaneous urban development;

• Land ownership which is primarily vested with mining / private landowners; • Large land areas which relate to agricultural development;

• The relatively poor accessibility to and from Randfontein;

• The lack of diversified economic conditions; • Large rural residential areas which hamper spontaneous development;

• The huge housing backlogs; and

• Sensitive environment areas.

9 Randfontein 2005 State of Environment Report


5.4.5 Westonaria Local Municipality 2005 State of the Environment Report13 (SoER) The report outlines information on the state of the biophysical, built environment and socio-economic environment and management responses geared towards achieving greater sustainability within the Municipality. 2005 Spatial Development Framework (SDF) The Westonaria LM SDF conforms to the general principles for spatial development outlined in the Development Facilitation Act, 1995 (Act No. 67 of 1995). The principles are as follows:

• To promote the integration of the social, economic, institutional and physical aspects of land development;

• To promote integrated land development in rural and urban areas in support of each other;

• To promote the availability of residential and employment opportunities in close proximity to or integrated with each other;

• To optimise the use of existing resources including such resources relating to agriculture, minerals, bulk infrastructure, roads, transport and social facilities;

• To promote a diverse combination of land uses, also at the level of individual erven or subdivision of land;

• To contribute to the correction of the historically distorted spatial pattern of settlement in South Africa and to the optimum use of existing infrastructure; and

• To encourage environmentally sustainable land development practises and processes.

5.4.6 Merafong City Local Municipality

2005 State of the Environment Report (SoER) The Merafong CLM, with financial aid from the WRDM and the DBSA undertook a SoER for its jurisdictional area. The report outlines information on the state of the biophysical, built environment and socio-economic environment and management responses geared towards achieving

10 Westonaria 2005 State of Environment Report


greater sustainability within the Municipality. Of importance to this study is that the report provides the following recommendations pertaining to the atmosphere and the climate:

• Develop an AQMP that will include inter alia the inventory and proposed control measures of:

o Significant sources of atmospheric emissions; o Greenhouse gas emissions; o Ozone depleting substances; and o Emissions from industrial and mining operations.

• Develop climate change adaptation strategies (e.g. drought relief programmes and early warning systems);

• Reduce health risks and welfare impacts through air quality management planning;

• Increase the use of renewable energy;

• Stipulate future of emission reduction programmes for significant sources of atmospheric emissions;

• Improve public transportation and spatial planning so as to reduce traffic volumes and travel times; and

• Phase out all lead in petrol.

2005 Spatial Development Framework (SDF)

The Merafong SDF conforms to the general principles for spatial development outlined in the Development Facilitation Act, 1995 (Act No. 67 of 1995). The SDF provides direction for future planning and development within the Municipality. The City’s SDF serves as an input into the IDP and concentrates on the spatial aspects of development, and planning. The following development activities were achieved in the Merafong SDF:

• Compilation of a land use map for the municipal area;

• Analysis of development needs in terms of municipal and transport infrastructure, social amenities, housing, local development and conservation;

• Drafting of a Development Concept that illustrated proposed nodes, corridors and urban linkages;

• Development proposals were made that dealt with issues such as infill development, corridor development and integration of land use and public transportation, and the criteria for the provision of social amenities and economic infrastructure in an equitable and viable manner;

• The development proposals were based on the Land Use Budget, which calculated the land use need up to the year 2015 for social facilities, economic activities and residential expansion;


• The SDF reported that Merafong City will expand by 2500 ha during the 2005 – 2015 period, with Carletonville, Khotsong, Kokosi and Wedela accommodating most of the expansion;

• The report indicates that Khutsong Township has the greatest housing need at 59% up to 2015. The development of new townships between Welvediend and Carletonville for the relocation of Khutsong people is underway; and

• The report noted that growth in the industrial and commercial sector is very low and stable within the Merafong City.

The following recommendations related to air quality were made in the SDF:

• Development of a land use and transportation integration plan;

• Establishment of a Dolomitic Risk Management Strategy. Parts of Merafong City are located in geographically unsafe, dolomitic condition, areas;

• Proclamation of the following mine settlements through the township establishment process; Deelkraal mine, Driefontein Mine, East village and West village;

• Realignment of Road D1648 for the Carletonville – Wedela corridor;

• Establishment of Formal Bus and Taxi ranks in Carletonville, Driefontein Mine, Depan and Klipdrif;

• Re-instating commuter railway line use to run between Carletonville and Johannesburg;

• Implementation of short to medium economic strategies that seek to diversify the economy with a gradual shift from the mining sector (primary contributor to the local economy); and

• Establishment of rehabilitation and environmental control systems in the mines. 2009 North West Provincial SDF The North West Provincial SDF proposes the following for the spatial development of Merafong City:

• The Treasure SDI (N12 freeway) is seen as a major communication axis and should be considered a priority development zone;

• The region south of the N12 is considered an intensive agricultural zone located on prime agricultural land; and

• The southern reaches of the municipal area has tourism and recreational development potential.


2009 North West Air Quality Management Plan The North West Province developed an AQMP in 2009 to achieve the following overarching goals:

• Goal 1: To develop and maintain institutional arrangements that support sound air quality management and governance in the Province;

• Goal 2: To reduce the negative impact of poor air quality on human health and the environment;

• Goal 3: To reduce impacts of fossil fuels in residential applications;

• Goal 4: To address the effects of emissions from industrial sources;

• Goal 5: To quantify and reduce transport air emissions within the Province; and • Goal 6: To ensure effective communication and public participation in pursuant to

legal requirements. The report outlines amongst other things the main sources of pollution as well as the key findings of emission inventory that was undertaken for the North West Province. The main sources of pollution that were identified within Merafong City are presented in (Table 4). Table 4: Sources of Air Pollution within the Meraf ong City Local Municipality

Source Name Source Description Operational Yes/ No

Comments

Bulk Mining Explosives Explosives Yes Permitted

Hamony Gold Yes Tailing dams, dust complaints

Mponeng Gold Yes

DRD Gold Yes Tailing dams, dust complaints

Tautona Gold Yes

Anglogold Ashanti Gold Yes

Goldfield Mine Gold Yes Tailing dams, dust complaints

Explosive factory (near Joshville Losberg) Dynamite Yes

Small Industrial operations

Fochville Abattoir Cattle & sheep Yes

Electroplating

Sand Blasting Rooipoort Burning rubber pipes

Spray painting

Brickworks

Brick Manufacturers -Corobrick Yes

Informal Settlements (Domestic Fuel Burning area)

Khutsong, Kokosi, Greens Park, Wedela, Welverdiend, Freischlich farm, Moolman farm, Steeinveld farm, Leslie Wiliiams Hospitals, many more

Coal burning; Wood burning; Paraffin; Gas; Dust; Tyre Burning; Refuse burning

Main Roads


N12, R500, & R54

Landfills

Carltonville (Rooipoort) G:M:B permitted Yes

Foschville G:C:B permitted No Closed down in 2008

Medical Waste incinerators - NONE

The North West AQMP reported that ambient monitoring data was restricted to the main industrial areas (i.e. Brits and Rustenburg) in the Bojanala Platinum District and Klerksdorp in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality. No ambient data existed for Merafong City and other industrial, mining and rural areas.

5.5 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Data

5.5.1 Mogale City Local Municipality Data related to the levels of criteria pollutants measured during 2007 were received from the Mogale City LM (Figure 14). The Mogale City Air Quality monitoring station was not in operation throughout the study period. The station was only repaired in May 2010 and the data was not available for inclusion in this report. The criteria pollutants reported on

are SO2, NOx, CO, O3 and PM10.

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CO has hourly average concentration of 0.6ppm with a constant distribution throughout the year. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard for CO hourly averaging period is 26 ppm. NO2 and NOx have hourly average concentrations of 53 ppb and 57 ppb, respectively with the highest values measured during the period June 2007 – August 2007. The National Ambient Air Quality Standard of 106 ppb hourly averaging period for NO2 was not exceeded. NO has an average value of 7.4 ppb and a constant distribution throughout the year. O3 has an 8 hourly average value of 19.17 ppb with the highest concentrations measured in March/ April of 2007 and August 2007. Again the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for 8 hourly averaging period of 61 ppb was not exceeded at the Mogale City monitoring station. There was no data available for PM10 from April 2007 to December 2007..

5.5.2 Merafong City Local Municipality During 2009, Durban Roodepoort Deep Gold (DRDGOLD) mine engaged an external consultant to undertake its first GHG emissions benchmarking exercise, related to scope 1 (direct) and scope 2 (indirect). The emissions summary of the GHG emissions recorded is shown in (Table 5). Direct emissions of CO2 by DRDGOLD include all the emissions from liquid and waxy fuel consumed on site, excluding travel kilometres claimed by employees. By far the greatest contributor to this is the diesel used by the operations. Indirect CO2 refers to emissions generated in the production of the electricity that DRDGOLD consumes. DRDGOLD sources its electricity from Eskom and this is generated almost entirely from fossil fuels (coal). Emissions of NOx and SO2 primarily reflect direct and indirect emissions from diesel and electricity.. Table 5: Summary of Emissions at DRDGOLD for 2009

Measure Unit Blyvooruitzigch DRD Total

Direct CO2 emissions tonnes 5764 468 6232

Indirect CO2 emissions tonnes 486 008 9 478 495 488

Travel emissions tonnes 739 -(1) 739

Total CO2 emissions tonnes 492 511 9 945 502 456

NOX emissions(2) tonnes 1 889 47 1936

SOX emissions (2) tonnes 3 527 69 3 596

SO2 emissions tonnes 0 0 0

Carbon monoxide emissions tonnes 24 3 27

Methane emissions tonnes 0 0 0

Particulate emissions(2) tonnes 101 3 104

(1) No data

(2) Include some Eskom emissions which would count as indirect emissions

Source: DRDGOLD Sustainable Development Report 2009


5.6 Dust Fall-Out Data

Dust deposition is measured in the ambient environment during monitoring exercises. It is not possible to accurately measure the amount of dust liberated from a point source due to the variability of the factors that influence the intensity of dust liberation. These factors include soil moisture, wind speed, vegetation cover etc. all of which are site specific.

The WRDM area has been intensively mined and disturbed in some areas. These mining activities have left the legacy of waste dumps, some of which have been covered by vegetation while others are still exposed to wind and water erosion. Depending on the season and wind conditions, un-vegetated areas, uncovered mine dumps and paved areas within the WRDM contributes significantly to dust liberation in the area. Dust monitoring is conducted by mines and industries within the WRDM and some of the results shown below, which have been provided for this inventory was incorporated into the SQR generated as part of this study.

Dust emissions pose a nuisance and health risk to nearby receptor communities. During 2008 (see Table 6 below) 2234 cases of pneumonia in individuals under 5 years, 1016 asthma visits in individuals under 18 years and 979 asthma visits in individuals 18 years and older were reported in the WRDM. Table 6: Cases of dust related illness reported in the WRDM

Sum of Entry number Data period

Sort O

Date of entry

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Grand Total

2008 130 157 208 137 160 236 164 166 215 192 339 130 2243 36 Pneumonia under 5 years – new ambulatory

2009 157 157

2008 105 65 71 70 76 122 82 104 89 90 80 62 1016 84 Asthma visit under 18 years

2009 68 68

2008 835 898 825 864 856 875 958 1030 748 870 770 618 10147 85 Asthma visit 18 years and older

2009 979 979

Grand Total 2274 1120 1104 1071 1092 1233 1204 1300 1052 1152 1189 810 14601

The dust fall-out standards from Standards South Africa are shown in the (Table 7) below (SANS 1929:2005).


Table 7: Dust fall-out standards

Dust Deposition

Pollutant Band Description Label mg.m-2.day-1, 30 day

average Comment

Residential 600 -

Industrial 600 – 1200 -

Action 1200 – 2400

Action if deposition is in this

range for two consecutive

months

Dust deposition

Alert >2400 Immediate Action

5.6.1 Westonaria LM – Mining dust fall-out data

Kloof Gold Mine DustWatches The DustWatches installed and reported on in the Kloof Gold Mine DustWatch report are located in the following areas:

• Venterspost Primary School;

• KLF #5; • KLF #6;

• Bekkersdal Community Clinic;

• Westonaria Municipal Offices; • Hills Haven Primary School;

• Maturation Plant;

• KLF 7# MP; and • KLF 4#.

For the 7 January to 23 March and 25 March to 14 June 2008 dust monitoring periods all the Dustwatch monitoring sites for Kloof Gold mine recorded dustfall out levels that were within the RESIDENTIAL guideline with KLF 7 MP unit having the highest rate at 585 mg/m2/day (Figure 15). During the September 2008 dust monitoring period, the Bekkersdal Community Clinic, Westonaria Municipal Offices, KLF # 7 MP and KLF 4# DustWatch units recorded dustfall levels that were within the INDUSTRIAL guideline (Figure 15). This significant increase in dust levels recorded at KLF # 7 MP during the September monitoring period warrants an investigation.


Kloof Gold Mine Dust Monitoring

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7Jan-23 March 08 28 Mar-14 Jun 08 Sep-08

Figure 15: Dust fall rates recorded by Kloof Gold Mine DustWatches during the January-September 2008 monitoring period.

5.6.2 Merafong City – Mining dust fall-out data Current ambient monitoring data is restricted to the main mining areas in Merafong City. Monitoring is restricted to dust fall-out data. No ambient data exist for Merafong City’s industrial and rural areas. Data relating to levels of dust fall in the Merafong City were obtained from DRDGOLD, Anglo Ashanti West Wits, Cluster Holdings, Goldfields and Corobrick. Dust is monitored at 312 monitoring points at DRD Blyvooruitzigch operations. DRDGOLD dust fall-out monitoring Results of the monitoring points managed by DRDGOLD are illustrated in (Table 8). Table 8: Results from DRDGOLD monitoring points

Operation Points monitored

Number of exceedences

Exceedences as percentage of

total

Exceedences as percentage of

total

Year 2009 2009 2009 2008

Blyvooruitzigch 60 - - -

DRD 312 77 25 10

The following mitigation measures are carried out at DRD to reduce dust:

• The use of vegetation where this is possible;

• Watering down of active faces and areas; and

RESIDENTIAL

INDUSTRIAL

SANS 1929


• Rock cladding where necessary.

DRD had a poor performance during 2009 mainly as a result of dust from the 2L24 complex. Vegetation growth was stopped on this dam because it was earmarked for future mining by Mintails SA. All surface slimes dams and sand and rock dumps have been sold to this company which is now responsible for controlling and managing these sites, including the sampling and monitoring of dust.

AngloGold Ashanti dust fall-out monitoring AngloGold Ashanti installed a network of dust monitors in the West Wits region that have been in operation since March 2004. Site numbers and site descriptions of the dust buckets and dust watches and dates when sites were commissioned are shown in (Table 9). Table 9: AngloGold West Wits dust monitoring netwo rk site descriptions

SINGLE BUCKET SITES

Site name Site name Site description

Date commissioned

Lesley Williams Private Hospital AWW01 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

AngloGold Hospital AWW02 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

Elandrand Hostel Station (Gold) AWW03 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

Harmony Hostel AWW04 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

Southdene Village AWW05 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

Envirogreen Sewage Plant AWW06 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

Wedela Recreation Center AWW07 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

Engineering Training Center AWW08 Residential Commissioned : 19 March 2004

DUSTWATCH SITES

Sewage Works Dustwatch DW1 Industrial 22 April 2004

Training Center Dustwatch DW2 Residential 26 July 2005

Southdene Dustwatch DW3 Residential 26 July 2005

(Figure 16) shows the dust fall rates that were recorded at the Single Bucket and Dustwatch monitoring sites for the January 2006 to December 2008 period. All eight single bucket and three Dustwatch monitoring sites were within the SANS targets of 300mg/m2/day and thus regarded satisfactory.


ANGLOGOLD ASHANTI WEST WITS DUST MONITONG

0

300

600

AWW

01

AWW

02

AWW

03

AWW

04

AWW

05

AWW

06

AWW

07

AWW

08DW

1DW

2DW

3

Residential

Dus

tfal

l (m

g/m

2 /da

y)

2006 2007 2008

Figure 16: Dust fall rates recorded by single buck ets during the January-December 2006 to 2008 monitoring period. During the January-December 2008 monitoring period, dust deposition rates for 98% of all samples collected were classified to be in the RESIDENTIAL range, while there were no occurrences of INDUSTRIAL, ACTION or ALERT dust fall. With regard to temporal averaged dust fall, no incident of INDUSTRIAL, ACTION or ALERT dust fall were recorded during the entire 2007 annual monitoring period. Regarding period-averaged dust fall, Site 1 (Lesley Williams Private Hospital) recorded dust fall above SANS annual target of 300mg/m2/day. The remaining monitoring sites recorded dust fall below the SANS annual target. Overall the sites complied with the SANS standards, as there were no ACTION and ALERT dust fall rates recorded, and the INDUSTRIAL dust fall did not occur for two consecutive months or for more than three months over a twelve month period. During the January to December 2006 monitoring period, there were no ACTION or ALERT dust falls recorded. RESIDENTIAL and INDUSTRIAL dust fall were observed for 88% and 7% of the time, respectively. Temporal averaged monthly dust fall rates for the period January-December 2006 were within the RESIDENTIAL range. There were no episodes of ALERT, ACTION or INDUSTRIAL dust fall rates. All the monitoring stations experienced period-averaged dust fall rates within the RESIDENTIAL threshold, which are well within the SANS target of 300mg/m2/day except Site 1 (Lesley Williams Private Hospital) which exceeded the SANS target. Goldfields-West Driefontein Mine dust fall-out monitoring

SANS 1929


Goldfields-West Driefontein Mine installed and operates a network of DustWatches for precipitant dust monitoring as shown in (Table 10) below. Table 10: Goldfields-West Driefontein Mine dust mo nitoring network

DUSTWATCHES

Carletonville 1(Opposite settlement ponds) CARL1

Carletonville 2 (Central Carletonville) CARL2

Letsatsing LETSA

West Village WEST

Phomolong PHOM

East Village EAST

Informal Settlement INFO

Lesle Williams Hospital LESLIE

Blybank BLY

Bently Park BENT

The dust fall average rates that were recorded at the Goldfields Driefontein Gold Mine DustWatch monitoring sites for the period 11 January to 10 February 2010 period are shown in (Figure 17).

GOLDFIELDS DRIEFONTEIN GOLD MINE DUST MONITORING

0

300

600

900

1200

CARL1 CARL2 LETSA WEST PHOM EAST INFO LESLIE BLY BENT

Residential

mg/

m2 /

day

Jan-10 Feb-10 Figure 17: Dust fall average rates recorded by the Goldfields Driefontein Gold Mine DustWatches during the January to February 201 0 monitoring period

The fallout dust results from the Carletonville (opposite settlement ponds), Carletonville 2 (Central Carletonville), West Village and Letsatsing DustWatch units remained low in this period with all of the results being well within the SANS targets of 300mg/m2/day.

SANS 1929

RESIDENTIAL

INDUSTRIAL


During the January 2010 monitoring period the Phomolong DustWatch unit recorded dust fall out rates that were below the RESDENTIAL action level of 600mg/m2/day but increased in February 2010 to exceed the INDUSTRIAL action level of 1200mg/m2/day (Figure 17). The reason for the increase in the fallout dust levels needs to be investigated. The East Village and the Informal Settlement DustWatch units did not yield any results in this period because the units were vandalised. The Leslie Williams Hospital, Blybank and Bently Park Dustwatch monitoring sites recorded dust fall rates that were within the SANS targets of 300mg/m2/day for the monitoring period and thus regarded satisfactory. Blyvooruitzitcht Durban Roodepoort Deep (DRD) dust fall-out monitoring The dust monitoring network for Blyvooruitztcht DRD comprises of 5 single bucket fallout monitors. Site descriptions and site numbers of the dust buckets are given in (Table 11) Table 11: The Blyvooruitztcht DRD monitoring networ k: Site description and site number

Site Description Site number Commission date Site Classification

Regional office BLY 01 27 October 2005 Residential

Recreational club BLY 02 27 October 2005 Residential

2 shaft BLY 03 27 October 2005 Residential

Doornfontein club BLY 04 27 October 2005 Residential

5 shaft cooling plant BLY 05 27 October 2005 Residential

No sites recorded annual-average dustfall rates within the ACTION, ALERT and INDUSTRIAL threshold. None of the sites exceeded the SANS annual target of 300 mg/m2/day. Site BLY 03 (2 Shaft) recorded the highest annual average rate at 168 mg/m2/day, and site BLY 04 (Doornfontein club) recorded the lowest rates at 53 mg/m2/day (see Figure 18). All the sites recorded annual average within the SANS annual target of 300 mg/m2/day and complied to the SANS standards.


BLYVOORUITZITCH DRD DUST MONITORING

0

100

200

300

BLY 01 BLY 02 BLY 03 BLY 04 BLY 05

October 2008 to September 2009m

g/m

2 /day

Figure 18: Dust fall-out average rates recorded by the Blyvooruitztcht DRD single buckets dust monitors during the October 2008 to Se ptember 2009 monitoring period Harmony Gold Elandsrand dust fall-out monitoring The Harmony Gold Elandsrand dust monitoring networks is located in the Elandsrand and Deelkraal area. The site description and position numbers are shown in (Table 12) Table 12: The Harmony Gold Elandsrand monitoring ne twork: Site description and site number

Position number Description Indicator

DK1 Deelkraal main office complex Receptor ex Deelkraal slimes dam

DK2 Deelkrall sewage works Receptor ex Deelkraal slimes dam

ER3 Elandsrand shaft office complex Source – dust ex neighbouring mines

ER4 SE of Elandsrand slimes dam Receptor ex Elandsrand slimes dam

ER5 Anglo store Source – dust ex Deelkraal slimes dam

During the February 2009 to January 2010 all the Harmony Gold Elandsrand monitoring sites recorded dustfall rates below the RESIDENTIAL threshold limit of 600 mg/m2/day. All the monitoring sites during February 2010 recorded elevated dustfall levels at INDUSTRIAL threshold and this warrants an investigation (See Figure 19)

SANS 1929


HARMONY GOLD DUST MONITORING

0

300

600

900

1200

Mar-09

Apr-09

May-09

Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09

Sep-09

Oct-09 Nov-09

Dec-09

Jan-10 Feb-10

Mar-10

2009 - 2010

mg/

m2 /

day

DK1

DK2

ER3

ER4

ER5

Figure 19: Dust fall-out average rates recorded by the Harmony Gold Elandsrand Mine single buckets dust monitors during the Februa ry 2009 to January 2010 monitoring period Respirable dust Respirable dust fraction is dust that enters the ‘deep lungs’ and is considered to be less than 10 µm. The level to which a worker can be believed to be exposed to respirable dust at work day after day is measured as Threshold Limit Value (TLV). The TLV can be defined as Time Weighed Average (TWA) exposure on the basis of 8 hour day work Schedule. The legal limit value for TWA is 10 mg/m3 per 8 hour day work. The two bricks manufacturing plants Corobrik Driefontein Factory and the Cluster holdings who made their TLV results available recorded respirable dust below the legal limit. (See Figure 20 and Figure 21)

SANS 1929

RESIDENTIAL

INDUSTRIAL


CLUSTER HOLDINGS DUST MONITORING

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

HEG1 HEG2

mg/

m3 /

8hr

2006 2007 2008 2009

Figure 20: Time Weighed Average limit for respirab le dust recorded by the Cluster Holdings during 2006 – 2009 dust sampling period

Corobrik Driefontein Factory Dust Monitoring

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

HEG 1 HEG 2 HEG 3 HEG 4

mg/

m3 /

8hr

Figure 21: Time Weighed Average limit for respirabl e dust recorded by the Corobrik Driefontein factory January 2009 to June 2 009 The Single Bucket and DustWatch report makes the following recommendations with respect to dust generation and monitoring in the area:

• The control of fall-out dust is highly dependent on awareness and common sense, especially for the people working in areas that can cause a lot of dust;


• Recommends that awareness be generated in the relevant meetings (contractors included), so that people can start to consider factors that might result in dust being generated; and

• Some of the factors, among others, that could be considered are: o Wind velocity; o Wind direction; o Vehicle velocity; o Wetting down of stockpiled material; o Positioning of material; and o Wetting down of roads with heavy traffic.

5.7 Key Sources Identified to Date

Information received from the WRDM and LMs as well as a Geographic Information System (GIS) Scan conducted by SEF highlighted a number of key industries and mines in the area. .

WRDM has a wide variety of industrial operation, each of which differs in the types and quantities of pollutants released to the atmosphere. A list of industries identified for each LM is attached in Appendix 3. Potentially, the most polluting industrial operations may typically include smelters, iron and steel works, cement manufacturers, brickworks, chemical manufacturing and fertilizer manufacturers. Air pollution can also come from smaller operations, such as dry cleaning, pizza ovens, spray-painting operations and boiler operations used at hospitals and schools, where the pollutants are the product of the combustion process.

A list of the industrial operations located within the West Rand District Municipality is given in (


Table 13). It should be noted that this data might not be representative or complete of the current situation as it is based on historic information. Several of these industries undertake processes, which are listed in the National list of Activities associated with emissions published on 31 March 2010 in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004) Such activities, require permits issued by metropolitan and district municipalities in terms of GN 248 of 31 March 2010, in order to operate. Where applicable and known the activity category number is given in (


Table 13). A synopsis is given in (Table 14) of the types of listed activities currently being undertaken within the Merafong City, Mogale City, Randfontein and Westonaria municipalities.


Table 13: List of Industrial operations located wit hin the West Rand District Municipality

FACILITY NAME DESCRIPTION AREA CATEGORY

NO.

AFRICAN BRICK Clamp kiln operation Krugersdorp 5.2

BALSON METALS CC Lead plate casting Krugersdorp 4.13

BLYDE BRICK WORKS Brickworks Randfontein 5.2

BTR RUBBER & WHEEL Rubber manufacture (CS2) Krugersdorp 6.1

CARLETONVILLE MUNICIPALITY Coal use Carletonville 1.1-

CARLETONVILLE MUNICIPALITY Vehicle exhaust emissions Carletonville 2.1-

CASTLE LEAD WORKS Melting of lead Krugersdorp 4.13

CHAMDOR TECHNICAST - Krugersdorp 4.10

DAVIS GELATINE Manufacture of sulphurous acit Krugersdorp 7.2

DIE HUIS VAN BESPROEIING Warm galvanising plant Krugersdorp 4.22

EAST DRIEFONTEIN GOLD MINE Waste incineration Carletonville 8

EXOL (PTY) LTD Hydrocarbon recovery Krugersdorp 6.1

FOCHVILLE MUNISIPALITEIT Coal use Fochville 1.1-

FRANKCO BRICKWORKS Clamp kilns Krugersdorp 5.2

GALVCO PTY LTD Galvanising plant Randfontein 4.22

GRACOR BRICKWORKS Clamp kiln operation Krugersdorp 5.2

HEINZGER B/W Brickworks Fochville 5.2

HOECHST Phosphoric acid production Krugersdorp 7.2

INTERSWISS (PTY) LTD Bone meal production Krugersdorp 10

KLOOF GOLD MINING Incinerator ant no. 4 shaft Westonaria 8

KLOOF GOLD MINING - MAIN SHAFT Waste incineration Westonaria 8

KLOOF GOLD MINING CO SHAFT NO3 Waste incineration Westonaria 8

KLOOF GOLD MINING CO SHAFT NO4 Waste incineration Westonaria 8

KLOOF GOLD MINING COMPANY Incineration main shaft Westonaria 8

KLOOF GOLD MINING COMPANY LTD General waste incinerator Westonaria 8

KLOOF GOLD MINING COMPANY LTD Incineration no 3 shaft Westonaria 8

KRUGERSDORP MUNICIPALITY Vehicle exhaust emissions Krugersdorp 1.2-

KRUGERSDORP MUNICIPALITY Coal use Krugersdorp 1.1

LERATONG HOSPITAL Medical waste incineration Krugersdorp 8

LOSBERG EXPLOSIVES COMPANY (PT Explosive waste incineration Fochville 8

MAGALIESBURG STENE Brickworks Magaliesburg 5.7

MANGANESE METAL CO-KRUGERSDORP Manganese reduction (calciner) Krugersdorp 4.12

MANGANESE METAL CO-KRUGERSDORP Milling and drying manganese ore Krugersdorp 4.1

MANGANESE METAL CO-KRUGERSDORP Hydrogen sulphide plant Krugersdorp 4.16

MANGANESE METAL COMPANY (PTY)L Iron sulphide plant Krugersdorp 4.16

MW BRICKWORKS Brickworks Krugersdorp 5.2

NIMAG LIMITED Magnesium alloys Krugersdorp 4.9

NIMAG LIMITED Master alloy batching Magaliesburg 4.9

PALMIET FERROCHROME (SAMANCOR) Iron-alloy furnaces Krugersdorp 4.9

PALMIET FERROCHROME (SAMANCOR) Ferro-alloy furnaces Krugersdorp 4.9

PM MANUFACTURING COMPANY LEAD PROCESSES Krugersdorp 4.13

RANDFONTEIN MUNISIPALITEIT Coal use Randfontein 1.1-

RANDFONTEIN MUNISIPALITEIT Vehicle exhaust Randfontein 1.2-

TAL-CHEM TRADING CC Fallow rendering plant Krugersdorp 4.9


FACILITY NAME DESCRIPTION AREA CATEGORY

NO.

TAP ENGINEERING Incineration of rubber Krugersdorp 8

TARLTON BRICKWORKS Brickworks Krugersdorp 5.7

TIME MINING Mixing of lead fluxes Krugersdorp 4.13

WEST DRIEFONTEIN GM Waste incineration Carletonville 8

WEST END B/W Brickworks Carletonville 5.7

WESTONARIA MUNICIPALITY Coal use Westonaria 1.1-

WESTONARIIA MUNICIPALITY Vehicle exhaust emissions Westonaria 1.2-

WILDEBEESKUIL STENE Brickworks Fochville 5.7

Table 14: Types of Listed Activities currently bein g undertaken within each municipality

PROCESS DESCRIPTION MERAFONG CITY MOGALE

CITY RANDFONTEIN WESTONARIA

CATEGORY 7.2 : SULPHURIC ACID

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 7.3: PHOSPHATE

FERTILIZER PROCESS

CATEGORY 3.2: GAS LIQUOR

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 7.2 : NITRIC ACID

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 7.3: AMMONIUM

SULPHATE & AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 7.2: HYDROCHLORIC

ACID PROCESSES

CATEGORY 4.16: SULPHIDE

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 5.9: ALKALI WASTE

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 6.1 : CARBON DISULPHIDE

PROCESSES X

CATEGORY 6.1: HYDROCARBON

REFINING PROCESSES X

CATEGORY 4.16: BISULPHITE

PROCESSES X

CATEGORY 3.3 16: TAR PROCESSES

CATEGORY 4.22: ZINC PROCESSES

CATEGORY 7.2: HYDROFLUORIC

ACID PROCESSES

CATEGORY 5.3: CEMENT PROCESSES

CATEGORY 4.13: LEAD PROCESSES X

CATEGORY 7.2: ACID SLUDGE

PROCESS X

CATEGORY 1.1: POWER GENERATION

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 4.10: IRON AND STEEL

PROCESSES X

CATEGORY 4.19: COPPER

PROCESSES


PROCESS DESCRIPTION MERAFONG CITY MOGALE

CITY RANDFONTEIN WESTONARIA

CATEGORY 4.3: ALUMINIUM

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 3.2: PRODUCER GAS

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 3.2: GAS AND COKE

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 5.7: CERAMIC

PROCESSES X X X

CATEGORY 9.1: LIME, DOLOMITE AND

MAGNESITE PROCESSES

CATEGORY 8: WASTE INCINERATION

PROCESSES X X X X

CATEGORY 7.6: PHOSPHORUS

PROCESSES X

CATEGORY 7.1: AMMONIA

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 5.5: MAGNESIUNM

PROCESS X

CATEGORY 5.5: MANGANESE

PROCESSES X

CATEGORY 4.21: METAL RECOVERY

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 4.22: GALVANISING

PROCESSES X X

CATEGORY 4.23: METAL SPRAYING

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 5.8: MACADAM

PREPARATION PROCESSES

CATEGORY 6.1: SILICON PROCESSES

CATEGORY 3.4: CARBON BLACK

PROCESSES

CATEGORY 10: ANIMAL MATTER

REDUCTION PROCESSES X


6 LOCAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY OBJECTIVES

6.1 Local Ambient Air Quality Objectives

The legal aspect of air quality, which includes standards and guidelines, is a vital component of air quality management. It aims to enforce the controlling, monitoring and management of activities that emit selected important air pollutants in order to reduce air pollution to acceptable levels. This will lead to an improvement in air quality and ultimately to human, ecological and environmental protection. Air quality standards and guidelines are based on known or suspected toxic and adverse effects, which have been exhibited by humans or animals, as well as impacts that may occur on vegetation, materials and buildings. Established air quality standards prescribe the threshold levels expressed as dosages and exposure times to a pollutant or a combination of pollutants, above which, adverse impacts are likely to occur. Ambient air quality guidelines focus on sensitive individuals, such as the elderly, young children and chronically ill individuals, as a base line to protect the majority of the population. Guidelines and standards are prescribed according to an instantaneous or a specific time-averaged value for a specific averaging period over, which the exposure to a specific pollutant concentration may result in toxic effects. The averaging periods include 1-hour, 24-hour, 1-month and annual averages (SRK Consulting, 2008). The WRDM may define more stringent ambient air guidelines based on the need to protect particularly sensitive environments, or due to appeals made by local communities. The setting of local guidelines, which are equivalent to or more stringent than national guidelines/ standards, is in line with international 'good practice'.

6.2 Selection of Priority Pollutants for which Guid elines are to be Established

The NEMAQA came into effect on 11 September 2005 replacing the APPA. During the reviewing and replacement process the DEA subsequently engaged the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) to facilitate the development of health-based ambient air quality standards resulting in the compilations of two documents namely the (DEAT, 2006):

• SANS 69 - South African National Standard - Framework for setting & implementing national ambient air quality standards; and

• SANS 1929 - South African National Standard - Ambient Air Quality - Limits for common pollutants.


SANS 1929 includes air quality limits for PM10, dustfall, SO2, NOX, O3, CO, Pb and C6H6. The SANS documents were finalized and published during the last quarter of 2004. The DEA recently revised the existing SANS 1929 air quality guidelines and the amended National Standards for Ambient Air Quality was published in Government Gazette No. 32816 of December 2009 (DEA, 2010). Details are highlighted in (Table 15). Table 15 Government Gazette No. 32816 of 24 Decemb er 2009 and SANS 1929 of 2005 air quality standards for criteria air pollutants

Pollutant Average Period Limit Value (µg/m3)

Limit Value (ppb) Compliance date

10 Minutes 500 191

1 hr 350 134

24 hrs 125 48 SO2

Calendar year 50 19

Immediate

1 hr 200 106 NO2

Calendar year 40 21

Immediate

1 hr 30 26

CO 8 hr running average calculated on 1 hr averages

10 8.7

Immediate

24 hrs 120 -

Immediate – 31 December 2014

24 hrs 75 - 1 January 2015

Calendar year 50 -

Immediate – 31 December 2014

PM10

Calendar year 40 - 1 January 2015

Pb Calendar year 0.5 Immediate

Calendar year 10 3.2

Immediate – 31 December 2014 C6H6

Calendar year 5 1.6 1 January 2015

O3 8 hrs (running) 120 61 Immediate

Dust Deposition

Pollutant Band Description

Label mg.m-2.day-1,

30 day average

Comment

Residential 600 Permissible for residential and light commercial

Industrial 600 – 1200 Permissible for heavy commercial and industrial

Action 1200 – 2400 Action if deposition is in this range for two

consecutive months

Dust deposition

Alert >2400 Immediate Action

The National Standards for Ambient Air Quality, published in December 2009 will be adopted by the WRDM. More stringent guidelines are not necessary, as the area is not considered a priority area.


6.3 Criteria and Approach for Setting Local Health Related Guideline Values

A tiered approach is advocated for adoption by the WRDM for the purposes of setting air quality evaluation criteria. It is recommended that the following thresholds be established for specific pollutants averaging periods:

• Limit values are to be set as per (Table 15). Limit values are to be attained within a given period and are not to be exceeded once attained;

• Information and investigation thresholds are intended to highlight pollutant concentrations at which the public need be informed that the most sensitive individuals may be impacted and/or at which investigations into reasons for the elevated levels need to be initiated; and

• Alert thresholds refer to levels beyond which there is a risk to human health from brief exposure. The exceedance of such thresholds necessitates immediate steps.

The limit values and associated averaging periods recommended for adoption by the WRDM are primarily based on human health effect data given for specific averaging periods. To inform the schedule for the meeting of targets it will be necessary for the WRDM to undertake the following work:

• Project future air pollution concentrations given a 'business as usual scenario', i.e. no emission reductions implementation, but increased emissions due to population growth, industrial growth, etc. taken into account;

• Projected air pollution concentrations given the implementation of combinations of short-, medium- and long-term control measures; and

• Selection of measures for implementation, which are socio-economically acceptable and technologically possible.

This assessment can only be undertaken following the establishment of the Air Quality Management System (AQMS), which includes: the update of the current Emissions Inventory to a comprehensive Emissions Inventory, the establishment of an extended air pollution monitoring network and the acquisition and implementation of an atmospheric dispersion model. It is therefore recommended that a period of at least two to three years be permitted for the selection of suitable timeframes for compliance with local guidelines.

6.3.1 Limit Values and Alert Thresholds Alert and information thresholds to be investigated for use by the WRDM relate to pollutants (priority and dust) outlined in (Table 15). These thresholds will need to be finalised at a later date and this process will involve:


• The selection of appropriate thresholds for each pollutant;

• The definition of information to be provided and the manner in which it will be provided following the exceedance of an 'information threshold'; and

• Indication of specific action to be taken on exceedance of an 'alert threshold'. The finalisation of information alert thresholds should be undertaken once the following has been completed:

• At least five years of air pollutant concentrations recorded for the pollutant for which the thresholds are to be set;

• Source contributions to ambient air pollutant concentrations established; and

• Possible actions assessed in terms of their socio-economic acceptability and technical feasibility.

The most feasible, cost effective and less time consuming way of dealing with the limit values and threshold limits is for the WRDM adopt to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards published in the published in Government Gazette No. 32816 of December 2009 on 31 March 2010. The national limit values and threshold limits for each priority pollutant are listed in the Government Gazette. The four-band scale to be used in the evaluation of dustfall is outlined in (Table 15). An enterprise may submit a request to the authorities to operate within the Band 3 ACTION for a limited period only, providing that this is essential in terms of the practical operation of the enterprise (for example the final removal of a tailings deposit) and provided that the best available control technology is applied for the duration of the activity. No allowance will be made for operations that result in dustfall rates in the Band 4 ALERT. Dustfalls that exceed the specified levels, but that can be shown to be the result of some extreme weather or geological event, shall be discounted for the purpose of enforcement and control. Such an event might typically result in excessive dustfall rates across an entire metropolitan region, and not be localised to a particular operation. Natural seasonal variations, such as dry windy periods during the Highveld spring will not be considered extreme events under this definition.

6.3.2 Local Air Quality Objectives - Actions Required A synopsis of the specific actions required and timeframes for establishing various local air quality objectives is given in the (Table 16) below.


Table 16: Actions Required - Local Air Quality Obj ectives

Action: Recommended Target Date

Adoption of local ambient air quality guidelines and dustfall evaluation criteria On adoption of the AQMP

Revision of local ambient air quality guidelines and dustfall evaluation criteria 2015

Definition of local alert thresholds Adopted GDARD alert threshold


7 BASELINE EMISSION INVENTORY

7.1 Sources, Emissions and Pollutants of Concern

Common air pollution sources associated with developed areas include industrial processes, mining and ore processing, informal settlements, transport, tyre burning, biomass burning as well as agriculture. The criteria air pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO, PM10 and C6H6) as identified by DEA were included in the Emissions Inventory for the WRDM. Ozone (photochemical oxidants) is a secondary pollutant formed in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions and is excluded from this emissions inventory (DEAT, 2006). Lead emissions were also excluded due the assumption that the amount of lead used in the fuels was approximately zero as a result of lead reduction in unleaded fuel (Zanokuhle Environmental Services, 2007). The criteria pollutants as well as associated characteristics, possible sources and effects are listed in (Table 17). Particulate matters are air pollutants of concern due to their impact on human health. Their particulate characteristics (particle size and chemical composition) and the duration, frequency and magnitude of exposure to these pollutants determine their hazard toward human health. The potential of particles to be inhaled and deposited in the lung is a function of the aerodynamic characteristics (their size, shape and density) of particles in flow streams. The deposition of particles in different regions of the respiratory system depends on their size. Particles smaller than ten micrometers (PM10) pass through the nasal region and are deposited in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions. Particles are removed by impacting with the wall of the bronchi when they are unable to follow the gaseous streamline flow through subsequent bifurcations of the bronchial tree. As the airflow decreases near the terminal bronchi, the smallest particles are removed by Brownian motion, which pushes them to the alveolar membrane (DEAT, 2006). With the attention on air quality focussing on health impacts, SANS 1929 of 2005 and its amended version published in Government Gazette 31987 of 2009 (DEAT, 2006) focuses on inhalable particulates (PM10) and not respirable particulates (PM2.5). Therefore, PM2.5 was excluded from this Emissions Inventory. Nevertheless, the impact related to these particulates must be emphasised.


Table 17: Selected Air Pollutants

Criteria

Pollutant

Characteristics Possible Sources Effects

SO2

• Gas; • Colourless; and • Pungent odour.

• Industrial processes (smelters

and fuel combustion);

• Transport; • Domestic fuel burning; and

• Biomass burning.

• Temporary breathing

difficulties for asthma patients;

• Atmospheric reaction to form

aerosols resulting in

decreased visibility; and

• Main contributor to acid rain

production.

NOx • Gas.

• Industrial processes (fuel combustion and smelters);



• Temporary breathing

difficulties for asthma patients;

• Atmospheric reaction to form

aerosols resulting in

decreased visibility; and

• Main contributor to acid rain

production.

(VOCs) –

Benzene

(C6H6),

Pinene, etc.

• Depends on composition of the

compound.

• Industrial processes (processes involving solvents,

paints or the use of

chemicals);

• Transport; • Domestic fuel burning;

• Biomass burning; and

• Biogenic emissions.

• Depends on compound

composition; and

• Eye, nose, and throat irritation, headaches, loss of

coordination, nausea; damage

to liver, kidney, and central

nervous system are general

effects associated with low

concentrations.

Particulate

Matter (PM10

and more

recently

PM2.5)

• Mixture of particles and

liquid droplets smaller

than 10 micrometers;

and

• Include acids (nitrates and sulphates based),

organic chemicals,

metals, and soil or dust

particles.

• Tyre burning; • Fireplaces; • Unpaved roads; • Smoke from large industrial

plants;

• Agriculture (land clearing and controlled burning); and


• Enters the lower parts of the respiratory system (aviole in

the lungs) and causes health

problems.

CO

• Gas; • Odourless; • Poisonous; and • Colourless.

• Industrial Processes (Smelters

and fuel combustion);



• May cause chest pain and

aggravate cardiovascular

diseases; and

• Affect mental alertness and

vision in healthy individuals.


Dust

deposition

• Dust of settable size; and

• Mineral composition

depends on area

and/or source of origin.

• Agricultural Operations; • Construction and Mining

Operations;

• Road Dust; and • Windblown Dust from Vacant

lands.

• Nuisance due to accumulation

on surfaces;

• Effects visibility; and • May affect sensitive

individuals, such as asthma

patient.

7.2 Source Identification

Nationally coal is the most widely used fuel and is consumed by commercial and industrial sectors, such as the iron and steel, the chemical and petrochemical, food and tobacco, pulp and paper as well as non-metallurgical industries. These industries, however also consume large quantities of coke oven gas, coking coal and fuel oil. Wood, coal, paraffin, vegetable wastes and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used by a large section of the population for household use. These fuels are continued to be used for domestic use due to two main reasons (DEAT, 2006):

• Backlogs in the distribution of basic services, such as electricity and waste removal, due to rapid urbanisation and the growth of informal settlements; and

• The use of coal and wood due to its cost effectiveness for space heating purposes, cooking and lighting functions.

The largest consumer of diesel and petrol in South Africa is the transport sector, while smaller amounts are used by industry (boilers, furnaces, etc.) and households (gardening, do-it-yourself equipment tools and recreation vehicles). Coal is classified by rank according to its progressive alteration in the natural metamorphosis from lignite to anthracite. Coal rank depends on volatile matter, fixed carbon, inherent moisture and oxygen; although no single parameter defines a rank (EPA, 2009). Sulphur content in raw coal ores can range between <1% to 1.74% (Jeffrey, 2005), while bituminous coal, used commercially, should have a sulphur content of less than 1%. Fuel oils are fractions obtained from petroleum distillation. These fuels are liquid petroleum products that are burnt in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power. Liquefied Petroleum Gas, also known as Handigas, is a pressurised gas fuel mixture that consists primarily of Butane, Propane and Propylene (AFROX, 2008). Coal, fuel oil and paraffin were identified as the common fuels used by industries and households within the WRDM during 2007. The major pollutants of concern from combustion of these fuels are PM10, SO2, and NOx. Some unburned combustibles,


including CO and numerous organic compounds (e.g. C6H6) are also generally emitted (EPA, 2009).

7.2.1 Point Sources

Commercial, Industrial and Residential Sectors Point pollution sources can be defined as sources that can be collected, treated or controlled at one point (Chapman, 1997). In terms of air pollution, such a point could include major industrial facilities like chemical plants, steel mills, mines, mine dumps, power plants and hazardous waste incinerators. Industries and companies within the WRDM’s commercial sector were identified from registers provided by the WRDM. Theses registers included the names of registered companies, the environmental aspect that each company was expected to have an impact on, as well as a relevant contact details. During the current survey it was found that some of the contact details were expired and alternative means had to be used to update old details. It is essential that the municipality are aware of the potential commercial and industrial sources and that registers are well maintained and up to date. Registers should typically provide information concerning:

• Source name and contact details; • Source location (latitude and longitude);

• Pollution devices installed at each company;

• Type of fuel and quantities used by each polluter; • Stack heights;

• Stack diameters;

• Gas exit velocity; and • Gas exit temperature.

(Table 18) present the names of companies approached during the current survey as well as the criteria pollutants expected to be released. Identified pollution devices are further characterised in (Table 19).


Table 18: Potential Air Pollution Sources identifie d within the WRDM.

Criteria pollutants Source Pollutant Origin

SO2 NO2 O3 CO PM10 C8H8 Pb

Randfontein

Aranda Boiler X X X X

B&S Steel Fabrication -

Blitz Engineering -

Central Hotel -

Continental oil Mills Boiler X X X X

Cosmos Dairy Boiler X X X X

Danrec Construction - X

Gemtex Boiler X X X X

Key Mack -

Meadow (Astral Foods) -

Nola Boiler X X X X

Plascotek -

Randfontein Bedding -

Randfontein Hospital - X X X X

Small Steel & Electrical Engineering -

Supreme Petfood Boiler X X X X

Tiger Brands -

Total SA -

Ultimate Feeds -

Vesuvius Rand Steel -

V-oils (Animal Food) Boiler X X X X

Westonaria

Duraset Boiler X X X X

First Uranium Ezulwini Mine - X

Goldfield Mine - X

Harmony Gold Mine - X

Infraset Boiler X X X X

Merafong City

Corobrick Driefontein X

Cluster Holdings X

Carletonville Transport and Plant Hire X X X

Fochvile Hospital

Western Deep Levels Hospital X X X X


Leslie Williams Private Hospital X X X X

Khutsong Medical Center X X X X

Ernest Beeby (Kwik-Fit Carletonville

Milton-Air Services

Carletonville Municipality X X X X

Fochville Municipality X X X X

Heinzger Brick Work X X X X

Losberg Explosive Company X X X X

West Driefontein GM X X X X

West End Brickworks X

Wildebeeskuil Stene X

Million Air Services

Henque 2377 CC TA Water Ritw

Fochville Abattoir

Durban Roodeport Deep Gold Mine X

Harmony Elandsrand Gold Mine X

AngloGold Ashanti Mponeng Mine X

AngloGold Ashanti Tau Tona Mine X

AngoGold Ashanti Savuka Mine X

Goldfields Driefontein Gold Mine X

DRD Gold (Blyvooruitchzit Mine) X

Mogale City

Atlas Bakery Boiler X X X X

Berray Motors -

Chemico SA (Pty) Ltd Boiler X X X X

Drift Supersand Quarry X

Echo Floors -

Exol Oil Refinery (Pty) Ltd Furnace X X X X

Gardernia Boiler X X X X

Gelita South Africa Boiler X X X X

Geratech Zirconium Beneficiation -

Grandlawen Dry Cleaners Boiler X X X X

Janho Quarries and Crushing Quarry X

KBW -

Krugersdorp Abattoir Boiler X X X X

Lafarge (ready mix) - X

Leratong Hospital Boiler X X X X


Majesty Oil Mills Boiler X X X X

Mogale Alloys -

Nimag (Pty) Ltd -

Pace Oil Boiler X X X X

Protech Ready Mix Produce cement ready mix X

Roadmix -

Sandvic -

Sasko -

South African Breweries Boiler X X X X

Yusuf Dadoo Hospital Boiler X X X X

Strategic Environmental Focus WRDM: AQMP 2010

87

Table 19: Commercial and Industrial Air Pollution S ource Descriptions

Source Combustion Device Fuel Type Fuel Usage Unit Stack Height (m) stack Diameter (m) Gas Exit

Velocity (m/s) Exit Gas

Temp. (oC)

Randfontein

Aranda 2 John Thompson Boilers B Grade Coal 150 t/m 15 & 20 0.78 - -

Continental Oil Mills John Thompson Boiler B Grade Coal 2000 t/m 123 2.5 - -

Cosmos Dairy John Thompson Boiler Diesel 4000 L/m - - - -

B Grade Coal 88 t/m - - - - Gemtex Premium Metal Boiler

Light furnace oil 18000 L/m - - - -

Nola 4 John Thompson Boilers B Grade Coal 500 - 750 t/m 20 - 30 0.5 - 1.5 - -

Supreme Petfood John Thompson Boiler B Grade Coal 60 t/m 20 0.8 - -

V-oils (Animal Food) John Thompson Boiler A Grade Coal 70 t/m 18 0.4 - -

Westonaria

Duraset John Thompson Boiler A Grade Coal 220 t/m 30 0.4 - -

Infraset John Thompson Boiler Paraffin 4000 L/m - - - -

Mogale City

Atlas Bakery John Thompson Boiler CATBOT Oil 30000 - 36000 L/m 25 0.6 - -

Chemico SA (Pty) Ltd Cyclotherm Boiler Paraffin 12000 L/m 23 0.28 - -

Exol Oil Refinery (Pty) Ltd D.O.H. Direct Oil Heater Furnace Furnace Oil 10000 - 15000 L/m 16 0.5 - -

Gardernia John Thompson Boiler B Grade Coal 200 t/m 3 - - -

Gelita South Africa John Thompson Boiler B-C Grade Coal 650 t/m 20 0.8 - -

Grandlawen Dry Cleaners John Thompson Boiler Diesel/Paraffin 2000 L/m 30 0.25 - -

Krugersdorp Abattoir John Thompson Boiler A Grade Coal 150 t/m - - - -

Leratong Hospital John Thompson Boiler B Grade Coal ±8640 t/m - - - -

Majesty Oil Mills John Thompson Boiler A Grade Coal 360 t/m 35 0.8 - -

Pace Oil John Thompson Boiler Pace 300 Burner Fuel 12000 L/m 6 0.3 - -

South African Breweries John Thompson Boiler B Grade Coal 800 t/m - - - -

Yusuf Dadoo Hospital John Thompson Boiler B Grade Coal 200 - 320 t/m - - - -


SEF developed a customised questionnaire to assist in the collection of data required for developing the WRDM Emissions Inventory (Appendix 1). The questionnaire was distributed to all the companies registered on the municipality’s database and aimed to identify and confirm the different types of industries, types of fuel used and the quantities of fuel used within the municipal area during 2007. Fuel sales figures for 2007 were used due to the fact that no data was yet available for the fourth quarter of 2008 during the preparation of this report. However, the 2007 data for the first three quarters compared well with that of 2008. The questionnaire survey undertaken in 2008/2009 (prior to the inclusion of Merafong City LM into the WRDM revealed that of the 133 contacted companies 91 (± 68%) participated and/or returned usable information. Of the 65 questionnaires distributed with the Merafong CLM 51 indicated that they are not engaged in any of the listed activities. The majority of the companies that participated were within the industrial sector of the WRDM and used coal boilers, while only a few furnaces were used. The majority of coal boilers identified during the questionnaire survey were John Thomson coal boilers. 14% of the industries that participated used paraffin boilers while the remaining (23%) companies used fuel oils for their energy requirements. Two furnaces were identified within the participating group of which one used fuel oils and the other relied on electricity. The identified fuel oils used within the study area fell within the No. 4 to No. 6 Fuel Oil Classes. (Table 20) presents the estimated quantities of fuel used by the commercial and industrial sector of the WRDM during 2007. Table 20: Estimated amount of fuel consumed by the WRDM’s commercial and industrial sectors during 2007

Total amount of fuel used by commercial and industrial sectors

Fuel Units Mogale City Merafong

City Randfontein Westonaria

Coal tons/year 132720 None

identified 2640 37416

Paraffin L/year 860215 None

identified 48000 None identified

Fuel Oil L/year 10635781 None

identified None identified 264000

The emissions factors used in the current study were obtained from the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Brown Haze Study conducted in Cape Town during 1997. In terms of emission factors relevant to the current study, the Brown Haze Study only presented emission factors for SO2, NOX and PM10. Therefore, as


presented in Appendix 2, emissions factors provided by the EPA (2009) were used for CO, Pb and C6H6. For fuel oil combustion, emissions factors for No. 6 oils burned under normal firing conditions in boilers producing heat within the >100 Million Btu/hr range were used. This set of emission factors were used as worst case scenario, and due to the fact that the set in general presented the best Emission Factor Ratings (A). The weight percentage of sulphur in the oil was assumed to be 3.2% based on the values used in the Emission Inventory established for the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs (Zanokuhle Environmental Services, 2007). None of the participating companies had any information available in terms of the metals concentration and the weight fraction of ash of the coal that they used during the course of this study. Therefore, the emission factors for controlled coal burning were used for estimating the quantities of lead and benzene emitted in 2007 for coal combustion by the commercial and industrial sectors of the WRDM. PM10 emissions factors for sand and gravel processing, as provided by EPA, was averaged to estimate emissions from combined activities typical to sand and gravel processing. Relevant emissions factors (Appendix 2) were applied to the fuel usage values presented in (Table 20). Based on the fuel used by the commercial and industrial sectors of the WRDM the emissions shown in (Table 21) were obtained. (Figure 22) represents a combined representation of point source emissions released by commercial and industrial sectors within the WRDM during 2007. Table 21: Estimated emission quantities released by the commercial and industrial sectors of the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum)

Local Municipality SO2 NOx CO PM10 Lead Benzene

Mogale City 10473.85 2345.63 2619.50 673.01 0.027 0.16

Randfontein 726.80 282.11 186.85 146.90 0.0071 0.022

Westonaria 458.16 91.80 122.03 16.06 0.000503 0.00622

Total 11658.81 2719.53 2928.38 835.96 0.03 0.19

Please note that not all quarries, crushers, cement aggregate plants and mines participated in this study. Therefore the estimated value of 835.96 tons per annum of PM10 is likely to be lower than actual conditions.


90

Point Source Emission Profile 2007 (tons per annum & %)

SO211658.81

49%

PM106792.76

28%

CO2928.38

12%

NOx2719.53

11%

Lead0.030%

Benzene0.190%

West458.16

4%

Rand726.80

6%

Mogale10473.85

90%

Rand282.107

10%

West91.83%

Mogale2345.63

87%

Rand186.86%

West122.03

4%

Mogale2619.50

90%

Rand1723.70

25%

West2118.46

31%

Mogale2950.61

44%

Rand0.0121%

West0.0011%

Mogale0.02778%

Mogale0.1685%

Rand0.0212%

West0.013%

SO2

PM10Lead

Benzene

NOx

CO

Figure 22: Point source emissions profile for the W RDM commercial and industrial sectors in 2007


Waste Disposal Sites Landfills are important sources of the GHGs, Methane (CH4) and CO2. In order to meet the requirements of the IDP, municipalities are required to outline waste management priorities and strategies through the development of an Integrated Waste Management Plan (IWMP). SEF compiled an IWMP for the WRDM in 2010. However, during the time of this study it was found that the amount of waste and the type of waste disposed of at each of the landfill sites within the WRDM are not accurately recorded. The lack of proper management systems and ill-maintained infrastructure (such as weighbridges) were the main cause of inaccurate and outdated waste disposal data. The available amount of waste generated per LM from January 2008 to January 2009 is presented in (Table 22) (WRDM IWMP, 2010). Table 22: Available waste generation data for the W RDM (January 2008 - January 2009)

Local Municipality Generated Waste (t/m)

Mogale City Local Municipality: January 2008 to January 2009

Domestic 4394.5

Building rubble 3166.6

Domestic loose 642

Food stuff 12.7

Garden refuse 792.3

Illegally dumped 655

Industrial 1547.8

Mixed 800

Notifiable 3.2

Sewage 0.460

Tyres 0.660

TOTAL 12015.22

Randfontein Local Municipality: June 2008 to May 2009

Mixed 129 857

Westernaria Local Municipality

Merafong City Local Municipality

Fochville Waste Disposal Site

Building rubble 120

Garden refuse 137

Household waste 1068

Carletonville Waste Disposal Site

Building rubble 350

Garden refuse 2100

Household waste 7200

Total 10975


Due to incomplete waste disposal data made available to SEF during the current study and the expected inaccuracy thereof, emission from waste disposal site were excluded from this report.

7.2.2 Non-Point Sources Non-point sources of air pollution refer to those inputs, which occur over a wide area and are associated with particular land uses, as opposed to individual point source discharges (for example agricultural dust generation and burning). Residential Sector Within townships and informal settlements, the lack of basic services, such as electricity and waste removal, result in domestic waste being burned as a means of disposal while wood, coal and paraffin are used to satisfy cooking, lighting and heating requirements. Pollutants released from these fuels include CO, NO2, SO2, inhalable particulates and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Gondwana Environmental Solutions, 2006). Statistics South Africa and statistics obtained from the Municipal Demarcation Board (2009) were consulted to obtain the required information for determining emissions contributed by the residential sector (hereafter also referred to as households). Unfortunately the data provided by the Municipal Demarcation Board (2009) was for 2001 and the current study focuses on 2007. Statistics SA indicated that the population size for the WRDM in 2001 was approximately 744 156 people. More recent information estimates the population size at 754 903 (Census Survey, 2007), representing a 1.4% growth in population. The 2007 Census Survey data showed that 7 to 34% of the households within the WRDM (89.78% of the population) consisted of 1 to 5 members. Therefore, three (3) members per household were used as median for this study. (


Table 23) presents a summary of the statistics used to estimate emissions contributed by the residential sector of the WRDM during 2007.


Table 23: Summary of statistics used to estimate em issions contributed by the residential sector of the WRDM during 2007

The 2007 Census data further estimated that a large portion of the population (21.9%) within the WRDM would have used non-renewable fuels to satisfy their energy requirements in 2007. These fuels would have included coal, wood, paraffin and LPG. Sixty seven percent (67%) of households dependent on non-renewable energy sources preferred paraffin as a fuel source. Sales data for 2007 was sourced from the South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA). The following was assumed:

• All of the LPG sold within the WRDM during 2007 was combusted within the municipal area and was only for domestic use (no use of LPG in the commercial and industrial sectors was recorded during the questionnaire exercise);

• The number of individuals that rely on paraffin for cooking, heating and lighting purposes was available. Therefore, the volumes of paraffin used per household for domestic use was assumed to be 90% of total volume of paraffin sold in the area while 10% was used for industrial purposes (ERI, 1997); and

• The City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality (2009) estimated that each household in Cape Town uses approximately 3kg of wood per month. The same utilisation rate was assumed for domestic combustion of coal and wood within the WRDM during 2007.

(Table 24) presents the estimated amount of non-renewable fuels used by the residential sector of the WRDM during 2007. Merafong City LM consumes the largest amount of coal and wood fuels, whilst Mogale City LM is the largest user of paraffin. In (Table 25) the estimated emissions related to non-renewable fuel combustion within the residential sector of the WRDM are presented while (Figure 23) presents a combined

Population Size (2001) 744156

Population Size (2007) 754903

Estimated Population

Growth Rate between

2001 and 2007 (%)

1.4

Fossil Fuels/Non-Renewable Fuels

Gas Paraffin Wood Coal Total

Total

Population

Size

% Reliant

on Fossil

Fuels

People (2001) 17223 367923

51582

61236

497964

744156 66.92

People (2007) 18447 389412 47862 47739 503460 754903 66.69

Number of Households 6149

129804

15954

15913

167820

275006 61.02


representation of criteria pollutant emissions from the residential sector within the WRDM during 2007. Table 24: Estimated amount of fuel consumed by the WRDM’s residential sector during 2007

Total amount of fuel used by Households

Fuel Units Mogale City Merafong City Randfontein Westernaria

Coal tons/year 3478 21954 1545 1312

Wood tons/year 3478 19836 1545 1312

Paraffin L/year 7489790 138846 684140 None identified

LPG L/year 224646 5553 420396 None identified

Table 25: Estimated emission quantities released by the residential sectors of the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum)

Local Municipality SO2 NOx CO PM10 Lead Benzene

Mogale City 63729.33 11257.63 17402.54 973.22 0.000663 0.727

Randfontein 5844.56 1036.88 1736.71 115.18 0.000294 0.066

Westernaria 24.94 8.53 156.85 28.07 0.00025 None

identified

Merafong City 952.65 150 None

identified

None

identified

None

identified 0.008897

Total 70551.48 12453.04 19296.1 1116.47 0.001207 0.81


96

Non-Point source emissions profile 2007 (tonnes per annum & %) Figure 23: Non-point source emissions profile for t he WRDM residential sector in 2007

SO2, 70551.48, 68%

NOx, 12453.04, 12%

Lead, 0, 0%

Benzene, 0, 0%PM10, 1116.47, 1%

CO, 19296.1, 19%

SO2

Mogale City, 63729.33, 91%

Merafong City, 952.65, 1%

Westonaria, 24.94, 0%Randfontein,

5844.56, 8%

NOx

Randfontein, 1036.88, 8%

Westonaria, 8.53, 0%

Merafong City, 150, 1%

Mogale City, 11257.63, 91%

CO




Mogale City, 17402.54, 90%

PM10




Mogale City, 973.22, 87%

Lead




Mogale City, 0.000663, 55%

Benzene


Westonaria, 0, 0% Merafong City, 0.008897, 1%



Agriculture and Open Spaced Areas Agriculture was identified as a major land use during the current study. A Geographic Information System (GIS) Scan and visual investigation during site visits showed that although open spaces occur within the WRDM, the majority of these areas were not cultivated. Open spaced areas were mostly vegetated while areas surrounding sites with infrastructure presented fairly large portions of un-vegetated areas. Emissions from agricultural activities and un-vegetated areas are difficult to control due to the seasonality of emissions and the large surface area producing emissions. Expected emission resulting from agricultural activities and un-vegetated open areas include, dust associated with wind erosion, burning of crop residue and veld, chemicals associated with crop spraying and odiferous emissions resulting from manure, fertilizer and crop residue. Burning crop residue and veld not only results in the atmospheric pollutants such as CH4, CO and NO2 but also leaves the soil prone to wind erosion, further increasing dust levels in an area (Gondwana Environmental Solutions, 2006). The percentage surface area used for commercial agricultural purposes within the WRDM was obtained from the Environmental Management Framework Report compiled for the WRDM in 2004 (Airshed Planning Professionals, 2004). The emission factor of 0.2 kg/ha/hr (SKM, 2005) was used to estimate the amount of PM10 emitted from agricultural land within the WRDM. The estimated PM10 emissions and the relevant variables are presented in (


Table 26). (Figure 24) indicates that PM10 emissions were the highest of all the selected criteria air pollutants within the WRDM for the agricultural areas. Spatial evaluations (


Table 26) showed that non-point pollution sources within the Mogale City LM were the greatest contributors in terms of all of the selected criteria pollutants.


Table 26: Estimated amount of PM 10 particles emitted from agricultural land within th e WRDM area during 2007

Agriculture

Emission

Factor

(kg/ha/hr)

Total

Surface

Area

(km2)

Total

Surface

Area

(ha)

Agricultural

Area hrs in a year

PM10 load

per year (t/a)

Mogale City

(7% of

Surface Area)

0.2 447 44700 6570.9 8760 11512.2168

Randfontein

(20 % of

Surface Area)

0.2 616 61600 19527.2 8760 34211.6544

Westonaria

(26% of

Surface Area)

0.2 1110 111000 25419 8760 44534.088

Merafong City

(47% of

Surface Area)

0.2 1631.7 163170 45687.6 8760 80044.6752

Total 170302.6344

PM10 amount (t/a) emitted from agricultural land wi thin WRDM during 2007

Westonaria, 44534.088, 26%

Randfontein, 34211.6544, 20%

Mogale City, 11512.2168, 7%

Merafong City), 80044.6752, 47%

Figure 24: Estimated amount of PM10 particles emitt ed from agricultural land within the WRDM area during 2007 Mine Tailings Dams Mine tailings dams are scattered all over the study area. The majority of these tailings dams are not properly covered and it has been reported that tailings dams within the area results in significant dust liberation during windy conditions. A site investigation was conducted on the 9th of September 2009 in order to obtain additional weather data


from the Mogale City LM. A strong wind was encountered on the 9th of September 2009 and it was noted that the impact from tailings dam was to such an extent that visibility was significantly altered. Open un-vegetated areas and agricultural land would also have been a notable contributor to dust loads in the atmosphere. However, dust liberation from tailings dams are clearly visible during windy conditions. Settable dust is measured in the ambient environment during monitoring exercises. It is not possible to accurately measure the amount of dust liberated from a point source due to the variability of the factors that influence the intensity of dust liberation. These factors include soil moisture, wind speed, vegetation cover, etc. all of which are site specific. Dust monitoring is conducted by mines and industries within the WRDM and some of the results, which have been provided for this inventory, were incorporated into the SQR generated as part of this study. With regards to PM10 it has been estimated that approximately 0.2 kg/ha/hr is emitted from un-vegetated areas and areas subjected to wind erosion (SKM, 2005). SEF conducted a qualitative dust risk assessment for the Randfontein area with dust deposition data collected from August 2008 to October 2008. The assessment concluded that in terms of dust deposition, a negligible potential risk was estimated, while the chemical composition of dust collected at some of the routine monitoring stations highlighted a medium potential risk to human health. However, the following must be noted in terms of the qualitative risk assessment:

• The assessment was based on data for only three months that did not allow for seasonal variation;

• PM10 concentrations were not quantitatively assessed with the use of active sampling methods;

• The dust deposition data was derived from sampling procedures and analytical methods conducted by Chemtech Labotarory Services in Pretoria and not by SEF; and

• A dust monitoring audit that formed part of the risk assessment revealed that the number of dust deposition monitoring stations used for the risk assessment may be insufficient and that pollution sources within the Randfontein area were not comprehensively covered in terms of the monitoring locality network.

In (Table 27) the estimated amounts of PM10 liberated from tailings dams within the WRDM during 2009 are presented. (Figure 25) indicates that PM10 emissions were the highest of all the selected criteria air pollutants within the WRDM for the tailing dams areas. The approximate area of the tailings dams were obtained from an Environmental Management Framework Report compiled for the WRDM in 2004 (Airshed Planning Professionals, 2004).


Table 27: Estimated amount of PM 10 particles emitted from tailings dams within the WR DM area during 2007

Tailings Emission Factor

(kg/ha/hr) Area (km2) Area (ha) hrs in a year

PM10 load

per year (t/a)

Mogale City 0.2 13 1300 8760 2277.6

Randfontein 0.2 9 900 8760 1576.8

Westonaria 0.2 12 1200 8760 2102.4

Merafong City 0.2 21 2100 8760 3679.2

Total 9636.0

PM10 load per year t/a contributed by tailing dams


Merafong City, 3679.2, 38%



Figure 25: Estimated amount of PM10 particles emitt ed from tailings dams within the WRDM area during 2007

7.2.3 Mobile Sources Transportation Transport related emissions are major sources of atmospheric pollution within urban areas. Atmospheric pollutants emitted from internal combustion engines include hydrocarbons, CO, NOX, SO2 and particulates. Hydrocarbon emissions and CO are formed as a result of incomplete combustion while NOX are formed when oxygen and nitrogen is subjected to high pressures and temperatures during internal combustion. SO2 is emitted due to the presence of sulphur in fuel. Particulates originate from brake and clutch linings wear (Gondwana Environmental Solutions, 2006).


Mobile sources include on-road sources such as cars and light trucks, heavy trucks and buses, off-road recreational vehicles (such as dirt bikes), farm and construction machines, lawn and garden equipment, aircraft, and locomotives. Given that no large airports were located within the WRDM during 2007 (although Lanseria Airport is within a few kilometres of Mogale City LM); air transport was excluded from the current study. Due to the abundance of electrical locomotives over diesel locomotives, rail transport was also excluded from the current study and therefore only emissions associated with road transport were estimated during the current study. It is obvious that not all of the fuel sold within the WRDM was combusted within the area and that residents from different cities would have used fuel purchased within the WRDM area on roads outside the WRDM area. SEF therefore considered using kilometres travelled within the WRDM during 2007 to estimated emissions released by road transport rather than the total amount of fuel sold within the WRDM area during 2007. The average distance between the large towns in the WRDM (Carletonville, Westonaria, Randfontein, Krugersdorp and Magaliesburg) was measured and the distance was found to be approximately 100km. It was then assumed that each household had two cars during 2007 (4658 cars) and that the 100km distance was travelled twice each day for a period of twelve months. When these assumptions were multiplied by the distance between large towns, it was estimated that approximately 462 413 244km was travelled in WRDM during 2007. Emissions factors given by the Salford City Council (2001) were used to estimate the criteria pollutant emissions released from internal combustion within the WRDM during 2007. These factors were related to speed and it was assumed that the average travelling speed between the large towns in the WRDM was 80km/h. Particulate matter emissions were determined for paved/ tar and unpaved/ dirt roads using the following equations: Paved/ tar roads

E = k (sL/2)0.65 x (W/3)1.5 - C Equation 1 (EPA, 2006)

Where: E = particulate emission factor (g/ Vehicle Kilometres Travelled) k = particulate size multiplier (4.6 for PM10, EPA) sL = road surface silt loading (0.002 g/m2 as used in Brown Haze Study, 1997) W = average weight of vehicle travelling the road (3 tons as used in Brown Haze

Study, 1997)


C = emission factor for 1980’s vehicle fleet exhaust, brake wear and tyre wear (0.1317g/ Vehicle Kilometres Travelled, EPA)

Unpaved/ dirt road

E = 1.7 k (s/12) (S/48) (W/2.7)0.7 (w/4)0.5 ((365-p)/365) Equation 2 (Brown Haze, 1997)

E = emission factor (g/km) k = particle size multiplier (0.36 for PM10) s = weight % of road surface material less than 75mm (2% as used in Brown Haze

Study, 1997) S = mean vehicle speed (40km/hr as used in Brown Haze Study, 1997) W = mean vehicle weight (3 tons as used in Brown Haze Study, 1997) w = mean number of wheels (4) p = number of days per year with at least 0.254 mm precipitation (70 as used in

Brown Haze Study, 1997) It was assumed that 30% of the estimated 462 413 244km was travelled on unpaved/ dirt roads. Computation of the given variables and equations resulted in the following PM10 emission factors:

• Paved/ tar roads – 0.1g/km • Unpaved/ dirt roads – 74g/km

The EPA (1995) estimates brake wear PM10 emissions to be 0.008g/km and tyre wear 0.0013g/km. Based on the assumptions made, the emissions presented in (


Table 28) and in (Figure 26) were estimated. The presented emissions indicate that road transport within the WRDM was estimated to be the largest contributor of particulate matter in terms of the selected criteria air pollutants. More specifically, PM10 emissions produced by travelling on dirt roads were estimated to outweigh all of the other contributors of PM10. In terms of the remaining criteria pollutants petrol consumption within the WRDM was estimated as the most significant contributor to air pollution.


Table 28: Estimated emission quantities released by road transport in the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum)

Contributing Factor SO2 NOx CO PM10 Benzene

Petrol 9.05 362.89 1030.98 6.77 7.12

Diesel 7.25 235.44 54.83 28.88 0.29

Tar Road PM10 - - - 45.71 -

Dirt Road PM10 - - - 10259.59 -

Brake, Clutch and Tyre Wear - - - 4.30 -

Total 16.31 598.34 1085.80 10345.24 7.41

7.2.4 Combined Emissions Summation of the estimated emissions from identified point sources, non-point sources and mobile sources within the WRDM resulted in the values presented in (Table 29) and in (Figure 27) In terms of the selected criteria air pollutants and in context of the total WRDM emissions, particulate matter was evidently the most significant pollutant. Spatially the pollution sources within the Mogale City LM were the largest contributors of SO2, NOX, CO and Pb, while road transport was identified as the most significant influencing factor in terms of C6H6 and particulate matter. Of the contributing factors, sources within the Merafong City LM presented the highest particulate matter value.

Table 29: Estimated combined emission quantities re leased from the WRDM during 2007 (in tonnes per annum)

Contributing Factor SO2 NOx CO PM10 Lead Benzene

Mogale City 74203.18 13603.26 20022.04 1646.23 0.027663 0.887

Randfontein 6571.36 1318.99 1923.56 262.08 0.007394 0.088

Westonaria 483.1 100.33 278.88 44.13 0.000753 0.00622

Merafong City 952.65 150 0 80044.68 0.008897

Transport 16.31 598.34 1085.80 10345.24 0 7.41

Total 82226.6 15770.92 23310.28 182600.3 0.03581 8.400117


107

Estimated Emissions from Road Transport in the WRDM , 2007 (tons per annum & %)

SO216.31

0%

Benzene7.410%

NOx598.34

5%

CO1085.80

9%

PM1010345.24

86%

Diesel7.2544%

Petrol9.0556%

Petrol362.8961%

Diesel235.4439%

Diesel, 54.83,

5%

Petrol1030.98

95%

Petrol6.770%

Diesel28.880%

A45.71

0%

C4.300%

B10259.6

100%Brake and Tyre Wear

Diesel 0.294%

Petrol7.1296%

Benzene

SO2

NOx

CO

PM10

Tar Roads

Dirt Roads

Figure 26: Estimated criteria pollutant emissions f rom road transport within the WRDM during 2007


108

Combined Criteria emissions Profile 2007 (tonnes pe r annum & %)

Figure 27: Estimated combined criteria pollutant em issions from the WRDM during 2007

Lead, 0.03581, 0%Benzene, 8.400117, 0%

SO2, 82226.6, 27%

NOx, 15770.92, 5%

CO, 23310.28, 8%PM10,

182600.3144, 60%

Mogale City

Lead, 0.027663, 0%

Benzene, 0.887, 0%

PM10, 13158.4468,

11%

CO, 20022.04, 17%

NOx, 13603.26, 11%

SO2, 74203.18, 61%

Randfontein

NOx, 1318.99, 3%

SO2, 6571.36, 15%

CO, 1923.56, 4%

Lead, 0.007394, 0%

Benzene, 0.088, 0%

PM10, 34473.7344,

78%

Westonaria

SO2, 483.1, 1% NOx, 100.33, 0%

CO, 278.88, 1%

Benzene, 0.00622, 0%

Lead, 0.000753, 0%

PM10, 44578.218, 98%

Merafong City

CO, 0, 0% NOx, 150, 0%

Lead, 0, 0%

SO2, 952.65, 1%

Benzene, 0.008897, 0%

PM10, 80044.6752,

99%

Transport

SO2, 16.31, 0%Lead, 0, 0%

CO, 1085.8, 9%

NOx, 598.34, 5%Benzene, 7.41,

0%

PM10, 10345.24, 86%


8 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND GAP AND NEEDS ANALYSIS

8.1 Air Quality Management System

An AQMP cannot be successfully implemented and revised in the absence of an effective AQMS. The current management plan must therefore have, as a key focus, the establishment of a system in the short term. Air quality guidelines represent important air quality management 'tools'. Such guidelines need to comprise, as a minimum, guidelines or limit values and permissible timeframes for bringing air quality into compliance with such values. Although guideline values have already been selected for adoption by the WRDM, the finalisation of permissible compliance timeframes requires the establishment and implementation of other essential air quality management tools. Other such tools include: emissions inventory, air quality and meteorological monitoring, and atmospheric dispersion modelling (Figure 28).

Figure 28: Development of an air quality management strategy through the implementation of select air quality management too ls (after WHO, 2000)


On the basis of a comprehensive Emissions Inventory, the application of monitoring, in combination with modelling, facilitates the effective characterisation of spatial and temporal variations in air pollutant concentrations. Such concentrations are evaluated based on local guideline values to determine the need for devising emission control strategies. Dispersion modelling is used to predict ambient air pollutant reductions possible through the implementation of specific emission control strategies. Emission control strategies may then be selected, which are able to ensure compliance with the local guideline values, the socio-economic acceptability and technological feasibility of such strategies having been assessed. The control measures selected need to be enforced, and if the standards are achieved, they need continued enforcement. Should standards are not achieved after a reasonable period of time (i.e. within the permissible timeframe to be stipulated); emission control measures may need to be revised. An integrated air quality management system, which comprises components such as an emissions inventory and air quality monitoring and modelling, forms the basis of effective air pollution control and air quality management. The configuration of the management system to be implemented by WRDM is illustrated in (Figure 29). System components proposed for implementation in the short-term are indicated by solid lines, with components to be added at a later stage indicated by dashed lines.

Figure 29: Air quality management system proposed f or implementation by WRDM


Components of the Basic AQMS proposed for implementation by the WRDM within the short-term, i.e. next 12 years, include the following: -

• Local air quality objectives; • Emissions inventory;

• Air quality and meteorological monitoring network;

• Atmospheric dispersion modelling • Routine reporting mechanisms and protocols including procedures for internal

reporting and for reporting to DEA, GDARD and the public; and • Public liaison and consultation mechanisms.

Based on the outputs of the basic air quality management system, health risk assessments and damage assessments can be undertaken and impacts costed in the medium-term (Years 3-5). Such assessment may be undertaken in the following ways: (i) in-house, through the selection and acquisition of suitable models and acquisition and preparation of locally derived input data, (ii) in-house, though the application of manual calculations based on locally derived data and international protocols, or (iii) externally, through the appointment of consultants on a project by project basis.

8.2 Gap Analysis, Needs Assessments

According to the Manual for Air Quality Management Planning (DEAT 2008) a gap analysis must be conducted to evaluate whether the past and current monitoring, emission inventory and modelling information available for an area is sufficient to address air quality issues. Examples of gaps identified may include:

• Monitoring data – gaps in data collection, insufficient monitoring stations, incorrect sitting of monitoring stations, insufficient parameters measured, insufficient data for meaningful interpretation and therefore inadequate for comparison to standards;

• Emission inventory – incomplete (e.g. lack of compliance from industry, sources not included), lack of supporting data for emission factor calculations, e.g. traffic counts, farm areas (ploughing, sugar cane burning estimates);

• Model output – insufficient or poor quality input data, output not detailed enough, model not trusted (doubtful results, poor agreement with measured or ground-truth data), calibration of model required;

• Insufficient stakeholder consultation ;

• Complaints data may indicate that there is a problem in a particular area, but there is no data to back this up;


• Licensing function - insufficient licensing and permitting procedures, lack of enforcement of permit conditions;

• Capacity – insufficient staff in air quality management and lack of expertise and resources;

• Funding constraints; and

• How to mainstream Climate Change issues, e.g. adaptation and mitigation in the AQMP.

The analysis that followed the compilation of the Status Quo in terms of air quality within the WRDM identified a number of gaps and needs in terms of air quality monitoring and management. The most significant gaps and needs within the WRDM are related to the lack of scientifically reliable (both accurate and precise), as well as comprehensive air quality data for the District. (Table 31), however provides a more detailed summary of identified gaps and needs.

8.3 Recommended Actions

Emanating out of the gap analysis, various initiatives may be necessary. The following programmes/ projects have therefore been identified as priority projects to be included in the IDP (of the District and/ or LMs, where relevant) and implemented within the next 4 years: 2011-2014.

• Maintenance of air quality monitoring equipment at existing air quality monitoring stations needs to be improved and sufficient budget must be allocated to this task;

• There is a need for a network of monitoring stations to be set up within the WRDM. The monitoring stations should be set-up during the 2013/ 2014 financial year; The location of such a monitoring network will need to be informed by an emissions inventory, dispersion modelling simulations and the passive monitoring study (as recommended), which should commence immediately;

• These monitoring stations must be equipped with a back-up system in the event that any of the equipment needs to be replaced or repaired;

• Sufficient budget allocation and cash flow for maintenance and back-up is therefore required;

• Data recorded at the monitoring stations needs to be captured on a database and analysed on a regular basis. The district should purchase a remote system where-by real-time data is transmitted continuously from the station. This data should be fed into an online, electronic software program that automatically verifies the data and displays the results. The analyses should be done together with the local Air Quality Officer and not just reported to him/ her, in order for capacity building to take place; essentially, once operational, all verified ambient air quality monitoring


data should be incorporated into South African Air Quality Information System (SAAQIS).

• Effective air quality by-law enforcement, a project to revise and update the District by-laws should be initiated in the 2010/2011 financial year; The District should develop an air quality by-law based on the generic air quality by-law developed by DEA.

• WRDM must audit industries (key emitters) in the area, with the intention of having industry/ sector specific standards, if need be;

• Adopting National Ambient Air Quality Standards by December 2011;

• Initiation of a memorandum of understanding between the District and the LMs as well as other key stakeholders (such as the mines) for implementation of the AQMP;

• Funding for activities must be supplemented from fees generated from licensing applications;

• Electrification of households currently reliant on fossil fuels; • Roll out of the Basa Njengo Magogo (BNM) top down fire making methods for

areas where coal is a major source of fuel. The BNM method results in minimum smoke; and

• Exploring other energy sources, such as solar energies and biogas. When expanding on these initiatives the components of the AQMS proposed for implementation by the WRDM within the short-term, i.e. next 1-3 years, includes the following:

• Ambient Air Quality and Meteorological Monitoring network;

• Emissions inventory; • Atmospheric dispersion modelling;

• Routine reporting mechanisms and protocols - including procedures for internal reporting and for reporting to DEA, GDARD and the public; and

• Public liaison and consultation mechanisms. The actions and objectives related to the implementation of these components are summarised in (Table 32)

8.3.1 Location of Monitoring Stations The location of air quality and meteorological monitoring stations to be included as part of the WRDM network in the short term will be based on the site classification (


Table 30). Factors to be taken into consideration in monitoring station location include locations of sources and population density. In the actual sitting of stations micro-scale criteria will also be taken into account (Annex A of the SANS 1929).


Table 30: Factors to be considered for locating air quality and meteorological monitoring sites within the WRDM

Site Classification Minimum Parameters to be Masured

Household fuel burning PM10, SO2, NO, CO, O3, wind speed, wind direction, sigma-theta, temperature

Residential - proximity to industry PM10, SO2, NO, CO, O3, wind speed, wind direction, sigma-theta, temperature, pressure, humidity, rainfall

Residential – proximity to industry, vehicle emissions PM10, SO2, NO, CO, O3,, C6H6, toluene, ethlybenzene, xylene, wind speed, wind direction, sigma-theta, temperature, pressure, humidity, rainfall

Within industrial area PM10, PM2.5 SO2, NO, CO, O3, wind speed, wind direction, sigma-theta, temperature, pressure, humidity, rainfall

Residential, industrial, commercial PM10, PM2.5 SO2

Mining, industrial PM10, PM2.5, wind speed, wind direction, sigma-theta

8.3.2 Monitoring and Data Processing Protocols

Data quality objectives, data processing and reporting protocols and monitoring methods must be established. It is intended that the data quality objectives be made equivalent to those outlined in Annex C of SANS 1929 and that the reference methods in Annex D of SANS 1929 to be taken into account in the purchase of new equipment In determining data transfer, validation and storage protocols reference is made to the standards published by South African National Accreditation Services (SANAS), viz.:

• The ISO/IEC Guide 25 for calibrating laboratories (also contained in the code of practice SABS 0259-1990;

• ISO 17025 requirements for the operation of testing laboratories and the ISO 9000 series for manufacturers to demonstrate the quality of operations; and

• NLA supplementary requirements for the accreditation of continuous ambient air pollution monitoring station (which are additional to those specified in the ISO/IEC Guide

For the smoke and sulphur dioxide monitoring stations reference should be made to the CSIR method for the determination of smoke and sulphur dioxide (CSIR Special Report, SMOG 3, Methods recommended for the measurement of air pollution in South Africa, Determination of Smoke and Soot (fine suspended matter), 1974; CSIR Special Report SMOG 5, Methods recommended for the measurement of air pollution in South Africa, (Determination of Sulphur Dioxide, 1971) Sampling durations will be continuous, where applicable. Preference will be given to data transfer methods which allows for near real-time, continuous and reliable data transfer wherever possible. Potential methods include: telemetry, continuous download


via satellite and transfer via radio link. In defining data storage procedures attention will be paid to SANAS accreditation requirements include the following: (i) raw data to be kept, (ii) data to be kept for minimum of 3 years, and (iii) all manipulations of data must be recorded.

8.3.3 Monitoring Methods proposed for investigation in the short-term Passive Diffuse Monitoring Campaign Passive sampling takes samples of gas or vapour pollutants from the atmosphere through a static air layer or permeation through a membrane. The rate of flow is controlled by physical processes such diffusion and does not involve the active movement of air though the sampler by means of a pump. Passive samplers thus measure concentrations of pollutants based on the rate of chemical reactions and molecular diffusion. Advantages of these samplers include the following:

• No electricity nor field calibration is required;

• Samples are easy to prepare, assemble and analyse;

• Low operational cost (facilitating the installation of several samplers in non-secure areas to enhance the potential for data collection);

• No field maintenance is required; and • Constant sampling rate.

Passive samplers are available for a range of pollutants including SO2, NO2, O3, ammonia (NH3) and VOCs. Passive diffusive samplers have a detection limit of 0.1 µg/m3, 0.2 µg/m 3 and 1 µg/m 3 analytical detection limits for NO2, SO2 and O3, respectively, and a precision of ±5%. It is intended that the implementation of a passive diffusive monitoring campaign be costed and considered in the short-term for possible implementation in the medium-term purpose of characterizing spatial variations in air pollutant concentrations across the WRDM. The passive diffusive campaign to be costed and considered, comprises the following main aspects:

• SO2, NO2, O3 and VOC monitoring for two to three sampling periods (preferably during winter months), passive badges are generally installed for two weeks at a time for a given monitoring campaign, therefore two to three sampling periods of 4 weeks each would be ideal; and


• A grid is to be superimposed over the WRDM area with sampling being conducted within each grid square; ideally with sampling sites every 5 km to 10 km.

The results from the passive diffusive monitoring campaign can be used to: (i) plot the spatial distribution of pollutant concentrations over the district, (ii) identify zones of maximum concentrations, (iii) review the location of permanent monitoring stations, and (iv) to determine sites for new potential monitoring stations.

8.3.4 Protocol for Integration of Industry and exis ting Air Quality Monitoring Stations

Various industries may be required to implement ambient air quality monitoring in the future. Such requirements may be expressed as a condition in their atmospheric emissions licenses or may be required as part of the terms and conditions outlined in Records of Decision issued as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment process. In all instances where governmental departments require industrial or commercial concerns to implement ambient air quality monitoring within WRDM the following conditions will apply:

• WRDM is to request that it be consulted by other departments in instances where such departments intend to require that industrial, mining or commercial concerns within WRDM undertake ambient air quality monitoring;

• Monitoring stations are to be effectively installed and instruments routinely maintained;

• Monitoring station instrumentation must be calibrated by an independent party at regular intervals;

• Data from the monitoring stations are to be validated by an independent party or alternatively, should WRDM be in agreement, could be transferred as raw, unvalidated data to the WRDM for screening and validation. This data should also be transferred into the SAAQIS;

• WRDM is to be consulted on the siting of the ambient air quality monitoring station(s) and on the scope of work to be outlined in the call for tenders for the monitoring service;

• WRDM is to be consulted during the tender adjudication and selection process; and

• Data is to be transferred to WRDM for inclusion in its air quality database in a timely manner, on a schedule and in a manner to be agreed between WRDM and the industry concerned. Alternatively, quarterly reports on air quality management are to be submitted to WRDM.


8.3.5 Emission Inventory An emission inventory is a comprehensive, accurate and current account of air pollutant emissions and associated source configuration data from specific sources over a specific time period. Source and emission data need to be collated for routine, upset and accidental emissions to provide a representative account of the potential for impacts that exist. Emission inventories represents the key elements in all programmes aimed at air pollution management, aiding in the identification of pollutants and sources of concern and therefore in the selection of effective air pollution abatement measures. In addition to containing information on present emission levels from the various source categories, an emission inventory could also indicate projected future emissions for long-term planning purposes. The first step in the establishment of an emissions inventory is the identification of sources of atmospheric emissions. The quantification of sources may be based on source measurements, mass balance calculations and on the application of emission factors. Emission factors and emission estimation methods suitable for the quantification of various sources within the WRDM were documented in the Baseline Emission Inventory Report to provide guidance for the establishment of an electronic emissions inventory. There are two general approaches to the establishment of an electronic emissions inventory:

• Emission estimation using various emission models - manual integration into common emissions inventory data base; and

• Selection of emissions inventory software - includes emission estimation algorithms for all required sources (NB - ensure potential for changing algorithms to suit local considerations and source types) - Recommended.

The implementation of a software package comprising an emissions inventory data base, in addition to data base facilities for other data sets (air pollution and meteorological monitoring data, exposure data, etc.), a dispersion modelling component and a GIS-interface is recommended. In its selection of such a package, WRDM will consult with DEA and GDARD personnel and with the departments responsible for air quality management within adjacent cities and metropolitans.

8.3.6 Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling Criteria to be met by the dispersion model to be implemented by WRDM include the following:


• Urban-scale dispersion model;

• Comprising a combined Eularian/Lagrangian model combining modules for area, line and point sources;

• As minimum, first order chemical transformation (ozone formation)

• Microsoft Windows based;

• Compatibility with local LAN • Compatibility with emissions inventory software (if system not integrated with

emissions estimation and inventory component); • GIS-based; and

• Strong data base tools. The most widely used commercially available packages suited to the application include:

• Norwegian AirQUIS (currently favoured for application in Durban, GIS based) • UK ADMS Urban (support for ADMS Urban is provided directly through CERC in

the UK); GIS based with extensive interactive interface: purchased by City of Johannesburg;

• Swedish Air Quality Management Model (GIS-Based combines Operational Street Pollution Model with AERMOD; copy in use by Anglo Platinum in Rustenburg); and

• European Airbase. The selection of a suitable dispersion model (or package comprising dispersion modelling, air quality and meteorological data base and emissions inventory components) will be done in consultation with DEA and GDARD personnel and with the departments responsible for air quality management within adjacent metros and cities. The USEPA model, Aermod, is likely to become the preferred regulatory model for South Africa. Based on the outputs of the AQMS, health risk assessments and damage assessments can be undertaken and impacts costed in the medium-term (3-5 years). Such assessment may be undertaken in the following ways:

• In-house, through the selection and acquisition of suitable models and acquisition and preparation of locally derived input data;

• In-house, though the application of manual calculations based on locally-derived data and international protocols; and

• Externally, through the appointment of consultants on a project-by-project basis, provided that such consultants also build internal capacity.


120

Table 31: WRDM Gap and Needs Assessment

Air Quality Management Gaps Needs

Avoidance and Minimisation

• There is no air pollution minimisation strategy within the District and

its LMs;

• No public education and awareness programmes on air pollution

reduction exists within the LMs; and

• There is a need to adopt the National Air Quality Standards within

the WRDM.

• Air pollution minimisation strategy to be developed to

achieve and sustain acceptable air quality levels);

• Improved awareness levels for communities and

businesses on air pollution through periodic campaigns;

• Major air pollution generators identified within the District

and LMs;

• All development applications (which should undergo an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process) must

have air pollution minimisation strategies;

• Set up air quality standards within the WRDM;

• Buy-in from all emitters in the area in terms of air quality

standards and monitoring (e.g. the mining companies);

and

• Develop emission inventory for all pollutants and sources

at the WRDM and LM level;

• Involve relevant stakeholders to be part of compilation of

strategies;

• Capacity building and education – all people must be

equipped to realize their roles and responsibilities

towards achieving a sustainable air quality environment;

• Implement the “polluter pays” principle – a person or

institution generating pollution should be penalized in

terms of magnitude and effect of pollution

generated.(polluter will be liable for monitoring,

management, supervision, and clean-up);

• To protect health by minimizing the negative impact of

pollution on humans and to improve the integrity of

natural ecosystems;

• Initiate possible greening projects;

• Reduce the extend of ozone depleting substances;


121

• Implement cleaner production processes;

• Promote energy efficiency in all sectors; and

• To obtain information from medical institutions (GP’S,

clinics, hospitals, etc) in an effort to establish possible

parameters responsible for air pollution related

illnesses.(investigate the associations between mortality,

morbidity, hospitalisation, etc and their relationship

between priority pollutants

• There are only two air quality monitoring stations within the WRDM,

one in Mogale City LM and the other in Randfontien LM - the air

quality monitoring station in Mogale City LM is not operational;

• There are no sufficiently trained officers within the WRDM to analyse

the data collected from weather and monitoring stations;

• There is little or no information on the various mine dumps within the

district in terms of air quality management and the responsibility for

monitoring air quality impacts of mine dumps is unclear; and

• There is no access to reliable weather data in the entire District; and

The ambient air monitoring in the mining areas is limited to dustfall

out monitoring only.

• Every LM within the WRDM should have an operational

air quality monitoring station;

• Capture and analysis of air quality data within the WRDM

and LMs;

• Dispersion modelling should be undertaken in the near

future, so as to better understand the significance of

trans-boundary emissions;

• Develop an Air Quality Information System (AQIS) that

will allow industries and mines to transfer data from their

monitoring stations to the WRDM; and

• The AQIS will allow the transfer of data to the SAAQIS.

Air Quality Management System

• Listed Activities in terms of NEMAQA and Mining Processes;

o There is no monitoring of industrial air emissions for listed

(Scheduled) activities in terms of NEMAQA.

• Monitor industrial air emissions for listed activities to

ensure that they comply to Minimum Emission Standards

in terms of Section 21 of the NEMAQA;

• Liaise with industries to ensure that they understand the

new licensing requirements and they commit to operating

within these limits and report their emissions levels to

relevant authorities or GDARD;

• Increase efficiency of process that will result in reduced

emissions complying to legal requirements;

• Application of best available techniques including

process design, process control optimization, high

efficiency dust collectors and post combustion control

technologies;


122

• Enhanced compliance by mining companies through

improved gas emission and dust controls;

• Dust fall – out monitoring;

• Implementation of dust suppression techniques;

• Installation of scrubbers where feasible and increased

control/ management of waste disposal sites; and

• Incorporation of monitoring stacks by smelters.

• Non-listed industrial activities;

o There is no monitoring of industrial air emissions for listed

non-listed (Non-Scheduled) activities in terms of NEMAQA;

• Establish the sources, pollution and the volumes of the

pollutants emitted within the various LMs. This can be

achieved through the compilation of an Emission

Inventory for each LM;

• An Emission Inventory needs to focus on the following:

• Company profile and their activity;

• Source location (latitude and longitude)

• Type of fuel burning appliances used;

• The fuel input, both type and quantity;

• The stack parameters;

• Period of operation; and

• Control equipment.

• Domestic Fuel Burning

o There is no sufficient data on the use of fossil fuel within

residential areas; and

• Establish baseline information on the use of fossil fuel

within residential areas;

• Provide alternative energy sources to residential areas

that are dependent on fossil fuels; and

• Increase efficiency use of fossil fuels within residential

applications.

• Transport emissions

o There is no vehicle counts data useful for populating

transport emissions;

o Collection of fuels sales volume data for Merafong City LM

by DME is not done

• Conduct vehicle counts;

• Establish volumes of vehicle fuels sold in the WRDM by

fuel type;

• Install road side air quality monitoring equipment for

selected routes and locations;

• Measuring emissions associated with vehicles;


123

• Developing tarred roads to reduce particulate generation

from gravel/ sand roads and to maintain these roads to

reduce other fugitive emissions; and

• Improving rail networks to minimize, particularly, the use

of heavy vehicles, investigate the re-introduction of the

Johannesburg-Carletonville passenger rail.

• Agricultural activities and Biomass burning • Best practice when tilling soils for ploughing;

• Best practice for burning of fields in preparation for

seeding;

• Ensuring that pesticide spraying is done in accordance to

best practice;

• Proper crop handling by harvesting machines;

• Ensuring that dust generated during the loading and

transporting of crops is reduced and suppressed; and

• Raise public awareness on veld fires, specifically the

practice of maintaining fire breaks to reduce the

occurrence of accidental veld fires.

• Landfill sites and Incinerators

o Poor information on the medical waste incineration facilities

within the WRDM.

• To ensure that all incinerator are permitted and are

operating according to permit requirements;

• Stack emission testing to be undertaken to prove

compliance to emission limits

• To provide waste removal services in areas where

informal waste burning is an issue;

• Ensuring ‘good practices’ pertaining to landfill

management and air pollution mitigation;

• Implementing stipulations for garden refuse sites and

transfer stations with regard to avoiding waste burning;

• Conduct ambient air quality monitoring of selected toxic

and odoriferous substances emanating from the landfill;

and

• Conduct emission inventory for the landfills.


124

Enforcement

• There is no capacity (skills and personnel) within the municipality to

develop and drive air quality enforcement; and

• Municipal By-Laws should be amended to reflect the current status

of the environment and to be interactive and compatible to National

and Provincial legislation.

• Capacity building; and

• Up-dating the municipal by-laws.

Capacity Building & Staffing viz-

a-viz delegated responsibilities in

terms of NEMAQA

• Limited capacity within various spheres of government for air quality

management; and

• Capacity Building is not being undertaken to prepare the WRDM and

its LMs for the imminent delegation of responsibilities for managing

air quality at the LM level.

• Better coordination and a structured capacity building

plan are required on the training initiatives organised by

the Air Quality Desk at the DEA.


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Table 32: Air Quality Management System – Actions, Tasks and Objectives

Air Quality

Management System Action Tasks and Objectives

Ambient Air Quality

and Meteorological

Monitoring network

• WRDM will repair and

maintain the current Air

Quality Monitoring

Stations within the

Randfontein and Mogale

City LMs; and

• Establish and Air Quality Management Office

within the WRDM with

suitably qualified and

trained officers.

• Define monitoring objectives:

o Determine compliance with air quality guidelines and standards;

o Assess exposure of people, addressing both the highest levels and the levels in other areas where the

general population is exposed;

o Make adequate information available to the public; and

o Source contribution and trend analysis;

• Define data quality objectives;

• Select priority pollutants;

o In the identification of pollutants to be monitored reference was made to the priority pollutants identified

for the purpose of establishing local air quality guidelines. It was determined that the following pollutants

be monitored by the WRDM: PM10, PM 2.5, NO2 (NOx, NO), SO2, CO,O3, lead, benzene, and dust;

• Determine suitable numbers of stations for each pollutant;

• Locations of stations selected and justified;

• Establish suitable monitoring methods established;

• Determine averaging periods for data reporting;

o Averaging periods for the reporting of pollutants were determined based on the averaging periods

specified for specific pollutants;

• Define sampling durations’

o Continuous.

• Identify suitable mechanisms and protocols for data transfer and storage;

o It is recommended that a data transfer method be selected which allows near real-time, continuous and

reliable data transfer. The raw data is to be kept for minimum of 3 years, and all manipulations of data

must be recorded.

Data validation and completeness:

• Data checks undertaken to flag erroneous data including

o Calculation of percentage data availability (missing data due to power failure, instrument error, etc.).

o Time sequence trend analysis - identify outliers.

o Stack signal checks - specify no. of consecutive hours for which a value can remain.

o Constant specification of ranges (e.g. 0 to 360° for bearing measurements, -10°C to 40°C for ambient


126

Air Quality


temperature).

• Minimum data completeness requirements for the calculation of period averages;

o Example 1 - US-EPA requirements for continuous monitors;

o 1-hour ambient average - requires 48 minutes of valid data;

o 3-hour ambient average - requires 3 one-hour samples;

o 24-hour average - requires at least 20 one-hour samples;

o Monthly average requires at least 80% of data days of >20 hours or more;

o Quarterly average requires 80% data capture and no more than 10 consecutive incomplete days; and

o Annual average - requires 4 complete quarters.

• Automatic / manual data analysis & reporting;

o Summary statistics of data set - including calculation of maximums, means, medians and standard

deviations;

o Frequency of exceedance of threshold values (guidelines, standards, dose-response thresholds, alarm

thresholds, etc.);

o Frequency distributions (including cumulative frequency distribution plotting) and calculation of

percentiles;

o Time series analysis to identify temporal trends in concentrations - including diurnal, intra-annual /

seasonal, and inter-annual variations;

o Overlaying of temporal trends for multiple pollutants - identify variations in ratios between different

pollutants - useful for source identification purposes;

o Wind and pollution rose generation - useful in determining likely location of sources in relation to

monitoring sites; and

o Air quality index - synopsis of pollution levels across all measured pollutants for a specific averaging

period - summing of individual hazard index calculated on basis of health threshold or ambient air quality

standard/guideline.

• Other factors which will need to be taken into account in the actual establishment of the network include: the cost

of the network and practical requirements for the establishment of a station at a specific site (e.g. security, power

supply, representivity of site).

Emission Inventory • The WRDM must revise

and update the emission

• An emission inventory must be a comprehensive, accurate and current account of air pollutant emissions and

associated source configuration data from specific sources over a specific time period;


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Air Quality


inventory on a two yearly

basis.

• Source and emission data need to be collated for routine, upset and accidental emissions to provide a

representative account of the potential for impacts which exist; and

• Emission inventories must represent the key element in all programmes aimed at air pollution management,

aiding in the identification of pollutants and sources of concern and therefore in the selection of effective air

pollution abatement measures. In addition to containing information on present emission levels from the various

source categories, an emission inventory must aim to indicate projected future emissions for long-term planning

purposes.

Dispersion Modelling

• The WRDM will acquire

& implement a suitable

atmospheric dispersion

model by June 2013.

• The selection of a suitable dispersion model (or package comprising dispersion modelling, air quality and

meteorological data base and emissions inventory components) will be done in consultation with DEA and

GDARD personnel and with the departments responsible for air quality management within other areas such as

Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg and Tshwane.

• The implementation of a model by June 2013 would be dependent on the availability of an emissions inventory

for the District by this date.

Reporting Protocol

• The WRDM will

implement a

comprehensive reporting

protocol by December

2014.

• All monitoring information will report to a central data base including: air quality and meteorological data

(automatic transfer or other depending on station), source and emissions data, diesel vehicle test results (etc.);

• The air quality management data base (comprising air pollution monitoring data, meteorological monitoring data

and source and emissions data) will be archived on a monthly basis;

• Three copies will be made: (i) one to be retained by the Air Quality Management function, (ii) one to be sent to

the DEA for archive, and (iii) one copy to be sent to GDARD for archiving;

• Source and emissions data and air pollution and meteorological monitoring results will be made available to DEA

and GDARD on request in an electronic format compatible with their in-house data bases;

• Air quality and meteorological monitoring data will be made available (in raw data format) to research and

academic institutions on request for use in academic and research projects; and

• Routine and special reports to be generated by WRDM will be determined in the short-term. Possible reporting

requirements to be considered are outlined in (Table 33.).

Public Consultation

Approach

• The WRDM will

implement a well-defined

public consultation

approach by June 2012.

• The public consultation process may include:

o Media Liaison. Methods to be considered include:

o Internally maintained complaints register;

o Air pollution “hotline”


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Air Quality


o Newspapers;

o Website;

o Radio advertisements; and

o Public meetings.

o The use of an Air Quality Information Liaison Officer and an awareness raising campaign. The duties of

the officer will include;

o Inventory air quality related complaints received via a designated ‘hotline for the WRDM;

o Coordinate responses to air quality related complaints received – both those received directly and

those received by LMs;

o Collate and disseminate information to newspapers and radio stations;

o Ensure that information is routinely reported for display on the website;

o Organise and facilitate public meetings; and

o Assist in the design and implementation of awareness raising campaigns.

o Public Meeting should include presentation on the following:

o Monitoring results;

o Progress against key performance indicators;

o Progress made with AQMP implementation; and

o Proposed development for the next 6 months.

o A dedicated air pollution Complaints Register must be kept which should include the following fields:

o Date and time of complaint;

o Name, address and contact number of person lodging the complaint;

o Nature of incident;

o Date and time at which incident occurred;

o Location at which incident occurred; and

o Action taken by WRDM


Table 33: Possible frequency and content of reports to be considered by WRDM in the short term (next two years) in defining its medium- and long-term reporting commitments and targets

Frequency Content Departments to which Reports should be circulated

Non-compliance reporting on a daily basis (only report when exceedances occur

• Pollutants in exceedences;

• Site location at which exceedences were measured;

• Threshold exceeded (national standard, local guideline, local alert threshold;

• Magnitude of exceedence; and

• Action to be taken (where necessary.

DEA GDARD DoT DoH

Daily (routine report) Report on previous day’s pollution level include:

• Air quality index calculated per station;

• Identification of specific pollutant(s) responsible for high index values;

• For non-compliance days – inclusion of brief information on the reasons for the episode (if known)

• Daily average pollution concentrations recorded at each station

DEA GDARD DoT DoH

Monthly (routine report) Air quality monitoring results DEA GDARD DoT DoH

Quarterly (routine report) Results from diesel vehicle emission testing DEA GDARD DoT DoH

Quarterly (routine report) Results from complaints register DEA GDARD DoT DoH

Annually (routine report) Synopsis of

• Air quality monitoring data for a year

• Diesel vehicle emission testing

• Emission estimates Identification of sources, pollutants and areas of concern Evaluation of progress made with regard to control measure implementation (extent to which controls implemented, emission reduction achieved, air quality improvements realised)

DEA GDARD DoT DoH


8.3.7 Air Quality Management System - Actions Requi red A synopsis of the specific actions required and timeframes for the establishment of an AQMS is given in the (Table 34) below: Table 34: Air Quality Management System Developmen t - Actions Required

Action: Recommended Target Date

Repair and maintain the existing ambient air quality and meteorological monitoring network. December 2011

Increase air quality monitoring stations – identification of suitable sites in the Westonaria LM

Merafong City LM and DMA. The purpose of the monitoring station in the DMA would be to

measure background concentrations.

December 2014

Revision of the emissions inventory on a two yearly basis to include all minor and major

sources.

December 2012

Acquire and implement a suitable atmospheric dispersion model. June 2013

Implementation of a comprehensive reporting protocol. December 2014

Adopt and successfully implement a comprehensive public participation process. June 2012


9 INTERVENTION STRATEGIES An effective air quality management framework is not currently in place within the WRDM, due to the manner in which air pollution has historically been controlled and the lack of ambient air quality data. Without such a system: (i) insufficient data exists for certain sources on which to determine whether or not the implementation of certain emission reduction measures are justified, and (ii) progress made by control measure implementation cannot be quantified. It was therefore decided to focus on developing a AQMS in the short-term (0 – 3 years), given that such a system is not currently in place and is required to provide the basis for an emission reduction programme.

9.1 Capacity Building and Training

It is intended that air quality management capacity and tools be development by the WRDM Air Quality Management Office, to ensure efficient and cost-effective service delivery with respect to air quality management and planning. These capacities and tools typically include: human resources (staff availability, expertise and experience), facilities, source and ambient monitoring equipment, emission calculation methodologies, hardware, software, etc. For the WRDM AQMP to be effective, co-operative governance and political buy-in across all three spheres of government will be required, as well as the capacity to enforce compliance with the new legislation. In order to increase the capacity in each LM, local authorities need to invest both time and capital. The Municipality can only meet its regulatory role in terms of air quality by appointing dedicated AQOs and personnel with the same vision, as outlined in this plan. Each LM within the WRDM will be required to carry out monitoring, data analysis and reporting on ambient air quality as per their mandate, as air quality authorities. Training on calibration and maintenance of analysers in the ambient monitoring stations will be required, as well as training on data acquisition and analysis. For this task, AQOs, and technical personnel will be required. Each LM will be required to have a dedicated AQO. None of the four LMs have AQOs who are also qualified Environmental Health Practitioners. The implementation, co-ordination and management of the AQMP roll out would require specific functions and capabilities within the Local and District Municipal structures. The following appointments


will be required for each LM and the WRDM in order to fulfil their mandate as air quality licensing authorities:

• One Senior Atmospheric Scientist (University degree with experience) at the District Level;

• One Air Quality Liaison Officer at the District Level; • One Air Quality Officer at the District Level; and

• One Air Quality Technician at the District Level. A comprehensive outline of personnel requirements for air quality management is described in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality and the Capricorn District Municipality AQMPs. Based on this, relevant personnel and associated responsibilities have been determined for the WRDM.

9.1.1 Senior Atmospheric Scientist This person must have a broad knowledge and understanding of air quality related issues and air quality management. This person will be responsible for the co-ordination of air quality management at a District level. Main tasks include:

• Provide air quality management support to the LMs;

• Assist in rolling out the emissions reduction strategies in the LMs; • Oversee emissions inventory development, dispersion modelling, database

management and GIS; • Assist with LM AQMP development and implementation; and

• Assist with emission reduction strategies development.

9.1.2 Air Quality Liaison Officer This person is responsible for aiding the municipalities with public participation in terms of informing the public of air quality issues within the WRDM. The main responsibilities include:

• Distribute air quality information to media sources such as newspapers and radio stations;

• Organise public participation meetings; and • Involvement in awareness raising campaigns and implementation of emission

reduction strategies.


9.1.3 Air Quality Officer This person will be accountable for the management and co-ordination of air quality at both the District and Local Municipality level. This person should have a good local knowledge of the air pollution related issues in the WRDM. Main tasks that this person will be responsible for include:

• Implementation of the recommended emissions reduction strategies;

• Management of everyday air quality concerns within each LM; • Develop and maintain a comprehensive emissions inventory of all sources in the

WRDM; • Undertake dispersion modelling simulations of predicted pollutant concentrations;

• Licensing and control of non-domestic fuel burning and listed activities; and

• Responsible for the initiation of public awareness programmes around air quality issues.

9.1.4 Air Quality Technician This person will be responsible for the maintenance and calibration of the ambient air quality monitoring stations as well as the proposed passive monitoring network. Other tasks will include:

• Data collection and collation; • Reporting to the Air Quality Officer; and

• Management of air quality laboratories

9.2 Emissions Reduction Measures - Actions Required

In terms of source specific actions to be undertaken by the WRDM, actions aimed at both source quantification and emission reduction for major sources has been identified. It is intended that priority be given to the reduction of emissions of priority pollutants from key sources (with the aim of reducing exposures in highly impacted areas) even though a comprehensive management system is not yet in place. A synopsis of the specific actions required and timeframes for establishing various local air quality objectives is given in (Table 35) below:


134

Table 35: Proposed Emission Reduction Measures

Emission

Source

Emission Reduction Measures (0 – 3 years) Responsibility Recommended

Timeframes

Mine Tailings • The WRDM will, together with the Council for Geosciences, and local mining operations establish a

committee tasked with the monitoring and regulation of dust generation as a result of mining operations;

• The WRDM must motivate to the inter-departmental committee for the adoption of a comprehensive dust

management planning approach and the implementation of effective dust controls by local mines;

• An awareness raising and information dissemination programme on dust impacts and mitigation related

to mine tailings, specifically aimed at impacted communities, must be established;

• Technical information on dustfall measurements and tailings rehabilitation programmes are to be

obtained and communicated to neighbouring communities. The programme will aim to keep affected

communities informed of the status of impacts and controls and to gain the cooperation of communities in

the safe-guarding of measurement and rehabilitation equipment (e.g. dustfall monitors, irrigation pipes);

and

• The local dust deposition guidelines must be implemented, and the WRDM AQM function must ensure

that mitigatory action is undertaken when the alarm threshold is exceeded.

WRDM, LMs,

Council for

Geosciences

and Local

Mines

December

2012

Transportation

and Traffic

• The relevant AQM function will obtain information required for the quantification of vehicle emissions from

Transportation Planning, viz.

o Spatial information on road network;

o Technology mix (indicating number of petrol and diesel vehicles, with a distinction made

between various vehicle types) - spatial variations in mix if available;

o Vehicle age data (taking into account traffic mix) - spatial variations where available;

o Vehicle population data - spatial variations in vehicle nos. per vehicle type/ age; and

• Transport-related monitoring requirements must be integrated into the WRDM ambient air quality

monitoring activities.

WRDM and

LMs

June 2013

Waste

(Incineration,

Landfills and

Waste Water

Treatment

Works

Landfill Operations

• The relevant AQM function will consult with the Contract Management with the purpose of:

o Drawing up strict performance indicators for inclusion in the contract with the waste;

• Disposal company contracted to provide waste removal services in areas where informal waste burning

is an issue;

• Compiling a checklist of landfill site evaluation criteria for the purpose of Contract Management;

• Evaluations and contract negotiations. DWA and GDARD evaluation criteria;


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Emission

Source


Timeframes

• Should be taken into account in addition to other 'good practices' pertaining to landfill management and

air pollution; mitigation implementing stipulations for garden refuse sites and transfer stations with regard

to avoiding waste burning

• The WRDM will request to be represented at DWA meetings held to discuss local landfill sites;

• The AQM function must request feedback from GDARD, DWA and Contract Management site

inspections of landfill operations;

• The AQM function will require landfill operations within the City to undertake the following;

• Compile a speciated substance emissions inventory (to be updated annually) based on subsurface gas

network sampling ambient air quality monitoring of select toxic and odoriferous substances – with

substances selected on the basis of the site-specific emissions inventory;

• Flag air pollutant concentrations resulting in unacceptable health risks commission a quantitative air

quality impact assessment should health risks be flagged; and

• Short-term methods of waste recycling will be investigated, e.g. through the support of local buy-back

centres.

Incineration

• The AQM function will consult with DEA and GDARD to ensure that all incinerators are permitted and are

operating according to permit requirements. This will require that, among other things, that stack

emissions testing be undertaken to prove compliance with emission limits routinely specified by

incinerator permits for the following pollutants: cadmium, mercury, thallium, chromium, beryllium, arsenic,

antimony, barium, lead, silver, cobalt, copper, manganese, tin, vanadium, nickel, chloride, hydrofluoric

acid and sulphur dioxide.

Sewage and Waste Water Treatment Works

• The Air Quality Management function will require that sewage and waste water treatment works

operating within the WRDM undertake the following:

o Compile a speciated substance emissions inventory (to be updated annually) based on

site-specific samples;

o Ambient air quality monitoring of select toxic and odoriferous substances – with

substances selected on the basis of the site-specific emissions inventory;


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Emission

Source


Timeframes

o Flag air pollutant concentrations resulting in unacceptable health risks; and

o Commission a quantitative air quality impact assessment should health risks be flagged.

Industry and

Fuel Burning

Appliances

• On-going communication must be established with the Air Pollution Quality Officer responsible for the

Scheduled Processes within the WRDM and Local Municipalities to enable source and emissions data on

'Scheduled Processes' contained within the emissions inventory to be updated;

• All information related to non-domestic fuel burning appliances which would be required for the

estimation of emissions and modelling of air quality impacts will be collated, viz.:

o Location of appliance;

o Company name and contact details;

o Type of appliance;

o Type of fuel in use;

o Sulphur content of fuel;

o Ash content of fuel (where appropriate);

o Quantity of fuel used;

o Scheduling of operation (continuous, intermittent - two hours per day, etc.);

o Control measures in place;

o Control efficiency;

o Stack height;

o Inner stack diameter;

o Gas exit temperature;

o Gas exit velocity or volumetric flow;

o Stack monitoring data (where available); and

o Estimate emissions and predict air quality impacts associated with non-domestic fuel burning

appliances.

• Reinforce the rule that the installation of all new non-domestic fuel burning appliances and any major

appliance renovation or alteration project will require the notification of the WRDM and LMs.

WRDM and

LMs

June 2011

Other Sources • Identify and quantify additional sources of pollution;

• Establish routine data retrieval mechanisms for the purpose of updating the emissions inventory;

• Reinforce the need for dust suppression required to be implemented by mines and quarries along

unpaved haul and access roads;

WRDM and

LMs

June 2011


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Emission

Source


Timeframes

• Control the burning of grass by municipal worker’s along highways and elsewhere;

• Investigate the use of by-law implementation for the purpose of (i) controlling trackout from construction

sites (ii) stipulating the need for dustfall monitoring and reporting of results during large-scale

construction and demolition projects; and

• Identification of emission reduction measures for other sources predicted on the basis of the quantitative

emissions inventory to be significant in terms of health risks or nuisance impacts.


10 IMPLEMENTATION PLAN This Implementation Plan puts forwards a series of so-called ‘priority’ projects required for implementation by the WRDM and its constituent LMs. In many instances, full co-operation from the relevant government departments responsible for managing and financing air quality management, will also be required to ensure the effective and efficient implementation of the AQMP by the District. Prior to the identification and discussion of priority projects, it must first be determine what the required intervention strategies will be in order to address the gaps and needs identified in the previous phases of this AQMP process, i.e. those identified within the Gap and Needs Assessment Report.

10.1 Identify Intervention Strategies

The intervention strategy seeks to address specific gaps identified and reported on in the Gap and Needs Assessment Report. It also entails a goal setting exercise whereby specific achievable goals are set. (Table 36) lists the gaps identified within the current air quality management practices of the WRDM and its LMs (refer to the Gap and Needs Assessment Report), as well as the proposed intervention strategy required to remedy these gaps and needs.

10.2 Scenario Based Approach

The AQMP, and to a greater degree the Implementation Plan, have been developed according to a scenario based approach for the achievement of various pre-determined standards of air quality management practices by the WRDM. (Table 36) that follows, details the various levels (broadly defined) of air quality management potentially achievable within the WRDM. Scenario five (5) details the top level of air quality management that could be achieved by the District and provides a brief description of the scenario that is achievable and requirements that should be met to achieve Scenario 5 ‘compliance’. Each subsequent level, or scenario, reflects a reduction in overall air quality management standards and a decreased compliance to the overall goals and objectives of the NEMAQA.


139

Table 36: WRDM Gap and Needs and recommended Inter vention Strategy

Air Quality

Management

Gaps Needs Proposed Intervention Strategy

Avoidance and

Minimisation

• There is no air pollution minimisation strategy in

the District and its 4 LMs:

• No public education and awareness

programmes on air pollution reduction exists

within the LMs; and

• There is a need to adopt the National

Ambient Air Quality Standards within the

WRDM.

• Air pollution minimisation strategy to be

established;

• Improved consciousness levels for the

community and business on air

pollution through periodic campaigns;

• Major air pollution generators identified

within the WRDM;

• All development applications have air

pollution minimisation strategies;

• Set up air quality standards within the

WRDM;

• Buy-in from all emitters in the area in

terms of air quality standards and

monitoring, e.g. the mining companies;

and

• Develop emission inventory for all

pollutants and sources.

• Develop an AQMS focussing on

emission reduction. This will require

regular updates of the Emission

Inventory and Modelling and

Monitoring Reports. The updates

should link into the IDP planning

cycle;

• Institute mandatory emission

reduction programmes on identified

polluters. This needs to specify the

following:

o Technical feasibility; and o Quantify expected ambient

concentration reductions.

• Cost vs benefit analysis report; and

• Organisational responsibilities in the

polluter’s organisation.

Monitoring • There are only two air quality monitoring stations

within the WRDM, one in Mogale City LM and the

other in Randfontien Local Municipality - the air

quality monitoring station in Mogale City LM is

not operational;

• There are no sufficiently trained officers within the

WRDM to analyse the data collected from

weather and monitoring stations;

• There is little or no information on the various

mine dumps within the district, i.e. in terms of air

quality management, responsibility for monitoring

air quality impacts of mine dumps is unclear;

• Every LM within the WRDM should

have an operational air quality

monitoring station;

• Capture and analysis of air quality data

within the WRDM;

• Dispersion modelling should be

undertaken in the near future, so as to

better understand the significance of

emissions within the District and

transboundary emissions, e.g. impacts

of Lanseria Airport on regional air

quality;

• Repair equipment at existing

monitoring stations as a priority by

December 2011;

• Establish a single standardized

Air Quality Monitoring and

Reporting Protocol for all stations

by December 2014;

• Establish an Air Quality

Management Office within the

WRDM by December 2011; Appoint

staff to manage this office;

• Emission Reduction by instituting by-


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Air Quality

Management


• There is no access to reliable weather data in the

entire district;

• There is no monitoring of industrial air emissions

for listed activities; and

• There is no sufficient data on the use of fossil

fuel in the residential areas.

• Monitor industrial air emissions for

listed activities to ensure that they

comply to Minimum Emission

Standards set in terms of Section 21 of

the AQA;

• Liaise with industries to ensure that

they understand the new licenscing

requirements and they commit to

operate within limits, and report their

emissions levels to relevant authorities

or GDARD;

• To establish baseline information on

the use of fossil fuel in the residential

areas;

• Provide alternative energy sources to

residential areas that are dependent on

fossil fuels; and

• Increase efficiency use of fossil fuel use

in residential applications.

laws by 2012;

• Establish periodic reporting on

priority pollutants for all identified

pollution sources and industries;

• Undertake atmospheric dispersion

modelling as part of the Air Quality

Management System by June 2014;

• Identify residential areas that use

fossil fuel for cooking and heating by

June 2012;

• Prioritise the residential areas using

fossil fuels that require air quality

monitoring equipment by December

2012;

• Install suitable air quality monitoring

equipment at all prioritized

residential areas by December 2013;

• Monitor air quality for a period of 12

months covering all seasons (April

2011 to March 2012);

• Liaise with all key electrification

stakeholders (DME, Eskom) to

establish the extent of electrification

backlogs by December 2011;

• Adopt and implement the GDARD

alternative sources of energy

programmes for the residential areas

by March 2014; and

• Start the roll-out of Basa-Njengo

MaGogo top down fire making


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Air Quality

Management


programme in areas where coal is a

major source of fuel within the

district by April 2012.

Enforcement • There is no capacity (skills and personnel) within

the WRDM and its LMs to develop and drive air

quality enforcement; and

• WRDM by-laws should be amended and reflect

the current status of the environment.

• Capacity building; and

• Up-dating the municipal by-laws.

• Provide training for law enforcement

agents to enforce compliance with

air quality national standards.

Capacity

Building

• Capacity Building is not being done to prepare

the WRDM for the delegation of responsibilities

for managing air quality at local government level

which has been passed into law as from March

2010.

• Better coordination and a structured

capacity building plan is required on the

training initiatives organised by the Air

Quality Desk at the Department of

Environmental Affairs.

• Undertake an awareness raising

campaign for the general public; and

• Provide training for air quality staff

on implementation of the AQMP and

licensing functions.


Scenario one (1), at the bottom end of the scale (Table 37), reflects a situation whereby there is legislative non-compliance (in terms of the requirements of NEMAQA, DEA guidelines for minimum requirements for air quality management), significant environmental impacts and reduced overall cost effectiveness, resulting from current air quality management practises. The consumption of natural resources under Scenario 1 continues unchecked and is excessive. Based on the SQR, it is clear where the WRDM presently falls on the ‘scenario scale’. Air quality management practices within the WRDM, by constituent LMs, are consistent with a standard comparable to the issues and requirements of Scenario 1. This Implementation Plan, following the systematic undertaking of the following steps, is geared at elevating air quality management standards within WRDM to a scenario that is not only legally compliant, but that gives greater overall effect to the goals and objectives of the NEMAQA:

• Identification of major gaps in the current air quality management practices that prevent the WRDM from achieving a scenario/ standard further up the scale (Table 37) than is currently achieved by the WRDM;

• The determination of the District and relevant LMs needs, in terms of achieving an improved standard of air quality management;

• The setting of goals, policies and objectives that are aimed at addressing the aforementioned gaps and needs;

• Evaluation of alternative air quality management methods and options available to the District and LMs to achieve improved air quality management standards within their jurisdiction; and

• The development of an Implementation Plan for the 5 year planning time horizon that outlines the following key components for the successful implementation of numerous identified priority projects stemming from the alternatives analysis:

o Project descriptions (priority projects); o Project objectives; o Time-frames for implementation of projects; o Anticipated cost of projects; o Expected project deliverables; o Responsible parties; o Possible funding mechanism; and o Possible Interested and Affected Parties.

The most significant factors that have the potential to negatively influence the successful implementation of the AQMP are inter alia as follows:


• Lack of available budget/ capital for implementation of specific projects;

• Lack of availability of capable resources/ personnel to implement the plan; and • Unclear, or ambiguous, delegation of roles and responsibilities in the

Implementation Plan. Taking the above mentioned constraints into account, SEF have compiled an Implementation Plan that aims to elevate the AQMP from a level one (1) scenario/ standard to a level three (3) scenario/ standard by the end of the first year planning time horizon of this AQMP. Specific projects have been developed to address the short term (0 to 1 year), as well as medium term (1 to 2 years), air quality management objectives of the WRDM. It is proposed that all short term projects be aimed at elevating the WRDM to a level whereby they achieve compliance with relevant ‘air quality’ related legislation and guideline documents. The short term planning horizon is also aimed at setting a sound platform for the WRDM to then elevate air quality management standards to scenario three (3) compliance between 6-12 months of the planning time horizon for this AQMP. Without addressing matters relating to capacity building, staffing, funding mechanisms and other immediate air quality management needs (e.g. legislatively compliance of air quality management/ emission standards) for the District over the short term, it will become evident that no suitable platform exists for the achievement of significant improvements in air quality management or environmental legal compliance over the medium to long term period (3-5 years). Table 37: Tabular description of levels of manageme nt (scenarios) related to air quality management

Scenarios Description of Desired

State Issues / Requirements

1 Current status • No compliance to air quality management legislative

standards.

2 Immediate

need

Functional Air Quality Monitoring System requirements achieved.

• Cost of repair and upgrade;

• Staffing;

• Identification of point sources

• Potential revenues (present and future By-Laws, which permit fines and penalties);

• Potential revenue sources & co-ordination of government private initiatives

• Level of public awareness / co-operation; and

• Political will.

3 Short term

Mandatory requirements achieved (6-12 months monitoring data available and reported on in comparison to regional / national standards)

• Suitable monitoring system in specific problem areas;

• Cost effectiveness of monitoring system;

• Potential revenues & co-ordination of private initiatives;

• Identification of emissions at source

• Reporting protocol in line with DEA guidelines;

• Alternative technologies and air quality management practices;


Scenarios Description of Desired

State Issues / Requirements

• Level of public awareness / co-operation (esp. mines and industries);

• Co-ordination of private initiatives;

• Potential for policy support; and

• Political will.

4 Medium term

Mandatory requirements achieved (12-24 months monitoring data and analysis available and reported on in comparison to regional / national standards)

• Suitable air quality data collection system in specific problem areas;


• Potential revenues & coordination of private initiatives;

• Identification of emissions at source;

• Reporting protocol in line with DEA guidelines;

• Alternative technologies and air quality management practices;

• Level of public awareness / co-operation;

• Co-ordination of private initiatives;


• Political will.

5 Long term

Mandatory requirements achieved (24-36 months monitoring data and analysis available and reported on in comparison to national / international standards)

• Suitable air quality data collection system in specific problem areas;


• Potential revenues & coordination of private initiatives;

• Identification and reduction of emissions at source;

• Reporting protocol in line with international standards;

• Advanced alternative technologies and air quality management practices;

• Level of public awareness / co-operation;

• Co-ordination of private initiatives


• Political will.

10.3 Implementation Plan

The Implementation Plan is the end result of the AQMP development process (apart from implementation and yearly monitoring thereof), which outlines the sequential role out of identified priority projects over the 3 year planning horizon determined for this AQMP. The identified priority projects deemed necessary to elevate the standard of air quality management practices within the WRDM are staggered over a 3 year period due to anticipated budgetary constraints that limit the possible implementation thereof over a shorter time-frame (Figure 30). In addition, the initiation and development of subsequent priority projects may be dependent on the successful execution of a predecessor in the list of required priority projects. The following are inter alia typical examples of such circumstances that are realised in this proposed Implementation Plan:


• The success of an effective and reliable Air Quality Management System is

hinged on the successful completion of all priority projects, relating to the functionality of air quality management monitoring stations and the competency of technical staff;

• The District and its constituent LMs need to develop comprehensive air quality management by-laws (project no. 8) before municipal officials can be expected to monitor and enforce the implementation thereof; and

• Without adequate recruitment and technical training of municipal officials (project no. 7), the success of priority projects 1 to 9, is doubtful.

In a so-called ideal world, devoid of the real life financial and capacity constraints currently realised in many District and LM set ups, it would be feasible to implement all identified priority projects over a ten year period (Figure 30).


146

Figure 30: Proposed Implementation Plan for AQMP ro le out over a 10 year period


10.4 Projects

The following tables (Table 38 to Table 48) present an overview of the priority projects that have been identified for implementation by the WRDM and its constituent LMs. The said tables are intended to provide an overview and preliminary terms of reference for the relevant role players to initiate the necessary projects and project specific objectives, which should be achieved by the implementing agents identified. Please note that the project costs indicated within each table are an estimated project cost to facilitate discussion over the practical implementation of the Implementation Plan. Table 38: Project No. 1 – Maintenance of air qualit y monitoring equipment at existing Air Quality Monitoring Stations .

Project name: Maintenance of Air Quality monitoring equipment

Project Description Maintenance of air quality monitoring equipment at existing Air Quality Monitoring Stations throughout the WRDM.

Project Objective (s) To ensure that the monitoring stations function properly at all times, in order to accurately monitor the air quality of the given/ problematic areas.

Responsible Party (ies)

WRDM will be responsible for initiating and managing the project within its own institutional structure. Outside consultants may need to be sought.

Project Period 2011 and later, as and when required

Project Budget R160,000 per Air Quality Monitoring Station

Possible Finance Mechanism (s)

Refer to section 10 of this report

Deliverable (s) Functional air quality monitoring stations with Quarterly reports.

Interested and Affected Parties

Local Residents and LMs within the WRDM.


Table 39: Project No. 2 – Establishment of Addition al Air Pollution Monitoring Stations and Monitoring/ Modelling & Emissions Inventory Program mes

Project name: Establishment of Additional Air Pollution Monitoring stations and Monitoring/ Modelling Programmes

Project Description Establishment of Additional Air Pollution Monitoring Stations for hot spots and Emissions Inventory, Monitoring & Modelling Programmes

Project Objective (s) To address Air Pollution issues in hot spots through the establishment of additional Air Pollution Monitoring Stations coupled with Emissions Inventory, Monitoring & Modelling Programmes.


WRDM.

Project Period 1 -2 years

Project Budget

R1,300,000 for each Air Pollution Monitoring Station R120,000 Dust Depositions R200,000 Emissions Inventory (every two years) R300,000 BTEX, SO2,and CO - passive samplers (12 months) R500,000 Dispersion Model


Refer to Section 10 of this report.

Deliverable (s) To have working and proper functioning air quality monitoring network at all times.


The WRDM Local Residents

Table 40: Project No. 3 – Public education and awar eness programmes on air pollution reduction within the LMs

Project name: Public education and awareness programmes on air pollution reduction

Project Description Awareness programmes for the public/ environmental groups on air pollution reduction within the LMs

Project Objective (s) Promote and conduct public education and awareness programmes on air pollution reduction measures within the LMs


WRDM and LMs.

Project Period 1 year and on-going

Project Budget R200,000



Deliverable (s) Have the local community more knowledgeable and aware of the current status of the air quality within their area as well as inform them about air quality reduction measures, which could lead to a changes in their lifestyles.


LMs. Local residents within the WRDM


Table 41: Project No. 4 – Capacity Building

Project name: Capacity Building

Project Description Capacity Building to prepare the District for the imminent delegation of responsibilities for managing air quality at local government level. Institutional development.

Project Objective (s) To capacitate staff members with the necessary skills and knowledge that is required within the Municipality to manage air quality and ensure statutory enforcement. Employment of new staff where possible.


WRDM and LMs.

Project Period One (1) year.

Project Budget DEA can provide the Capacity Building/ Training Programmes at no cost. New staff – R1,300,000



Deliverable (s) All necessary positions, at District and LM level, are filled with competent staff, as per the recommended institutional organograms (budget allowing). Ongoing training of technical staff members.


Relevant staff within the WRDM. Local Municipalities.

Table 42: Project No. 5 – Development and/or Review of the Municipal By-Laws

Project name: Development and/or Review of the Municipal by-laws

Project Description Municipal by-laws should be developed and where available, be amended to be able to enforce By-Laws to reach the goals and objectives of the AQMP.


LMs. National Authorities. WRDM.

Project Objective (s)

To ensure that by-laws are appropriately and effectively enforced through appointment and training of sufficient competent staff. To create a visible ‘policing’ entity within LMs to determine air pollution emissions and non-compliance with the requisite air quality management standards set out in the By-Laws for each respective LM.

Project Period District level By-Law development: One (1) year Subsequent adaptation (if necessary) and implementation by LMs: 1 year




Deliverable (s) By-laws for WRDM and LMs that give effect to the principles of the NEMAQA. Establishment of an operational By-Law enforcement unit within each respective local municipality. Ongoing training of by-law enforcement officials.


Local Residents.


Table 43: Project No. 6 – Air quality management fr amework

Project name: Air quality management framework

Project Description Plan and implement an air quality management framework.

Project Objective (s) To have an air quality management framework in place.


WRDM and LMs.

Project Period Two (2) years, planning and implementation




Deliverable (s) Sufficient data available for certain sources on which to determine whether or not the implementation of certain emission reduction measures, is justified.


Local Residents

Table 44: Project No. 7 - Develop Domestic Fuel Bur ning Strategy

Project name: Domestic Fuel Burning Strategy

Project Description Develop and implement a domestic fuel burning strategy

Project Objective (s) To address the effects of emissions from the use of fossil fuels (coal and wood) in the residential applications


WRDM and LMs.


Project Budget

R200,000 Identify and priorities residential areas using fossil fuels R50,000 Adopt and implement GDARD energy alternatives (Gauteng Integrated Strategy of January 2010) R200,000 Basa Njengo Magogo programme rollout complimented by DEA program R250,000 Develop Fuel Burning strategy



Deliverable (s)

• Baseline information on the use of fossil fuels in residential areas (indoor air quality

monitoring);

• Alternative energy sources to residential areas that depends on fossil fuels; and

• Increased efficiency of fossil fuel use in residential applications.


Local Residents


Table 45: Project No. 8 - Reducing transport emissi ons within the district

Project name: Develop Transport emission strategy

Project Description Transport emission strategy

Project Objective (s) To establish and reduce extent of vehicular emissions


WRDM and LMs.


Project Budget R 50,000 Conduct vehicle counts R 150, 000 Quantify transport emissions R200,000 Develop transport emission strategy



Deliverable (s)

• Vehicle emissions within the WRDM;

• Vehicle counts within the WRDM; and

• Transport emission strategy.


Local Residents

Table 46: Project No. 9 - Listed and Non-listed act ivities

Project name: Develop air quality regulations for listed and non listed activities

Project Description Development of air quality regulations for listed and non-listed activities

Project Objective (s) To establish air quality regulations for listed and non listed activities


WRDM and LMs.


Project Budget

R200,000 Identify sources of pollution and priority pollutants R150,000 Identify and declare controlled emitters R100,000 Develop a web tool to capture independent air quality data from industries



Deliverable (s)

• Industrial air emissions for listed activities to ensure that they comply with the minimum

Emissions Standards set in terms of Section 21 of NEMAQA; and

• Good communication and information sharing between industries and WRDM.


Local Residents


Table 47: Project No. 10 - Determination of Greenho use Gases (GHG) within WRDM and its LMs

Project name: Determination of GHGs within the WRDM

Project Description Development of a database for GHG emissions within the WRDM

Project Objective (s) To establish the GHG sources and emissions within the WRDM


WRDM and LMs.


Project Budget

R200,000 Acquiring and implementation of Project Two Degrees software for climate change determination R100,000 Acquiring and implementation of web based tool for by municipality entities for inputting energy data into the Project Two degrees climate change software The Project 2 Degrees software currently is only available to the City of Johannesburg as they are part of the Clinton Climate Initiative. Therefore, the WRDM would be required to register with the Initiative in order to acquire the software.



Deliverable (s)

• Database of energy sources that emit GHGs;

• GHG s emissions; and

• Measures and means of reducing GHG emissions within the WRDM.


Local Residents

Table 48: Project No. 11 Cost –Benefit Analysis

Project name: Cost-Benefit Analysis

Project Description Cost Benefit analysis of stationery monitoring/passive sampling and mobile sampling

Project Objective (s) To determine suitable and cheaper methods of air quality monitoring within the WRDM


WRDM and LMs.

Project Period One year, planning and implementation

Project Budget R50 000 for the analysis – consultants may be engaged



Deliverable (s)

• .Recommendations of a suitable method for air quality monitoring.


Local Residents


10.5 Funding Mechanisms

10.5.1 Introduction This section of the WRDM Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) Framework deals with the financial planning requirements for implementation of the Plan. This is not a detailed quantitative analysis, but rather a basis for the development of individual financial plans for implementation of the various Local Municipality AQM Plans, once more definitive information is available on the specifics of the plan elements to be implemented. The objective of financial management within the District and Local Municipalities LM is to ensure that the accounting and budgeting systems are practical and transparent and are used for their intended purpose in air quality management. This section focuses on the development of the elements of a financial plan for the District.

10.5.2 Objective of a financial plan In terms of the AQM Plan, the objective of the Financial Plan is to present guidance for key elements, which need to be considered for implementation of the plan. It is not the intention to develop detailed financial analyses for the plan, as such analyses would require far more detailed and comprehensive cost estimating information, and would be impractical at this stage due to the large number of variables in terms of implementation as well as the variable factors (subsidisation, contractual agreements, etc.) which exist in the WRDM and LMs. The information given below provides a basis for the WRDM and the LMs to draw up detailed financial plans and identify sources of funding. Financing is a critical aspect that needs considerable attention when developing the various projects associated with the implementation of the AQM Plan. A number of mechanisms for funding projects have been listed in Section 76 of the Municipal Systems Act, which could also aid the WRDM in their financial planning of projects. A table explaining various types of costs related to air quality management, including examples where these costs are used is included.

10.5.3 Financial plan development

Until it has been determined who will be responsible for implementing all components of the plan, it is premature to accurately estimate costs, budgets, etc. Certain components of the plan may be implemented by the WRDM, others by the LMs, or by the private sector through Municipal Service Partnerships (MSP). However, irrespective of who is responsible for implementing projects, the WRDM and the LMs will be required to increase their institutional capacities for air quality management. In conjunction with the increases in institutional capacity, the following will have to be considered in terms of the


operational budget for the WRDM Environment and Air Quality Management Unit, and also the Technical Services Directorate:

• Related specifically to human resources - salaries, pensions, medical aid contributions, infrastructure and equipment (Air quality monitoring stations and associated equipment, computers, offices, furniture, etc.), capacity building and education, etc.

• Plans, projects, programmes – AQMP implementation, additional surveys, feasibility studies, programme and/or project development, public education and awareness campaigns, public participation processes, air quality impact assessments, etc.

With respect to the human resources component of costing, cost for the various aspects, as well as the quantity for each needs to be considered. (Table 49) below gives an indication of the various cost items that the WRDM and LMs should consider when budgeting to capacitate their organisational structures for implementing the requirements of the AQMP(s). The costing would be developed for different models of organisational staffing arrangements within the Municipalities’ Air Quality Management Units.

Table 49: Human Resources costing for Air Quality M anagement Units

Costing for a Waste Management Department

Cost aspects

Salaries / packages

Pensions

Medical aid contributions

Infrastructure & equipment � computers � offices � furniture

Capacity building and education

TOTAL COST / Model

Because of the unknown regarding capital investment to be considered by the WRDM, the (Table 50) below lists typical projects for the establishment of an Air Quality Management System where capital investment will be required for the implementation of the AQMP.


To ensure that the AQMP is carried forward, it would be subject to the public participation process, which would also have to be considered in the budget. Raising awareness on the AQMP will also have to be undertaken.

Table 50: List of activities for the establishment of an Air Quality Management System which require Capital Investment for Implementation

List of activities which require Capital Investment for implementation

Component Period that investment should cover

Repair and maintain the existing ambient air quality and meteorological monitoring network

Short term

Increase air quality monitoring stations – identification of suitable sites in the Westonaria LM, Merafong City LM, and in the District Management Area

Medium to long term

Revision of the emissions inventory on a two yearly basis to include

all minor and major sources

Short to medium term

Acquire and implement a suitable atmospheric dispersion model. AERMOD should be the recommended model based on the likelihood of this model being selected for National use.


Implementation of a comprehensive reporting protocol Short term & Long term

Adopt and successfully implement a comprehensive public participation process


Where the WRDM recognizes that private sector involvement or SMME structures are desirable for certain components of the implementation of the AQMP, a Financial Plan should be developed which helps define the potential for financing, as described below.

To ensure the success and sustainability of the projects which will come out of the AQMP, each project will require detailed financial planning and budgeting, which can be conducted in the following manner and will have to be considered prior to implementation:

• Each component of the project that would need financing needs to be identified. Various components of the plan are defined in terms of scope and duration;

• Identify practical models for ownership and operation of the project or parts of it. This confirms the public and/or private parties, which will be seeking project financing. These models represent structural alternatives for implementation, from planning through construction, operation, maintenance, monitoring and decommissioning/rehabilitation. All stakeholders are identified in these models, and the proposed roles of the public and private sector will have been determined;

• Conduct a financial risk analysis to identify the primary risks, which lenders and investors will face when considering involvement in the different components of the plan. The analysis should be conducted at a preliminary level, and should


consider aspects for the outside investor such as construction risk, operational risk, regulatory risk, and political risk. The evaluation includes an assessment of practical measures for risk management and mitigation;

• Identify the domestic and international sources of financing, considering lending, insurance and equity involvement. Domestic and international financing sources could be approached and these could include international governments, banks, development banks, development agencies, financial corporations, and private businesses (donors);

• Investigate revenue generation from the project and the viability of financing the project. Parameters are investigated for each entity, the term, the guarantee requirement, and the interest rates. In all cases the focus is on determining the applicability and likelihood of financing from each source;

• Analyse the financial impacts and economic cost to the ratepayer. The economic impact basically defines the incremental or cumulative effect of the undertaking; and

• Various elements of the plan as well as components within each element will need to have financial backing to enable its implementation. At this stage however, it cannot be determined which types of agreements or associations will be required for the different elements, whether they should be municipal undertakings, private undertakings, or public private partnerships. Each element should be dealt with individually and decisions made accordingly.

10.5.4 Types and sources of finance

Financing sources for projects arising from the AQMP are discussed in the following paragraphs. This discussion is presented in two categories: domestic and international. The focus is on financing sources which could potentially be accessed by the private sector. Financing sources for the WRDM could come from a number of areas such as provincial and national government, as well as international donors. It must however be noted that the South African government is familiar with financing opportunities for government-sponsored projects.

The sources listed below are not exhaustive. Further, it must be recognised that some sources could provide financing for project planning, while others may be suited to project implementation (particularly construction).

10.5.5 Local Sources

• The Municipal Infrastructure Investment Unit (MIIU), a source for support for municipalities which are committed to investigating Municipal Service Partnerships;


• The Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA) – Climate Change Funding;

• The Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) publicly committed to funding infrastructure projects;

• Capital Expenditure Programme (CAPEX), which finances capital projects in South Africa;

• The South Africa Infrastructure Fund, which is composed of numerous insurance and pension fund members, with an interest in funding infrastructure projects in South Africa.

• Black Empowerment Groups (investment groups); • Companies with international affiliations, which may have access to greater

and/or lower cost capital through their international partners; and • Department of Environmental Affairs through its social responsibility funding

programme.

10.5.6 International Sources

• International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group, a private sector division which finances private sector projects in developing countries and helps companies to access financing in international markets. It promotes sustainable private sector investment in developing countries as a way to reduce poverty and improve people’s lives;

• The Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund (SAEDF), which is a U.S. Government-funded, privately managed venture capital fund, which takes an equity position of up to 25% in its investments;

• New African Advisors, a U.S. based private venture capital fund with guarantees provided by the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC);

• The OPIC Global Environment Fund (GEF), a U.S. based investment fund which sponsors and manages investment entities with equity involvement in infrastructure projects;

• Various U.S. based private investment funds which have expressed interest in South African infrastructure projects.

• Danish Government; and

• Norwegian Government. The following agencies can assist in obtaining, structuring, and/or insuring investments:

• Various merchant banks in South Africa which have declared an interest in structuring financing for Municipal Service Partnerships;

• The Export-Import Bank of the United States (Ex-Im Bank), which helps to finance sales of U.S.A goods and services outside the U.S.A;


• The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), a member of the World Bank Group, which provides insurance to private investors against risks such as currency transfer, expropriation and civil disturbance, as well as technical assistance; and

• The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), a U.S. government agency which provides both financing and insurance to U.S. companies involved in international investments.

10.5.7 Risks associated with financing

A number of potential risks to investors for projects include such risks as construction risk, operational risk, regulatory risk, market risk, and political risk. A detailed risk analysis should however be part of a financial analysis of the various projects and elements of the project. The following discussion gives a brief description of the different risk groups listed above together with comments on mitigating the risks from the perspective of investors in private sector projects and/or Private Public Partnerships. Construction risk is the risk that the project elements will not be constructed (or completed) on time, within budget, or to the parameters originally specified. This risk can be mitigated by various measures, including the use of qualified construction companies, the use of insurance, and the provision of bonus and penalty clauses in construction contracts.

Operational risk is the risk that the project elements will be faulty and not operate efficiently or within the parameters specified by the owner and/or by the regulatory agencies. A certain amount of operational risk is unavoidable, therefore lenders must protect their position through for example minimum debt service coverage ratio, limitations on capital expenditures, limitations on long-term debt, and limitations on guarantees.

Regulatory risk refers to the potential for the regulatory controls on the project elements to change during the life of the project, thereby influencing the requirements for project performance. Should the performance requirements change, the costs of investments for upgrading, and the increased operational costs, must be addressed. Strategies used to manage regulatory risk include the appropriate identification of responsibilities for upgrading in contracts. Political Risk signifies a variety of potential events which can be triggered through local political actions, and which cannot reliably be predicted, such as: expropriation, confiscation and nationalization of assets; forced abandonment; currency inconvertibility;


funds transfer risk; violence such as strikes, riots, civil commotion, or malicious damage. Certain political risks can be mitigated through insurance.

10.5.8 Recommendations in the development of the Fi nancial Plan

The Financial Plan of the AQMP is based on the individual elements of the plan, which need to be implemented and financed as a result. It is therefore important at the outset that the project elements are identified and suitable models or alternatives for implementation can be reviewed, after which financing sources can be established. The terms and conditions of this financing can be confirmed and a pro-forma analysis can be conducted in order to quantify the economic impact of the project.

10.5.9 National treasury funding

Since 2005, there has been a substantial increase in local government share mainly targeted towards the provision of free basic services and the extension of services to areas not presently serviced.

National transfers to local government are divided into three major categories:

• The Equitable Share Grant;

• Infrastructure conditional grants; and

• Capacity Building and Restructuring conditional grants.

10.5.10 Equitable Share Grant

The Equitable Share Grant from national government is provided in support of the accelerated implementation of free basic services to poor households. All municipalities are therefore being pressurised by National Government to prioritise the provision of free basic services to poor households, including better targeting and performance reporting.

The 2005 Division of Revenue Bill has developed a new local government equitable share formula (explained in Annexure E to the Bill), that takes account of the particular municipality’s revenue raising capacity, as well as a two tier subsidy for serviced and unserviced households. Of particular interest to waste management service provision are the new recommended service subsidies for serviced and unserviced households, viz.,

• Serviced households R30 per household per month; and

• Unserviced households R10 per household per month.


If the Municipalities access the Equitable Share Grant based on the above subsidies, there should be no reason why they cannot provide basic air quality monitoring by installing a few single buckets for dust monitoring.

The Equitable Share formula makes allowance for variations in functions performed between the District Municipalities (category C) and Local Municipalities (category B), with allocations directed to the Municipality that carries out that function.

10.5.11 Capacity Building and Restructuring Grant

The capacity building grants were set up to assist municipalities in improving management, planning, technical and financial management skills and capacity for effective service delivery, with the major portions of grants flowing directly to municipalities. The following programmes are being supported from this grant:

• Financial Management Grant; • Municipal Systems Improvement Programmes; and

• Restructuring Grant.

The District Municipality is required to build the capacity of weak LMs to perform their service delivery functions, rather than taking over such functions. For the successful implementation of the AQMP, both the WRDM and the LMs will require significant additional capacity in air quality management skills, and funding for this capacity building should be accessed from this the capacity Building and Restructuring Grant.

10.5.12 AQMP cost estimates

Based on the recommended strategic issues that need to be implemented as part of the District AQMP, a rough “order-of-magnitude” estimate has been made of the projects and capital and operational costs involved. These estimates are shown in (Table 38) to Table 47.


11 MONITORING AND EVALUATION Monitoring of the AQMP is an ongoing activity that will constitute an essential and integral part of the Air Quality Management Planning process. Once approved by WRDM in consultation with DEA and GDARD, the AQM Plan and the functional and operational framework within which the plan is implemented will be reviewed regularly to ensure its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. The aim of the review is primarily to address the possible need for changes to functional and operational structures, AQM systems, management objectives (etc.) in light of poor performances, changing circumstances and the commitment to continual improvement. In the subsequent year(s) the Air Quality Management Plan will be reviewed based on:

• Latest amendments within the National Air Quality Management Act, 2004 (Act No. 39 of 2004);

• National regulations pertaining to ambient air quality standards;

• National regulations pertaining to ambient air quality monitoring for compliance assessment purposes;

• National regulations pertaining to emission standards;

• National regulations for source monitoring methods suited to assessing compliance with emission standards;

• Guidance reports on: (i) air quality assessments, (ii) the use of indirect methods for air quality characterisation (e.g. modelling), and (iii) air quality management plan development and implementation; and

• New DEA and GDARD criteria pertaining to air quality management and air pollution control.

Progress made in AQM Plan implementation will be reported on annually. The AQM Plan will be revised every 5 years unless otherwise required by DEA or GDARD. The draft revised AQM Plan will be submitted to the DEA and GDARD for approval and made available to the public for comment prior to finalisation.


12 CONCLUSION The Implementation Plan forms the backbone of the WRDM AQMP. The Implementation Plan is intended to provide a practical methodology for the successful role out of identified priority projects that are aimed at addressing the WRDM’s air quality management needs, at all tiers of the air quality management hierarchy. Projects have been selected and ‘staggered’ over a 5 year planning time horizon (Table 3 to 11), based on their relative importance and funding requirements. The intention of the Implementation Plan is not to burden the WRDM and its constituent LMs with administrative tasks and unrealistic expectations, but rather to promote a culture of skills development and capacity building within the respective organisations. This will allow them to improve drastically on current air quality management practices and potentially profit from their efforts at the end of the planning time horizon. A culture of “inter-municipal” governance and co-operation between the WRDM and its constituent LMs will also be essential to the ultimate success of the AQMP goals and strategic objectives. As mentioned previously, the priority projects have been determined and ranked based on:

• Their anticipated importance in achieving the goals and strategic objectives of the AQMP; and

• The relative financial and resource burden that the project will place on the WRDM.

Goals and objectives for the AQMP have been set for the WRDM. SEF believes the targets and objectives set for this AQMP are achievable through the proper role out of the Implementation Plan and would like to stress the importance and necessary commitment that needs to be shown by the WRDM in sourcing outside finances for the implementation of priority projects.


13 REFERENCE LIST Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 1965 (Act No. 45 of 1965) Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality, (2009)

[http://www.deat.gov.za/EnviroInfo/sote/citysoe/cape/energy_a.htm# Paraffin.] (Accessed in May 2009.

Capricorn District Municipality Air Quality Management Plan Authors: Claire Rautenbach,

Nicola Walton and Martin van Nierop Gondwana Environmental Solutions (Pty) Ltd. 2006

Chapman, D (1996). Water Quality Assessments. A guide to the Use of Biota,

Sediments and Water in Environmental Monitoring. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Environmental Quality and Protection,

Chief Directorate: Air Quality Management & Climate Change (2006). Output C.4: Initial State of Air Report. The National Air Quality Management Programme (NAQMP)

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2009). The identification of

Substances in Ambient Air and Establishment of National Standards for the Permissible amount or concentration of each substance in the Ambient Air. Government Gazette No. 31987 of March 2009. Amendment to the National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act. Act No. 39 of 2004.

Emissions factors, EPA. [http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html]. (Accessed in

May 2009). Gauteng State of the Environment Report, 2004 Jeffrey, L.S. (2005). Characterization of the coal resources of South Africa. The Journal

of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. February. 2005. Lourie, J. (1994). South African Geology. Manual for Air Quality Management Planning in South Africa, 2008 Mogale City Draft IDP 2008-2009 Mogale City IDP 2006-2007


Mogale City, 2003: Cradle of Humankind State of Environment Report Mogale City, 2003: Environmental Management Framework Mogale City, 2003: Spatial Development Framework Mogale City, 2003: State of Environment Report Mogale City, 2005: Illegal dumping survey Mogale City, 2005: Industrial Waste Stream Survey Mogale City, 2005: Medical Waste Stream Survey Municipal Demarcation Board, 2004 National Framework for Air Quality Management in the Republic of South Africa National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, Act 39 of 2004 Randfontein 2005 State of Environment Report Salford City Council, (2001). Source Input Data Road Traffic Emissions Factors,

[http://www.salford.gov.uk/appendix_3_rtfactors.pdf]. (Accessed in May 2009). SEF Reference 502664, 2009. South African Demarcations Board, (2009). [http://www.demarcation.org.za/.]

(Accessed in May 2009) South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA), (2009). [http://www.sapia.co.za/]

(Accessed in May 2009) SRK Consulting, (2008). Environmental Impact Assessment: Phase 2 Expansion of the

Saldanha Iron Ore Export Handling Facility: Draft Air Quality Impact Assessment for Phase 2.

Statistics South Africa, (2007). South African Census Data 2007. Westonaria, 2005: State of Environment Report


West Rand District Municipality Draft IDP 2008 -2009 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 2009. [http://www.epa.gov]. (Accessed in May 2009) Wicking-Baird, M.C., de Villiers, M. G, and Dutkiewitz, R.K. (1997). Cape Town Brown

Haze Study. Energy Research Institute: University of Cape Town.

14 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Stakeholder Engagement

Appendix 2: Questionnaire

Area

NameCoordinates:ESAddress:Polution Source:Bricks Work

Tonnes of bricks per hrDryer TypeDryer Fuel (NB*Coal Type?)

Dryer Fuel UsageKiln TypeKiln Fuel (NB*Coal Type?)

Kiln Fuel UsageOther section in areaQuarry/MiningOther section in areaFood ProductionIndustry:

DrugsProduction/hour

PlasticProduction/hour

RubberProduction/hour

DyesProduction/hour

Other IndustryProduction/hour

Fuel type used for energy (NB*Coal Type?)Fuel volume used

Boiler:Type

Fuel Type (NB*Coal Type?)Fuel Usage

Stack heightStack Diameter

Gas Exit VelocityGas Exit Temp

Furnace:Type

Fuel Type (NB*Coal Type?)Fuel Usage

MeltedStack height

Stack DiameterGas Exit Velocity

Gas Exit Temp

WESTRAND DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY AIR QUALITY MANAGEME NT PLANSEF REFERENCE 502654

Incinerator:Type

Fuel Type (NB*Coal Type?)Fuel UsageIncinerated

Stack heightStack Diameter

Gas Exit VelocityGas Exit Temp

Neighbours Names:

The West Rand District Municipality has embarked on the compilation of an Air QualityManagement Plan for the District Municipality. We would like to invite you to participate in theprocess by completing the above questionnaire. The purpose of this document is to solicitstakeholder input for the preparation of a draft Status Quo Report and gather data for the EmissionsInventory Report. Please complete the questionnaire and forward the completed document by e-mail to [email protected] or by fax to 012 349 1229.

Appendix 3: Emissions factors for point pollution s ources.

Industrial - Coal Pollutant

EPA, g/kg Brown Haze, g/kg

SO2 - 19.00

NOx - 7.50

CO 4.99 -

PM10 3.90

Pb 1.9x10-4 -

C6H6 5.9x10-4 -

Industrial and Household - Paraffin

EPA, g/L Brown Haze, g/L

SO2 - 8.50

NOx - 1.50

CO 2.27 -

PM10 0.12

Pb - -

C6H6 9.71x10-5 -

Industrial - Fuel Oils


SO2 (157S EPA) 56.44 -

NOx 6.59 -

CO 0.60 -

CO2 2995.97

PM10 - 3.7

Pb 1.81x10-4 -

C6H6 2.56x10-5 -

Households - Coal


SO2 - 19

NOx - 1.5

CO 4.99 -

PM10 - 4.1

Pb 1.91x10-4 -

C6H6 5.89x10-4 -

Households - LPG


SO2 - 0.01

NOx - 1.5

CO 1.01 -

PM10 - 0.07

Pb - -

C6H6 - -

Households - Wood


SO2 - 0.01

NOx - 5

CO 114.58 -

PM10 - 17.3

Pb - -

C6H6 - -

Sand and Gravel Processing

g/kg of sand or gravel

PM10 6.4x10-3

Appendix 4: Emission factors for internal petrol an d diesel combustion.