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CAPITALIST ECONOMY..

A capitalist economy otherwise called as thefree marketeconomy can be defined as

an economic activity, where the means of production are privately owned. Most of theeconomies over the world have enriched their economic system by implementingcapitalist norm in the recent years. Here in such form of economy there is noGovernment interference.

The basic characteristics of such types of economic system are as follows:

More private participation in the field ofeconomicactivities;

Free environment to compete in the economy;

Individuals and firms act for profit motive; High freedom for choice to the consumers;

Government acts as a police state.

Capitalist Economy: Definition

'What is a capitalist economy?' is quite a common question and every student of economics must know its meaning, as capitalism led to

development of the modern era in which we live today. Any economy that is dominated by capitalists is often termed to be a capitalist

economy. In the pre-world war I era, most of the economies in Europe were capitalist is nature. Even today, many economies have reformed

their demerits but have remained capitalist. It must be noted that 100% capitalist economy countries, where the government plays a laissez

fairerole no longer exist.

A capitalist economy is an economy where the government does not take part in almost any kind of production process. Capitalist

entrepreneurs are encouraged by the government. The government does the duty of collecting taxes and safeguarding the security of the

country. In fact, some essential public functions such as public transport, taking up construction of roads or dams were also handed over to

the private sector. Such an economy is known as a pure capitalist economy.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Capitalist Economy

There are some advantages as well as disadvantages of capitalist economies that were realized during the industrial revolution itself. Such

advantages and disadvantages have been enlisted in the following paragraphs.

Advantages: The first and foremost advantage of a capitalist economy is that there are rapid economic growth that is observed in the nation.

The second advantage is that all capitalists make an attempt to dominate the overseas markets. This brings in large amounts of wealth into

the nation. Capitalist economy also mobilizes almost all possible resources, monetary and non-monetary, by enslaving it into the production

process. The capitalist system has also lead to the development of science and technology which enhances the standard of living of an

economy.

Disadvantages: The advantages of a capitalist economy always seem charming. However, there are certain social flaws in such an

economy. The capitalist system first of all makes a huge gap in between the rich and the poor. Exploitation of labor is often noticed in such

an economy. In addition to that there are also cases where strikes and intense class violence is observed. A capitalist economy often puts a

lot of pressure on the natural resources and the environment. A looming energy crisis is often a grave threat to the economy. Fraudulent,

unethical and often life-threatening practices by capitalists are observed in the economy.
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In the debate on socialist economy vs capitalist economy, there are many politicians who observed that having a totally capitalistic economy

is not exactly very healthy. However, there are many different mixed capitalist economy systems that have evolved as a result. There are

many such mixed capitalist economies that concentrate on the phenomenon of capitalism but maintain appropriate legislation in order to curb

all the il l effects of capitalism. In addition to that such governments also undertake all tasks that are considered an absolute necessity. Such

tasks include, eduction, health, defense and infrastructure. The remaining sectors are open for the private sector.

MIXED ECONOMY..

Mixed Economy can be defined as a form of organization where the elements of bothcapitalist economy and socialist economy are found.

Simply in such type of economy there is the presence of private economicfreedom withcentralized planning with a common goal of avoiding the problems associated with bothcapitalism as well as socialism.
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In this system the freedom in the economic activities are influenced by theGovernment's regulation and licensing policies.

Existence Of A Mixed Economy

It is too difficult to define acountry's economyas capitalist, socialist, or mixed. But asthe experiences tell the role of the Government has increased very fast after theworldwide depression.The was one of the best examples of the Capitalisteconomyis considered as a mixedtype today.

Mixed Economy: Definition

There is no specific or concrete definition of mixed economies that can be put forth. The definition and also the advantages of a mixedeconomy can be better elaborated by stating that such an economy is a m ixture of one or more economic ideologies that are predominantlyconceived from a collaboration of capitalism and socialism. Some defining features of a mixed economy include the following.

Centralized economic planning and legislature Decentralized execution of policies and legislation Participation of grassroots level government in policy formulation Government ownership of key industries such as communications and infrastructure, defense productions, steel production,

mining, energy, etc.

Stringent economic and labor laws Decentralization of economic concentration and even distribution of wealth In case, if the nation is a democratic republic, members of legislature can be of different ideologies

These might not be all the features of the mixed economies as there are several other unique features that can be found within the economy

itself. However, the basic feature of liberty in business and regulation by the government is found. Mixed economy examples include several

national economies such as India, Germany, Canada, Australia, etc.

Mixed Economy: Pros and Cons

Capitalism and socialism are two opposing concepts and socialism is often termed to be a reaction to capitalism. Though the system covers

up the drawbacks of both the ideals, a mixed economy is also characterized by certain pros and cons.

A mixed economy is, for example, successful in providing the citizens of the state with some basic necessities. These necessities cover up

all infrastructure, food, clothing and shelter, absolute defense forces, protection of rights of citizens and freedom to set up private enterprise

in almost all sectors, except for the ones where civilian enterprise is banned. However, this monopoly is not very healthy as though the

services are provided, they tend to be quite underdeveloped and rife with corruption.

Mixed economy is also restrictive to many international trade activities that enable the domestic industry to thrive. This might sound very

comforting for regional entrepreneurs, but is not healthy as the domestic industry is not competent enough to match the international

standards. Corruption at an unchecked rate, excessive taxation andinflationare some other characteristics that tend to plague the success of

a mixed economy.
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Socialist Economic System: DefinitionA socialist economy is based upon the principle of welfare of the people. As opposed to capitalism, a socialist economic system is basedupon the principle that economic activities should be undertaken so that people would be able to use goods produced there of, instead ofemploying the production for profit. Many economic philosophers had previously refused to believe in this system as a legitimate one, butcountries with socialist economic system, have proved the importance and success of the element of socialism in the governance of anyeconomy. This has eventually led to the evolution of mixed economies. The masterpiece of such a collaboration of socialism and capitalismare the progressive and fast growing economies of the third world nations, prominent ones among them being the ones ofIndiaandBrazil.More onwhat is socialism.

The following is a summary of the definition of a socialist economic system:

Ownership by Government: The principal characteristic of a socialist economy is the governmental ownership and nationalizationof key production sectors. Though in theory almost all firms and companies should be nationalized, in practice, such a transferfrom private to public is almost impossible. Due to this governments are promoted to rely on some private establishments that arelargely regulated and managed by governmental laws and officials. Organizations that are involved in production in many casesare co-operative organizations, instead of firms and companies.

Progressive Taxation and Wealth Redistribution: Often considered to be a drawback of the socialist economy, taxation system,progressively taxes higher income with higher tax percentages. The collected mammoth tax is then redistributed with the help ofseveral public welfare schemes and policies.

Price Control: Another distinct feature of a socialist economy is the technique of price control. Prices of commodities are not fixedby demand and supply analysis, but are fixed by the government, with respect to the necessity and nature of the commodity.

Nationalization and Centralization: A socialist economic system is basically operated by a central government. The nationalizationand centralization of all avenues of production are handled by one centrally based government that also frames the fiscal policies.The success of a socialist economy is found in such a convention where fiscal policies so implemented are executed by regionaland grass root level administration, with an absolute timing and discipline. The economy, as a whole, thus, becomes very, verysuccessful. TheGDPshoots up almost instantaneously and poverty is abolished.

Socialist Economic System in the Modern Era

The dominating red flag of socialism and communism was often wrongfully associated with negative consequences. However, there are

several success stories of socialism that can be told. Vladimir Lenin's planning of the Soviet Economy and the people's Republic of Chinaare

two prominent success stories of socialism. Though socialism has indeed given rise tocommunism, there are several aspects of socialism

that have proved to be successful in the past. The Soviet Union's Five Year Plans of economic planning is one of the best socialist policy thatfound success not only in the Soviet Union but is widely used by many other nations. I hope that you find the facts on socialist economic

system resourceful.

A socialist economy is a system of production where goods and services areproduced directly for use, in contrast to a capitalist economic

system, where goods and services are produced to generateprofit.[4]Goods and services would be produced for their physical utility and

use-value, eliminating the need for market-induced needs to ensure a sufficient amount of demand for products to be sold at a profit.

Production in a socialist economy is therefore "planned" or "coordinated", and does not suffer from thebusiness cycleinherent to capitalism.

In most socialist theories, economic planning only applies to thefactors of productionand not to the allocation of goods and services

produced for consumption, which would be distributed through a market.Karl Marxstated that "lower-stage communism" would consist of

compensation based on the amount of labor one performs.[5]

The ownership of themeans of productionvaries in different socialist theories. It can either be based onpublic ownershipby a state

apparatus; direct ownership by the users of the productive property throughworker cooperative; orcommonly ownedby all of society with

management and control delegated to those who operate/use the means of production.
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Management and control over the activities of enterprises is based onself-managementand self-governance, with equal power-relations in

the workplace to maximize occupational autonomy. A socialist form of organization would eliminate controlling hierarchies so that only a

hierarchy based on technical knowledge in the workplace remains. Every member would have decision-making power in the firm and would

be able to participate in establishing its overall policy objectives. The policies/goals would be carried out by the technical specialists that form

the coordinating hierarchy of the firm, who would establish plans or directives for the work community to accomplish these goals.[6]

However, the economies of the formerSocialist states, excluding SFR Yugoslavia, were based on bureaucratic, top-down administration of

economic directives and micromanagement of the worker in the workplace inspired by capitalist models ofscientific management. As a

result, socialists have argued that they were not socialist due to the lack of equal power-relations in the workplace, the presence of a new

"elite", and because of the commodity production that took place in these economies. These economic and social systems have been

classified as being eitherBureaucratic collectivist,Coordinatorist,State capitalistorDeformed workers' states, the exact nature of

theUSSRet alremains unresoved within the socialist movement [7]

Socialist economic planning

Economic planning is a mechanism for the allocation of economic inputs and decision-making based on direct allocation, in contrast to

themarket mechanism, which is based on indirect allocation.[8]An economy based on economic planning appropriates its resources as

needed, so that allocation comes in the form of internal transfers rather than market transactions involving the purchasing of assets by one

government agency or firm by another. Decision-making is carried out by workers and consumers on the enterprise-level.

Economic planning is not synonymous with the concept of acommand economy, which existed in theSoviet Union, and was based on a

highly bureaucratic administration of the entire economy in accordance to a comprehensive plan formulated by a central planning agency,

which specified output requirements for productive units and tried to micromanage the decisions and policies of enterprises. The command

economy is based on the organizational model of a capitalist firm, but applies it to the entire economy.[9]

Various advocates of economic planning have been staunch critics of command economies and centralized planning. For example,Leon

Trotskybelieved that central planners, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of

people who participate in the economy and understand the local conditions and rapid changes in the economy. Therefore, central planners

would be unable to effectively coordinate all economic activity because they lacked this informal information.[10]

Economic planning in socialism takes a different form than economic planning in capitalistmixed economies(such asDirigisme,Central

bankingandIndicative planning); in the former case planning refers to production of use-value directly (planning of production), while in the

latter case planning refers to the planning of capital accumulation in order to stabilize or increase the efficiency of this process.

Normative aspects

See also:Socialist critique of capitalism
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The goal of socialist economics is to neutralize capital (or, in the case ofmarket socialism, to subject investment and capital to social

planning[11]), to coordinate the production of goods and services to directly satisfy demand (as opposed to market-induced needs), and to

eliminate thebusiness cycleand crisis ofoverproductionthat occur as a result of an economy based on capital accumulation and private

property in the means of production.

Socialists generally aim to achieve greaterequalityin decision-making and economic affairs, grant workers greater control of themeans of

productionand their workplace, and to el iminate exploitation by directing the surplus value to employees. Free access to the means of

subsistence is a requisite for liberty, because it ensures that all work is voluntary and no class or individual has the power to coerce others

into performingalienatingwork.

The ultimate goal forMarxistsocialists is the emancipation of labor from alienating work, and therefore freedom from having to perform such

labor to receive access to the material necessities for life. It is argued that freedom from necessity would maximize individual liberty, as

individuals would be able to pursue their own interests and develop their own talents without being coerced into performing labor for others

(the power-elite or ruling class in this case) via mechanisms of social control, such as thelabor marketand the state. The stage of economic

development in which this is possible is contingent upon advances in the productive capabilities of society. This advanced stage of social

relations and economic organization is called purecommunism.

Traditional Economy - is a system where the allocation of availableresources is made

on the basis ofinheritance. As a deep-rooted economic theory with well-built social set-

up,Traditional Economy generally makes use of prehistoric instruments andtechniques.

From time immemorial, conventional and age-old human occupations like agricultureremained the focal point of interest for Traditional Economy. This is perhaps theonlyeconomictheory, which has evolved historically in certain countries. However, allnations having Traditional Economy these days, are fast switching off to morecontemporary concepts like Mixed Economy, Command Economy or MarketEconomy,to keep pace with the modern economic trends and happenings.
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Irrespective of the old approaches of Traditional Economy, the concept is still prevalentin some under-developed South American nations like Papa New Guinea and Brazil,and in a handful of other African and Asian countries.

In fact, Traditional Economy can be called as the economy of the ingenious

population of the world like the Pygmies belonging to the Congo region in CentralAfrica. As per aWorld Bankestimate, this type of economy is still prevalent among 400million indigenous people across the world. So, it is not at all an extinct economicconcept in present times.

There are of course a handful of benefits derived from Traditional Economy. It actuallynurtures a feeling of unity among individuals, helping in the development of asocialbond and sense within them by reducing mutual hostilities. Consequently, peoplefeel psychologically more free, comfortable and secured, which increase their workingabilities million fold. This in turn, brings down the rate of unemployment. Moreover,since the entire population is engaged in activities of some kind or the other, their mind

never sit idle to plan criminal activities. Hence, there is a significant decrease in therates of crime as well. To sum up, Traditional Economy permits people to enjoy moreindependence against minimum or no financial expenses.

The concept of Traditional Economy is all about popular autonomy, whereproductions take place as per the demand generated. Hence, primitive humanoccupations like animal grazing, gathering, hunting and cultivation form the basis of thiseconomy. However, the surplus food production is not consumed but used forcommercial activities.

Definition

An underdevelopedeconomyin whichcommunitiesuseprimitivetoolsandmethodsto harvest and hunt forfood, often resulting in

littleeconomic growth. Traditional economies are often foundinruralregionswithhighlevels of subsistence farming.Countriesthat evolve

their economies past the traditionalleveloftendevelopintomarket

economiesorcommand economies.

A traditional economy is a very underdeveloped economy that often depends on agriculture as its main base. Perhaps hearkening back to itsagrarian roots, a traditional economy is also known as a subsistence economy.
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In order to fully understand a traditional economy, it is necessary to first define the three main economic systems. Market economies are socalled because prices are determined by market prices. In command economies, prices and supplies are determined by the government. Intraditional economies, there may be no prices whatsoever.

A traditional economy is a system where traditions, customs and belief systems determine its operation. In that state, this type of economicsystem may go unchanged for quite some time. Once this economy does begin to change, it usually morphs into one of the other systemsmentioned previously.

There are no pure traditional economy in the World now. India is not a traditional economy. Many economies continue with traditional small

scale/ cottage/ village industries limited by local markets as wellas traditional small scale fragmented land farming, but most economies have

modern industries and transport, growing urbanization. None of the countries canbe strictly referred to as traditional economies. And, many

of the countries are exporting and importing through cross border trade. Many are capitalist economies, often mixed economies. Some are

relatively closed economies with communist or religious dictatorships.

If you mean which countries have small-scale traditional industries co-existing with modern industries, then most underveloped

and developing countries fall in this category. They include, beside India, Pakistan, SriLanka, Bangladesh, Nepal.Vietnam, Indonesia,.

Mynamar, , Muaritious, several porr African countries.

A traditional economy is an economic system in which resources are allocated by inheritance, and which has a strong social network and is

based on primitive methods and tools. It is strongly connected to subsistence farming. Most countries that have historically had a traditional

economy have replaced it with a command economy,market economy, or mixed economy. However, it is still found today in underdeveloped,

agricultural parts of South America, Asia, and Africa.A traditional economy is where people produce most of what they need to

survive.Hunting and gathering, farming, and herding cattle are the bases of traditional economy. People hunt for the food they eat or raise it

themselves. Often they make their own clothing and tools. If they produce more food than they need, they trade the surplus, or extra food, forgoods made by others.


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Social engineering is the act ofmanipulatingpeople into performing actions or divulging confidentialinformation, rather than by breaking in or using technical cracking techniques.[1]While similar to aconfidence trickor simplefraud, the term

typically applies to trickery or deception for the purpose of information gathering, fraud, or computer system access; in most cases

theattackernever comes face-to-face with the victim.

"Social engineering" as an act of psychological manipulation was popularized by hacker-turned-consultant Kevin Mitnick. The term had

previously been associated with the social sc iences, but its usage has caught on among computer professionals.[2]

1. AUTOCRACYWhat is Autocratic Leadership?

In autocratic leadership, the leader is supreme and takes all the powers in his own hands. Even though this sounds much like dictatorship ortyranny, each of these concepts are separated by some distinct elements in them. Autocratic leadership is broadly categorized into two types

- directive and permissive, on the basis of how the leader functions. In terms of directiveautocratic leadership stylethe leader makes decisionon his own, al lots some tasks for his subordinates and monitors his subordinates. The permissive autocratic leadership style, on the otherhand, is a bit more lenient as the leader takes decisions unilaterally, but gives his subordinates ample freedom to execute the tasks.

Autocratic Leadership: Good or Bad

In a corporate world, the leader is the person in-charge. Having all thedecision makingpowers in his hand means that the leader has the rightexecute his powers without consulting his subordinates. In autocracy, the subordinates do not have the right to give suggestions. They aresimply expected to follow the orders of a leader, and that too without demanding an explanation. In politics, autocracy or authoritarian rule isthe one wherein the autocrat takes the reins of administration in his own hands, and takes all the decisions pertaining to the state or nationwithout consulting anybody.

The fact that the leader resorts to authority to get his work done or turns a deaf ear to employee inputs may make you feel that this is theworst among the numerousleadership styles. However, there do exist some circumstances wherein this style comes up as the mosteffectiveleadershipstyle. Some examples of such circumstances include limited period of time in which the targets have to be met, when powers ofthe management are challenged by the employees, etc. One of the key benefits of autocratic leadership is the fact that decision makingbecomes much more simple and fast, as the leader doesn't have to consult or convince anybody. Basically autocratic leadership can workwonders for the organization when decision making has to be quick and during some crisis.

That was a significant bit of information on the autocratic leadership style, along with some positive and negative attributes of the same.While the positives of autocratic leadership style can result in successful outcomes, such autocratic leaders do not enjoy a mass followingamong their employees. At the end of the day, there is absolutely no leadership style which can be called perfect, as each of them have theirown pros and cons. Thus, all comes down to thecharacter traits of a leader. In leaders, authoritative personality to a certain extent is must, butoverdoing it can affect the morale of employees.

A dictatorship is defined as anautocraticform of governmentin which thegovernmentis ruled by an individual, thedictator. It has three

possible meanings:

1. ARoman dictatorwas the incumbent of apolitical officeof theRoman Republic. Roman dictators were allocated absolute power

during times of emergency. Their power was originally neither arbitrary nor unaccountable, being subject tolawand requiring

retrospective justification. There were no such dictatorships after the beginning of the 2nd century BC, and later dictators such

asSullaand theRoman Emperorsexercised power much more personally and arbitrarily.

2. A government controlled by one person, or a small group of people. In this form of government the power rests entirely on the

person or group of people, and can be obtained by force or by inheritance. The dictator(s) may also take away much of its

peoples' freedom.
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3. In contemporary usage, dictatorship refers to an autocratic form of absolute rule by leadership unrestricted by law,constitutions,

or other social and pol itical factors within the state.

In the 20th century and early 21st century,hereditary dictatorshipremained a relatively common phenomenon.

For some scholars, a dictatorship is a form of government that has the power to govern without consent of those being governed (similar

toauthoritarianism), whiletotalitarianismdescribes a state that regulates nearly every aspect of public and private behavior of the people. In

other words, dictatorship concerns the source of the governing power (where the power comes from) and totalitarianism concerns the scope

of the governing power (what is the government). In this sense, dictatorship (government without people's consent) is a contrast

todemocracy(government whose power comes from people) and totalitarianism (government controls every aspect of people's life)

opposespluralism(government allows multiple lifestyles and opinions). Though the definitions of the terms differ, they are related in reality

as most of the dictatorship states tend to show totalitarian characteristics. When governments' power does not come from the people, their

power is not limited and tend to expand their scope of power to control every aspect of people's life.

Advantages In the military and other urgent circumstances, people may prefer the abili ty to be told what do next. According to Money Zine, "In fact, intimes of stress or emergency, some subordinates may actually prefer an autocratic style--they prefer to be told exactly what to do. ... Theautocratic leadership style is very effective when times are stressful."

Lengthy debate has no place in many work environments, and this form of leadership limits arguments. It allows employees to have one task,and that is to work, which could mean that the employees master their tasks and become proficient enough to help grow the company.

Disadvantages According to Money Zine, "The communication style of an autocratic leader is usually described as one way. They tell youexactly what they want done." This can be frustrating if the boss talks to the employees only when they make mistakes, and littlepraise is provided. In addition, it can generate a company of zombies with no fresh ideas. This autocratic style can create anenvironment of fear and resentment, leading to high turnover and absenteeism, which can hinder progress. Moreover, it can stiflecreative ideas that might make the company more competitive.

Conclusion The pros and cons of autocratic leadership are clear for certain situations. For example, emergencies require a strong leader to keep

order. However, in less stressful circumstances, it may be better to debate an issue before proceeding. Autocratic leaders may not be good

at communication, but they sometimes have the best ideas.

On the other hand, autocratic leaders must take full responsibility for the results. This last part does not usually occur, and this leaves many

employees unhappy and feeling undervalued. Therefore, the dynamic of therelationship in the professional environment must change to

become more equal. Otherwise, you may a have strong leader with no followers or employees who have no direction

2. Democracy- is a political form of government in which governing power is derived from the people, by consensus

(consensus democracy), by direct referendum (direct democracy), or by means of elected representatives of the people (representative

democracy).[1]The term comes from theGreek: (dmokrata) "rule of the people",[2]which was coined from (dmos)

"people" and (Kratos) "power", in the middle of the 5th-4th century BC to denote thepolitical systemsthen existing in some Greek

city-states, notablyAthensfollowing a popular uprising in508 BC.[3]Even though there is no specific, universally accepted definition of
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'democracy',[4]equality and freedom have been identified as important characteristics of democracy since ancient times.[5]These principles

are reflected in all citizens beingequal before the lawand having equal access to power. For example, in a representative democracy, every

vote has equal weight, no restrictions can apply to anyone wanting to become a representative, and the freedom of its citizens is secured by

legitimized rights and liberties which are generally protected by a constitution.[6][7]

There are several varieties of democracy, some of which provide better representation and more freedoms for their citizens than

others.[8][9]However, if any democracy is not carefully legislated through the use of balances to avoid an uneven distribution of political

power, such as theseparation of powers, then a branch of the system of rule could accumulate power, thus become undemocratic.[10][11][12]

The "majority rule" is often described as a characteristic feature of democracy, but without governmental or constitutional protections of

individual liberties, it is possible for aminorityof individuals to be oppressed by the "tyranny of the majority". An essential process in

representative democracies is competitiveelectionsthat are fair both substantively[13]and procedurally.[14]Furthermore, freedom of political

expression,freedom of speech, andfreedom of the pressare essential so that citizens are informed and able to vote in their personal

interests.[15][16]

Popular sovereigntyis common but not a universal motivating subject for establishing a democracy.[17]In some countries, democracy is

based on the philosophical principle of equal rights. Many people use the term "democracy" as shorthand forliberal democracy, which may

include additional elements such aspolitical pluralism;equality before the law; theright to petitionelected officials for redress of

grievances;due process;civil liberties; human rights; and elements of civil societyoutside the government.

In the United States,separation of powersis often cited as a supporting attribute, but in other countries, such as the United Kingdom, the

dominant philosophy isparliamentary sovereignty(though in practicejudicial independenceis generally maintained). In other cases,

"democracy" is used to meandirect democracy. Though the term "democracy" is typically used in the context of apolitical state, the

principles are applicable to privateorganizationsand other groups also.

Democracy has its origins inAncient Greece.[18][19]However other cultures have significantly contributed to the evolution of democracy such

asAncient Rome,[18]Europe,[18]and North and South America.[20]The concept of representative democracy arose largely from ideas and

institutions that developed during theEuropean Middle Agesand theAge of Enlightenmentand in theAmericanandFrench

Revolutions.[21]Democracy has been called the "last form of government" and has spread considerably across the globe.[22]Theright to

votehas been expanded in many Jurisdictions over time from relatively narrow groups (such as wealthy men of a particular ethnic group),

withNew Zealandthe first nation to grantuniversal suffragefor all its citizens in 1893.

Forms

Democracy has taken a number of forms, both in theory and practice. The following kinds are not exclusive of one another: many specify

details of aspects that are independent of one another and can co-exist in a single system.
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[edit]Representative

Representative democracyinvolves the selection of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is

alsodemocratically electedthen it is called a democraticrepublic.[50]The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a

majority or apluralityof the votes.

Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (orconstituency), or represent the entire

electorate proportionallyproportionalsystems, with some using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate

elements of direct democracy, such asreferendums. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are

elected by the people to act in their interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgment as how best to do so.

[edit]Parliamentary

Parliamentary democracyis a representative democracy where government is appointed by parliamentary representatives as opposed to a

'presidential rule' wherein the President is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters. Under a parliamentary

democracy, government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the

legislative parliament elected by the people.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58]

[edit]Liberal

ALiberal democracyis a representative democracy in which the ability of the elected representatives to exercise decision-making power is

subject to therule of law, and usually moderated by a constitution that emphasizes the protection of the rights and freedoms of individuals,

and which places constraints on the leaders and on the extent to which the will of the majority can be exercised against the rights of

minorities (see civil liberties).

3.Communism- is asociopoliticalmovement that aims foraclasslessandstatelesssocietystructureduponcommon ownershipof themeans of

production, free access to articles of consumption, the end ofwage labourandprivate

propertyin the means of production and real estate.[1]

InMarxist theory, communism is a specific stage of historical development that inevitably

emerges from the development of theproductive forcesthat leads to a superabundance of

material wealth, allowing fordistribution based on needand social relations based onfreely-

associated individuals.[2][3]

The exact definition of communism varies, and it is often mistakenly used interchangeably

withsocialism; however, Marxist theory contends that socialism is just a transitional stage on
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the way to communism. In modern usage, communism is often used to refer to the policies of

states run byCommunist parties, regardless of the type ofeconomic systemthey preside over.

Communism - Marxism & The Communist ManifestoCommunism, which is also described as "Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism" or "Marxism," is both a political andeconomic philosophy. The abridgment of Communism is enclosed in two primary writings: (1) The CommunistManifesto, which was first published in 1848 by Karl Marx, and (2) Principles of Communism, by Friedrich Engels.At the request of the Communist League, an activist group they were members of, Marx and Engels togetherauthored The Communist Manifesto. The main goal of The Communist Manifestowas to focus on class struggleand motivate the common people to riot. Even more so, it was designed to envision a model government, whoseeconomics would destroy the upper class - freeing the lower class from tyranny. According to The CommunistManifesto, Communism has ten essential planks:

Abolition of Private Property.

Heavy Progressive Income Tax. Abolition of Rights of Inheritance.

Confiscation of Property Rights.

Central Bank.

Government Ownership of Communication and Transportation.

Government Ownership of Factories and Agriculture.

Government Control of Labor.

Corporate Farms and Regional Planning.

Government Control of Education.

Fundamentally, The Communist Manifestowas a rebellion against the extreme poverty of the lower class.

Communism - Atheism and AmoralityCommunism doesn't end with economic and political reform. By definition, it further demands the abolition of bothReligion and the Absolute Morality founded upon Religion. The irony is that Communism supposedly attempts toenhance civility within society, but removes all notions of Absolute Morality, the very cornerstone of civility.Furthermore, after Communism is instituted by the people, the system becomes Totalitarian, resulting in greateroppression of the people it was designed to "serve." This fact is well documented throughout the history ofCommunist nations.

Communism - Foundation in CzarismCommunism, though distinctive, is thought by some to have been heavily influenced by Czarism, a Totalitarianregime replaced by Communism after Russia's 1917 Revolution. While most of Europe's history has beensymbolized by the rule of limited centers of power, Russia resisted Europe's movement to limit monarchical power.Legal historian Harold Berman writes regarding historical European political policy, "It also has been, or once was,

a source of freedom. A serf might run to the town court for protection against his master. A vassal might run to theking's court for protection against his lord. A cleric might run to the ecclesiastical court for protection against theking." (Law and Revolution). Russians under Czarist rule had no such protection from the wiles of an unjust Czar.And so it is for Communists. Under Communism, the government is absolute. Under Stalin, perhaps the mostnotorious Communist, around 40 million Russian citizens were murdered for "the good of the state."

Communism - The Practical ResultsThe practical results of Communism have been horror and atrocity for those under communist rule. So much so,advocates of theMarxist Worldviewhave made every attempt to point out where communist leaders have strayed
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from the fundamental teachings of Karl Marx, in an attempt to absolve Communism. Nevertheless, it cannot bedenied that Marxist influence brought about many of these horrors. The irony is, Marxism renounces religion, notbecause of religious doctrine, but because of the actions of "religious" men. No one could accuse a religion suchasChristianity of evil doctrine. However, it seems that men are intrinsically evil and need only an opportunity toexpress this inherent reality. One must look at the overall outcome of a philosophical doctrine on society, both goodand bad, not specific instances of abuse. Christianity, for example, has been used by wicked men to do much evil,but its underlying doctrine has been the cause of much good in the world. Communism, on the other hand, hasbrought only atrocity into the world. Communism has not brought relief to the majority as promised, nor has it endedoppression as purposed. Communism has only served to removeMorality from the masses -- a dangerous andcostly experiment

4.Conservatism-(Latin:conservare, "to preserve")[1]is a political and social philosophy thatpromotes the maintenance of traditional institutions and supports, at the most, minimal and gradual

change in society. Some conservatives seek to preserve things as they are, emphasizing stability and

continuity, while others oppose modernism and seek a return to the way things were.[2][3]

The first

established use of the term in a political context was byFranois-Ren de Chateaubriandin 1819,

following theFrench Revolution.[4]

The term has since been used to describe a wide range of views.

Seymour Martin Lipsetwrote that liberals and conservatives "typically do not take alternative positions on

issues of equality and freedom. Instead, each side appeals to one or the other core values, as liberals

stress egalitarianisms primacy and the social injustice that flows from unfettered individualism, while

conservatives enshrine individual freedom and the social need for mobility and achievement as values

"endangered" by the collectivism inherent in liberal nostrums."[5]

Political science often credits the Irish politicianEdmund Burke(who served in the British House of

Commons and opposed theFrench Revolution) with many of the ideas nowcalled conservative.

[6]According toHailsham, a former chairman of the BritishConservative Party,

"Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless

function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of

human nature itself."[7]

Robert Eccleshall states, "It is the persistent image of society as a command structure in which the

responsibilities of leadership can be exercised within the framework of a strong state manifested in divine-

right royalism ... that distinguishes English conservatism from rival ideologies."[8]

Conservative political partiesinclude theRepublican Partyin the United States, theLiberal Democratic

Partyin Japan, theConservative Partyin the United Kingdom, theLiberal Party of Australia,

theKuomintangof theRepublic of China(Taiwan), theConservative Party of Canada, thePakistan

Muslim Leaguein Pakistan, and theBharatiya Janata Partyin India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Partyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_Leaguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuomintanghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_political_partieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Burkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatism#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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