welcome to the world of chemistry mrs. panzarella rm. 351
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome to the Welcome to the World of ChemistryWorld of Chemistry
Mrs. Panzarella Mrs. Panzarella Rm. 351Rm. 351
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Chemistry
Biology
Plant Sciences
Geology
Environmental Science
Health and MedicineNuclear Chemistry
Physics
Astronomy
Biochemistry
Biology
“The Central Science”
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The Language of The Language of ChemistryChemistryThe Language of The Language of ChemistryChemistry
• The elements, their names, The elements, their names, and symbols are given on and symbols are given on thethe PERIODIC TABLE PERIODIC TABLE (along (along with reference Table S)with reference Table S)
Dmitri Mendeleev
(1834 - 1907)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6b2Uy1TDAl4
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Chemical Symbols•Each element on the periodic table is represented by a chemical symbol
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Chemical Symbols(continued)
NOTICE!!
The Chemical symbols with two letters are written with a capital first letter and lowercase second
letter
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ELEMENTS TO KNOWAtomic numbers:
1-38, 47, 50-56, 74, 78-80, 82-84, 86, 92, 94
• LEARN the name and chemical symbol• spelling counts-use Table S or Agenda (pg R-7)• Complete pages 2-3 in Learning Guide• Quiz Thursday
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Chemistry
• The study of matter, energy and their interactions
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Measurement 1) N3: No Naked Numbers.
All measurements and answers to math problems must have units written after the numbers.
2) No Work, No Credit. You must show the math set-up when doing math problems.
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Measurement
• Qualitative observation–Focus on the qualities of an object.
–Ex. Color of an object
• Quantitative observation–Characteristics of an object that can be measured.
–Ex. Mass, Length
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Accuracy vs. Precision
• Accuracy - how close a measurement is to the accepted value
• Precision - how close a series of measurements are to each other
ACCURATE = CORRECT
PRECISE = CONSISTENT
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Three Three targets with targets with three arrows three arrows each to each to shoot.shoot.
Can you hit the bull's-eye?Can you hit the bull's-eye?
Both accurate and precise
Precise but not accurate
Neither accurate nor precise
How do How do they they compare?compare?
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Figure 1.16
precise and accurate
precise but not accurate
Precision and accuracy in the laboratory.
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Significant Figures
Indicate precision of a measurement. Indicate precision of a measurement. Includes all digits that can be known
precisely plus a last digit that must be estimated
2.35 cm
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Rules for Significant Figures
a. All non-zero digits are significant
b. Zeroes between non-zero digits are significant
c. In measurements containing an expressed decimal, zeros to the right of NON-ZERO digits are significant.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuVPkBb-z2I
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Pacific = Decimal Present Atlantic = Decimal Absent
Count from the ocean towards the coast starting with the first nonzero digit, and include all the digits that follow
Atlantic/Pacific Rule
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4. 0.080
3. 5,280
2. 402
1. 23.50
Significant Figures
Counting Sig Fig Examples1. 23.50
2. 402
3. 5,280
4. 0.080
4 sig figs
3 sig figs
3 sig figs
2 sig figs
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Significant Numbers in CalculationsSignificant Numbers in Calculations
An answer cannot be more precise than the least precise measurement
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Adding and Subtracting
The answer has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.
25.2 one decimal place
+ 1.34 two decimal places
26.54
answer 26.5 one decimal place
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Learning CheckLearning Check
In each calculation, round the answer to the correct number of significant figures.
A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2.1 =
1) 256.75 2) 256.8 3) 257
B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
1) 40.725 2) 40.73 3) 40.7
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• Round to the calculated answer until you have the same number of significant figures as the least precise measurement.
(13.91g/cm3)(23.3cm3) = 324.103g
324 g4 SF 3 SF 3 SF
Multiplying and Dividing
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Percent Error• Indicates accuracy of a measurement
• Formula on Reference Table T
100literature
literaturealexperimenterror %
your value
accepted value
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Percent Error
• A student determines the density of a substance to be 1.40 g/mL. Find the % error if the accepted value of the density is 1.36 g/mL.
100g/mL 1.36
g/mL 1.36g/mL 1.40error %
% error = 2.9 %
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DENSITYDENSITY
Density mass (g)volume (cm3)
Density mass (g)volume (cm3)
Mercury
13.6 g/cm13.6 g/cm33
• an important and useful physical property
• standard values can be found on Table S
• Density usually decreases as temperature increases because volume increases making the mass more spread out, but the total mass stays the same.
One exception!! WATER • Density decreases as the temperature decreases in water
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Density example
• An object has a volume of 825 cm3 and a density of 13.6 g/cm3. Find its mass.
GIVEN:
V = 825 cm3
D = 13.6 g/cm3
M = ?
WORK:
M = DV
M = (13.6 g/cm3)(825cm3)
M = 11,200 g
V
MD
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Metric System• 1. length
– The meter is the basic unit of length. The meter stick is divided into 100 equal parts each 1 cm in length
» 1km = 103 micro meter – 10-6 m
• 2. Mass
– The kilogram is the basic unit of mass
– 1kg is equal to the mass of 1L of water at 4 C therefore 1g of water equal to the volume of 1cm3(ml) at 4 C
• 3. Volume
– The space occupied by matter. Derived from measurement of length.
– 1L = 1000cm3 1ml = 1cm3
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Common Decimal Prefixes Used with SI Units Table 1.3
Prefix PrefixSymbol
Word ConventionalNotation
ExponentialNotation
tera T trillion 1,000,000,000,000 1x1012
giga G billion 1,000,000,000 1x109
mega M million 1,000,000 1x106
kilo k thousand 1,000 1x103
hecto h hundred 100 1x102
deka da ten 10 1x101
----- ---- one 1 1x100
deci d tenth 0.1 1x10-1
centi c hundredth 0.01 1x10-2
milli m thousandth 0.001 1x10-3
micro millionth 0.000001 1x10-6
nano n billionth 0.000000001 1x10-9
pico p trillionth 0.000000000001 1x10-12
femto f quadrillionth 0.000000000000001 1x10-15
• Based on powers of 10
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3
3
cm
gcm
The “Unit fraction” Methodaka Dimensional Analysis
Steps:
1. Identify starting & ending units.
2. Line up conversion factors so units cancel.
3. Multiply all top numbers & divide by each bottom number.
4. Check units & answer.
g
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set up:
known value with unit x unknown unit known unit
Ex. 1 A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How long is the snake in cm?
2.44 m x ______2.44 m x ______cm cm = cm= cm
m
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Solution :A rattlesnake is 2.44 m long. How long is the snake in cm?
2.44 m x 2.44 m x 100 cm 100 cm = 244 cm= 244 cm
1 m
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Write and solve for the following problems using the factor label method:
1) 20 cm to m
2) 500 ml to L
3) 0.032 L to mL
4) 45 m to km
5) 805 dm to km
6) 81 cm to mm
7) 5.29 cs to s
8) 3.78 kg to g
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Scientific Notation
• Scientific notation is a way of Scientific notation is a way of expressing really big numbers or expressing really big numbers or really small numbers.really small numbers.
65,000 kg 6.5 × 104 kg
Move decimal until there’s 1 digit to its left. Places moved = exponent.
Large # (>1) positive exponent
Small # (<1) negative exponent
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Graphs should contain the following features:• Independent variable in the X axis (with units) • Dependent variable on the Y axis (with units).• uniform numerical scale• Include a title: (Dependent Variable) vs.
(Independent Variable) • Data points, circled with “point protectors”. • Data points connected with a line or a best fit line
Done on graph
paper in pencil or on
the computer