Welcome to the Elements of the Story: You're going to have to know this stuff

so spend some time on it!

Mr. Mayer

Oh, yeah…

If the slide asks you a question, try to answer it inside your brain. You don’t have to write anything down, but you are expected to know the elements of a short story and recall them for use on tests and on the final exam.

Story Structure: tells how authors present the story

Exposition: background about characters, setting, situation

Rising Action: conflict arises, more information is learned about characters and setting

Climax: when action reaches the highest point

Falling Action: the story begins wrapping up, characters are dealing with whatever happened in the climax

Resolution: This tells how the story concludes

Climax

Falling Action

Resolution

Rising Action

Exposition

How Writers Create Setting

Details: Adding details makes the story seem more believable.

Sensory Imagery: Adding details that appeal to the reader’s sight, smell, taste, touch, and hearing creates a vivid picture.

Point of View: This is the view from which the story is told

Ask yourself, “Who is telling the story?”

There are 3 types of point of view. Get ready…here they are...

A- First Person 1. The narrator is recognizable by use of first person

pronoun, generally "I" but sometimes "we"2. The narrator offers one perspective3. The narrator asks reader to take into account the

character of the storyteller4. The narrator may be a participant, a character involved

in the events, or a non-participant, an observer-character not actually involved and therefore closelyresembles third person .

When reading stories in the first person, we need to realize thatwhat the narrator is recounting might not be the objective truth. Weshould question the trustworthiness of the accounting.

B- Third Person

An outside force without any clear identity tells the story [described elsewhere as like the eye of God] 1- Omniscient: Narrator moves freely about in

time and space and into characters’ thoughts and feelings . The narrator knows everything about them, interprets and comments on their behavior, and even comments on the significance or meaning of the story.

There are 2 kinds…

B- Third Person 2 - Limited omniscient: Like omniscient, the story

is told in third person, but the author tells it from the viewpoint of only one character. The author looks at events through the eyes, mind and emotions of that one character. The writer moves inside and outside the character and knows what that character sees, hears, feels, and thinks. However, nothing is revealed about the other characters except for what his chosen character knows or infers. This point of view is closer to the conditions of real life and may serve to unify the story since all details are seen through the eyes and experience of one person.

3- Objective :

narrator refrains from any editorial commentary .The narrator can go anywhere, but can onlyrecord what is seen and heard. The narrator tellswhat happens without stating more than can beinferred from the story's action and dialogue. Thenarrator never discloses anything about what thecharacters think or feel, remaining a detachedobserver.

Theme: what the story is about--the issues that it explores

A theme is a universal idea. A theme teaches a specific lesson or

moral. Most stories have more than one

theme. For example: sometimes it’s better to turn a person in to the

cops if it means they will turn their life around and be a more positive and successful person!

Imagery: uses details to describe something

and evoke feelings Imagery gives you

detailed pictures in your mind.

The icy hail furiously peltedmy car, leaving

magnificent holesin the smooth hood.The sound pierced

my ears ruthlessly, as I tried to find shelter.

Symbol: an image, character, or action that stands for an idea beyond its literal meaning

Some are obvious...

Some aren’t...

Tone: is like the author’s “tone of voice”--it tells

you their attitude towards the characters, setting, etc.

“She dismallymuttered that she’d always

love him, even thoughhe was gone.

She’d never love again.”

What’s the tone here?

Irony: to intend a meaning opposite of what is expected. There are a few kinds of irony.

Dramatic Irony: The audience knows something that the character does not.

Situational Irony: when the opposite of what was expected happens.

Dramatic Irony: You know what the farmer does not.

Situational Irony: You’d expect cheetahs to run, not speed-walk.

Which kind of irony is this?

Which kind of irony is this?

Hyperbole: an exaggerated statement used to make a strong effect

“Whoa! That cookie looks like a million bucks!”

Foreshadowing: A writing technique that gives readers clues about what will happen later in the story.

“As he pondered the morning, he reassured himself that he locked the door. Something kept telling him otherwise, but he pushed it out of his mind.”

What might this be foreshadowing?

Protagonist: the main character in the story (good guy)

Antagonist: the force against the protagonist (bad guy)

Simile: comparing 2 things using like or as.

Metaphor: comparing 2 things without using like or as.

Her hair was as soft as cotton.

A heavy blanket of snow fell all day long.

Flashback: details from an earlier point in time are revealed to the reader