welcome to the dekati/exis particle seminar 2009-09 … seminarier...
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Welcome to the Dekati/ExIS particle seminar 2009-09-15
Peter Ahlvik and Staffan LarssonPeter Ahlvik and Staffan Larsson
ExIS ABExhaust Instruments ScandinaviaExhaust Instruments Scandinavia
E IS AB i S di h b dExIS AB is a Swedish-based company that offers equipment f ti l t dfor particle measurements and measurement and consultant
i th S di iservices on the Scandinavian market
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Partners and networkInstrument and equipment suppliersInstrument and equipment suppliers
Control Control SistemSistem– CVS (full, mini, micro), driving robot
Dekati Dekati Ltd., FinlandLtd., Finland– Particle instruments & dilution
Ecomesure, FranceEcomesure, France– Distributor, PMP instrument
Grimm Aerosol, GermanyGrimm Aerosol, Germany– Particle instruments
Matter Engineering, SwitzerlandMatter Engineering, Switzerland– Dilution and particle instruments
Topas, GermanyTopas, Germany– Aerosol generators, filter testing
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Ecotraffic’s forecast (1998) forfuture energy converters i the EUfuture energy converters i the EU
100% IDI diesel
80%
90%
s (%
)
IDI diesel
CIDI diesel
60%
70%
vehi
cles
SIDI (comb.)
40%
50%
re, n
ew
SIDI otto
20%
30%
rket
sha Fully VVT
otto (TWC)
Conv. otto
0%
10%Mar (TWC)
Fuel cells
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislationSource: Ecotraffic, 1997
The evolution of the modernpassenger car diesel enginepassenger car diesel engine
R d lf Di l (1897) T b Di l (1997)Rudolf Diesel (1897) Turbo Diesel (1997)
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Particle emissions from cars1938 - 1998 (Mercedes)1938 1998 (Mercedes)
3105414
400
450
%] Particle emissions,
index 1980=100%
250
300
350
ssio
ns [%
150
200
250
icle
emis
10487
5033 25 2450
100
150
Part
i
25 24 120
50
1938 1949 1979 1986 1989 IDI 1990 +EGR
1993 + 4V
1995, 2V DI
1998 +4V +EGR,
Ox4V DI
Source: Automobil Revue, May 1997 (Mercedes)20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Exhaust and health effectsi.e. in search for the big scoop…i.e. in search for the big scoop…
RESEARCH SHOWS THAT-------------------CAN CAUSE
CANCER
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
NOX emission in EU (petroland diesel) and California (all)and diesel) and California (all)
Notes:Notes:•• NONO limits for California calculatedlimits for California calculated
0.8
0.9EU dieselEU petrolCalifornia
•• NONOXX limits for California calculatedlimits for California calculatedbased on the phasebased on the phase--in scheme necessaryin scheme necessaryto to fulfilfulfil the (yearly average) NMOG limits the (yearly average) NMOG limits
•• NONOXX emissions in EU before 2000 (Euro III)emissions in EU before 2000 (Euro III)
0 6
0.7
0.8
g/km
)
Driving cycles:Driving cycles:
XX ( )( )are estimated from HC+NOare estimated from HC+NOXX limitlimit
0 4
0.5
0.6
ssio
ns ( EU: EDC & NEDCEU: EDC & NEDC
California : FTPCalifornia : FTP--7575EDCEDC
NEDCNEDC
0.3
0.4
OX
emis 0,080,08
0,060,060,03 0,03
0.1
0.2NO
0.01994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
PM emission limits for diesel-fuelled cars in EU and Californiafuelled cars in EU and California
0.14Notes:Notes:•• PM limits for California calculatedPM limits for California calculated
0.12
/km
)
EUCalif.
•• PM limits for California calculatedPM limits for California calculatedbased on the phasebased on the phase--in scheme necessaryin scheme necessaryto fulfil the (yearly average) NMOG limitsto fulfil the (yearly average) NMOG limits
PM li i lid f ll fPM li i lid f ll f
0 08
0.10
ssio
ns (g
/
Driving cycles:Driving cycles:EU: EDC & NEDCEU: EDC & NEDCCalifornia : FTPCalifornia : FTP 7575
•• PM limit valid for all types of PM limit valid for all types of fuels in California from 2004fuels in California from 2004
NEDCNEDC
0.06
0.08
ate
emis California : FTPCalifornia : FTP--7575
EDCEDC
0 02
0.04
Part
icul
0 00620 0062
0.00
0.02
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
P 0,00620,00620,0045 0,0045
20092009--0909--1414
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
ExIS presentation & legislation
Potential technology mix forNOX reduction in Euro 6NOX reduction in Euro 6
SCR catalyst
NOx trap
Without NOx ft t t t
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
aftertreatment
Engine size (litre)
Source: Ecotraffic: Combustion particles and NOX from diesel and
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
p Xpetrol vehicles, report for Statoil, 2008
Direct injection for otto engines
Wall and air motion guided A/F prep. Late injection, Early injection,
Spray controlled A/F prep. Late injection, stratified charge
stratified charge. homogenous chargej , g
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Particle mass emissions inthe PMP test programmep g
Euro 5: 4,5 mg
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Particle number emissions inthe PMP test programmethe PMP test programme
Euro 5-6: 6x1011
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
NOX regulations for HDengines >85 kW in EUengines >85 kW in EU
16T lT l
12
14
h)
Test cycles:Test cycles:ECE R49 & ETC ECE R49 & ETC
10
12
(g/k
Wh >97 % red.
6
8
ssio
ns
4
NO
Xem
i
0
2N
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016Year
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
PM regulations for HDengines >85 kW in EUengines >85 kW in EU
0.40h
0 30
0.35
h)
Test cycles:Test cycles:ECE R49 & ETC ECE R49 & ETC
-1,0
g/k
Wh
0.25
0.30
s (g/
kWh >97 % red.
’s w
as 0
,3-
0.15
0.20
emis
sion
vel i
n 19
80’
0 05
0.10PM e
cal H
D le
v
0.00
0.05
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
Typi
c
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016Year
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Comparison of emission index(EINO ) for NOX emissions(EINOx) for NOX emissions
23.825.0
20.0kg]
Euro 3/IIIEuro 4/IVE 5/V
16.7
15.0NO
X[g
/k Euro 5/VEuro 6/VI
10.89.510.0on
idex
N
2 8
5.43.95.0E
mis
sio
2.81.5 1.1 1.1 1.7 2.4
0.0
LD, petrol LD, diesel HD, diesel
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Comparison of emission index(EIPM) for particle emissions(EIPM) for particle emissions
1.2 Euro 3/III1.08
1.0
/kg]
Euro 3/IIIEuro 4/IVEuro 5/VE 6/VI
0.760.8
x PM
[g/ Euro 6/VI
Note that the apparent
0.540.6
n in
dex pp
tougher PM level for petrol in comparison to diesel is due to higher fuel consump-tion in the petrol case
0 140 084 0 097 0 140.2
0.4
Em
issi
o tion in the petrol case.
n.l. n.l.
0.140.084 0.097 0.140.084 0.097
0.048
0.0
0.2E
LD, petrol LD, diesel HD, diesel
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
HD Euro VI (Reg. (EC) No 595/2009)some open issuessome open issues
New driving cycles (WHTC WHSC) April 2010New driving cycles (WHTC WHSC) April 2010 New driving cycles (WHTC, WHSC), April 2010New driving cycles (WHTC, WHSC), April 2010 Technical Regulation (Technical Regulation (comitologycomitology) not ready) not ready OBD system to control “realOBD system to control “real--world” world” emissemiss.. “Tamper“Tamper--free” consumable reagent systemfree” consumable reagent system TamperTamper free consumable reagent system free consumable reagent system NONO22 component of NOcomponent of NOXX (if applicable) (if applicable) Retrofitting issues (e.g. NORetrofitting issues (e.g. NO22 of NOof NOXX) ) PN limit (April 2010) and measurement PN limit (April 2010) and measurement ( p )( p )
methodologymethodology Off cycle emissions & PEMSOff cycle emissions & PEMS Off cycle emissions & PEMS Off cycle emissions & PEMS
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Emission limit values for HD Euro VI
Cycle and engine type
Limit values (mg/kWh, ppm, #/kWh)CO THC NMHC CH4 NOX NH3 PM PNg yp CO THC NMHC CH4 NOX NH3 PM PN
ESC (CI) 1,5 130 400 10 10 Set by April ETC (CI) 4,0 160 400 10 102010
( ) ,ETC (PI) 4,0 160 500 400 10 10WHSC --- Set by April 2010 ---WHTC --- Set by April 2010 ---
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
NOX/PM trade-off, Euro VI scenariosSource: Ricardo (AECC seminar)Source: Ricardo (AECC seminar)
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
SCR with or without EGR?What about DPF/POC?What about DPF/POC?
SCR+DPF ( EGR)? YSCR+DPF ( EGR)? Y SCR+DPF (no EGR)? YesSCR+DPF (no EGR)? Yes SCR+POC? Maybe...depends on PN limitSCR+POC? Maybe...depends on PN limit EGR+DPF?EGR+DPF? Yes... cost & fuel consumptionYes... cost & fuel consumption EGR+POC?EGR+POC? Maybe depends on PN limitMaybe depends on PN limit
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
EGR+POC?EGR+POC? Maybe...depends on PN limitMaybe...depends on PN limit
Particle number (PN) emission limits
Mass limit not considered sufficientMass limit not considered sufficient Mass limit not considered sufficientMass limit not considered sufficient The Particle Measurement Programme The Particle Measurement Programme gg
(PMP) was initiated by EU to develop (PMP) was initiated by EU to develop new measurement methods and set limitsnew measurement methods and set limitsnew measurement methods and set limitsnew measurement methods and set limits
Solid particle total number limit was Solid particle total number limit was ppdesired due to anticipated health effectsdesired due to anticipated health effectsE f d d ll i E 5 & 6 li itE f d d ll i E 5 & 6 li it Enforced gradually in Euro 5 & 6 limits Enforced gradually in Euro 5 & 6 limits in the timeframe 2009in the timeframe 2009--2015 (diesel first)2015 (diesel first)
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Typical size distributionof exhaust aerosolof exhaust aerosol
23 nm cutoff
nuclei modecondensed Nuclei mode is highly variable
with CVS sampling conditions
l ti daccumulation modeSoot
Coarsemode
Source: Kittelson et al. 200220092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
PMP sampling and dilution
Dil ti VenturiDilutiontunnel
AC & HEPAAC & HEPA
PND2cold
PND1hot
Evaporationtube, 350ºC
CPCVPR: Volatile Particle Remover
20092009--0909--1414 2626ExIS presentation & legislation
Partners in RS-PMP development
EcomesureEcomesure Overall layout and design (mech. & el.) and
Integration of the system in the rackg y Production of RS-PMP units
DekatiDekati
ECOMESURE
DekatiDekati Design and manufacture of dilution system
ExIS ExIS Software and communication (AK protocol)Software and communication (AK protocol)
GrimmGrimm l f liDevelopment of PMP compliant CPC
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
RS-PMP measurement system for automotive particle number meas.automotive particle number meas.
Based on proven componentsBased on proven components Based on proven componentsBased on proven components Substantial Substantial simplificationsimplification
V lV l i l li l l Very low Very low particle lossesparticle losses DRDR: 1:100 : 1:100 –– 1:2000 (1:10, 11:2000 (1:10, 1--6000)6000) PrePre--DPF sampling optionDPF sampling option Touch screenTouch screen PC controlPC control Touch screen Touch screen PC controlPC control
with simple interfacewith simple interface+AK protocol+AK protocolAK protocolAK protocol
Successful Successful tests at several sitestests at several sites F rther de elopmentsF rther de elopments Further developments... Further developments...
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Official tests at UTAC in France– comparing 3 measurement systemscomparing 3 measurement systems
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
PEMS (Portable EmissionMeasurement Systems) for PMMeasurement Systems) for PM
Difficult to validate engine emissions forDifficult to validate engine emissions for Difficult to validate engine emissions for Difficult to validate engine emissions for heavyheavy--duty vehiclesduty vehicles
PEMS offers realPEMS offers real--world testing and realworld testing and real--time monitoring of emissionstime monitoring of emissionsgg
A tool for future emission legislation A tool for future emission legislation T h i l h ll lT h i l h ll l Technical challenge: more or less Technical challenge: more or less duplicate laboratory conditions on road!!!duplicate laboratory conditions on road!!!
Instrument evaluation currently onInstrument evaluation currently on--goinggoing Al f th i l t iAl f th i l t i dd Also for other engines later, i.e. nonAlso for other engines later, i.e. non--road road
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Candidate portable instrument systemsAdopted from JRC presentationAdopted from JRC presentation
AVL Mi S SAVL Mi S S AVL Micro Soot SensorAVL Micro Soot Sensor
Control Sistem MicroControl Sistem Micro PSSPSS Control Sistem MicroControl Sistem Micro--PSSPSS
Dekati ETaPSDekati ETaPS Dekati ETaPSDekati ETaPS
Dekati DMMDekati DMM Dekati DMMDekati DMM
Horiba OBSHoriba OBS--TPRMTPRM
Sensors PPMD (MPS+QCM)Sensors PPMD (MPS+QCM)
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Phase 1 - preliminary resultsAdopted from JRC presentationAdopted from JRC presentation
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Some bold statements……for further discustion 1(2)…for further discustion 1(2)
Automotive manufacturers will invest in PMPAutomotive manufacturers will invest in PMPAutomotive manufacturers will invest in PMP Automotive manufacturers will invest in PMP instruments in every test cellinstruments in every test cell
AutAut man will only need a few instruments forman will only need a few instruments forAutAut. man. will only need a few instruments for . man. will only need a few instruments for homologation and research. It is all about homologation and research. It is all about choosing the right DPF monolithchoosing the right DPF monolithchoosing the right DPF monolith. choosing the right DPF monolith.
Increasing focus on Increasing focus on ottootto (petrol) engine PN (petrol) engine PN PrePre--DPF measurements will be of increasing DPF measurements will be of increasing
importaceimportace (DPF loading, reg. strategy, (DPF loading, reg. strategy, durdur…). …). pp ( g, g gy,( g, g gy, ))More information is needed (size, mass, etc…)More information is needed (size, mass, etc…)
AVL & Horiba will claim 90% of PMP marketAVL & Horiba will claim 90% of PMP marketAVL & Horiba will claim 90% of PMP market.AVL & Horiba will claim 90% of PMP market.
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation
Some bold statements……for further discustion 2(2)…for further discustion 2(2)
Market for nonMarket for non--compliant PMP instruments?compliant PMP instruments?Market for nonMarket for non compliant PMP instruments? compliant PMP instruments? PEMS will focus on replicating lab meas.PEMS will focus on replicating lab meas.
PEMS ill i i l iPEMS ill i i l i PEMS will require simpler instruments or PEMS will require simpler instruments or parallel market for nonparallel market for non--compliant instruments compliant instruments (i l di f S)(i l di f S)(including PMP for PEMS)(including PMP for PEMS)
PEMS will also be interesting for nonPEMS will also be interesting for non--highway highway gg g yg yvehicles and lightvehicles and light--duty vehicles… duty vehicles…
20092009--0909--1414 ExIS presentation & legislation