Welcome to Welcome to ““Introduction to Introduction to Botany Botany &&

Zoology”Zoology”

Mrs. SchallesTextbook: Introduction to Botany by Murray Nabors

Pics from: http://www.botany.com/index.16.htm

What to expect: (see agenda)• Approximately 18 weeks on Plants

• 4 weeks on microbes & a discussion of other photosynthetic organisms

• Rest of the year: – Short review of invertebrates– About 12 weeks of vertebrates, especially

birds & mammals & including animal behavior.

What to expect with Botany: (see agenda)• 4-5 weeks: chapter 1 & classification (chapters 20-23)• 1-2 weeks: chapter 2 review of the cell – students will review

chapter independently- write a paper on medically important plant compounds

• 1-2 weeks: chapter 3- Plant structures &Types of cells• 1-2 weeks: chapter 4 Plant structures- Roots, Stems & Leaves• 2 weeks: chapter 5 Plant structures- secondary growth (wood,

bark, cork) • 2 weeks: chapter 6- Reproduction in plants• 2 weeks: chapter 7 Basic plant biochemistry • Few days- chapter 8 student packet on photosynthesis• Few days- chapter 12/13 genetics review• 2 weeks- chapter 14 - Plant Biotechnology

Guests & special events planned:• Chapter 1 & 20-23 Intro & classification

– Game commissioner speaker– nature walk

• Chapter 5(wood)-Bonsai tree speaker– Make bonsai tree? (Need to know this week if students want to

pay to do this for extra credit)– Tree ID from bark– Make own paper– Sustainable wood resources– Hardwoods in guitars, instruments

• Chapter 6- Reproduction in plants-– Unusual fruit day– FT-Phipps Conservatory

• Chapter 14- Biotechnology– Possible FT to Carnegie museum plant lab

Class rules• Be prepared!

Bring your own pencil & a calculator will be needed many days.)

• Be on time!– Be in your seat when the bell rings. 3 tardy = a detention.

• Be polite! -One person at a time talks, raise your hand, no rude language, Do not interrupt me in the middle of a lecture! Restroom passes are given at the beginning of class OR during desk work- not in the middle of a lecture.

• No eating or drinking or personal grooming in class!

• Be educated!

How to contact me:• Mrs. Lori Schalles• Email: lschalles@ringgold.org• Website: http://www.geocities.com/

schalleslori

Lab Report Format• Title Page -Name of experiment, Lab partners, date,

possible diagram or design• Introduction –Acquaint reader with experiment, state

problem to be solved background theory, purpose of work.• Methods & Materials – Complete list of equipment• Procedure – Numbered description of all the steps• Results & Data – Give actual results, not what should have

happened. Can include tables, charts, graphs, diagrams.• Discussion/Conclusion – Sentences discuss, analyze ,

interpret results, critique of experiment, what was learned.• References – Include author, title, publishing company , date

Expected Quality of Work

• Please write in complete sentences. • Use legible handwriting• Turn in work on time- penalty for

late work.• Do your own work.

Writing Assignments:(See each assignment sheet for details)

• Introduction: – Here you will introduce topic.

• Body: 3 paragraphs- see English Dept handout– This section may be several paragraphs long. Each paragraph should have a

topic sentence & a concluding sentence & one or more sentences about the topic in-between.

– Use complete sentences (no phrases or lazy answers)– Discuss what you have learned about this topic from the reading & answer any

questions that have been assigned.

• Conclusion – Summarize the article & your thoughts You should add a personal statement

(about the relevance of the reading to something in your life, its application to society or a thought about what might happen in the future, etc.)

Lab Safety

• Go over lab safety hand-out• Must be signed• Questions?

                   

 

http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/debeck_pt/science/safety.htm

Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury (cut, burn, etc.) to the teacher immediately,

Review Jeopardy Game• Pass out white boards• See how much you remember• Jeopardy Game

• Obscure Science Facts Game

What is Botany?What is Botany?

““Botany”Botany”• From the Greek word for

“plant” or ‘herb”.

• All of our biological energy needs are met All of our biological energy needs are met by the plant kingdom, either directly or by the plant kingdom, either directly or

through herbivorous animalsthrough herbivorous animals

What is Botany?• The study of plants

• The first people to specialize in the study of botany were primitive medicine men & witch doctors– had to know the plants that could kill or cure

people. – botany was closely linked with medicine for

hundreds of years.

Branches of Botany:• Plant Anatomy - the structure of plants • Plant Genetics- plant heredity • Ecology - studies of the distribution of plants

throughout the world, & why certain species grow in certain places.

• Palaeobotany - plant evolution & fossil remains.• Plant Physiology- plant metabolism.• Plant Pathology- the study of plant diseases.

Plants can be studied at many different levels

• Molecular level, -biochemical, molecular and genetic functions of plants.

• Cellular, tissue and organelle,- which studies the anatomy and physiology of plants;

• Community and population level, which involves interactions within a species, with other species and with the environment

A little Botany History:• In the fifth century B.C., Empedocles believed

plants not only had a soul, like animals, but also had reason & common sense.

• Aristotle classified organisms as:

• Plant or • Animal

• Aristotle’s pupil Theophrastus wrote 2 books about plants that still were in use in the 15th century.

http://www.aboutbioscience.org/wib_botany.html

Botany History continued-

• Carl Linnéus • father of the “2 name- naming”

system (binomial nomenclature)• He invented it in 18th century • It’s still used to give scientific

names to all species, plant and otherwise

Botanists also study other kingdoms in addition to the plant kingdom:

• Fungi• Protists• Bacteria• Disease causing organisms (from any

kingdom) & viruses (which are not alive)• Historically, botanists studied any living being

that was not an animal.

Fungi Kingdom- chapter 19

Characteristics of Fungi:• Eukaryotic• Heterotrophic• Different body plan than other organisms:

– Filamentous cells, – hyphae – mycelia

• Botanists study them because they are Important as: – Decomposers– Symbiotic relationships with plant roots– Associations with other photosynthetic organisms such as

bacteria & algae

Kingdom Protista- Algae: chapter 18

Characteristics of Protists:• The protists kingdom members are a

variety of eukaryotic organisms.• May be unicellular, colonial or multicellular• Some are heterotrophic, others are

autotrophic.• Botanists are interested Algae which are

photosynthetic

Bacteria & Viruses - chapter 17Characteristics of Bacteria:• Prokaryotic• Some are heterotrophic, some autotrophic• Some are disease causing.

Characteristics of Viruses:• Not alive- are not cells!!!• All require a host- THEY ARE OBLIGATE

INTRACELLULAR PARASITES• Can replicate themselves with their nucleic acid (RNA

or DNA) in a host cell

Careers in Botany• An undergraduate degree in botany

prepares students for employment or for graduate studies.

• Careers in applied fields of:– plant pathology, forestry, crop production, – horticulture, genetics and plant breeding, – plant biotechnology – environmental monitoring and control

What do you think of when someone What do you think of when someone says “PLANT”?says “PLANT”?• GREEN?

– All Plants are photosynthetic• LEAVES?

– Not all plants have leaves!• FLOWERS? FRUIT?

– Not all plants have flowers or fruit!• WOOD?

– Not all plants have stems!• SEEDS?

– Not all plants have seeds!• FOOD?

– Life on earth does depend on photosynthetic organisms like plants, algae & photosynthetic bacteria.

Take a kids’ quiz on plants:

• http://www.biology4kids.com/extras/quiz_plantintro/index.html

Photosynthesis&

the Biosphere

•Process by which plants & Certain other Organisms use solar energy to make fooduse solar energy to make food •by transforming carbon dioxide & water into sugars (carbohydrates) that store chemical energy.

•Also very important: Oxygen is released in the process.Oxygen is released in the process.

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Here is the chemical formula for photosynthesis:

Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light = Carbohydrate + Oxygen

 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light = (CH2O)6 + 6O2

All life depends on photosynthesis

“Interesting Photosynthesis Facts”from: http://www.life.uiuc.edu/govindjee/page2.html Rajni Govindjee

•The SunThe Sun - source of most energy for Life on Earth.

• Each minute the Sun converts 120 million tons of its mass into electromagnetic radiation &sends it into space.

• One billionth of the energy reaches the Earth. • It takes only 8 minutes for this radiation to travel 93 million

miles to reach us.

• Visible portion of EM radiation (ROYGBIV) (rainbow) is captured by plants, algae and cyanobacteria.

Why are leaves green?• The green color of the leaves is

due to the presence of a pigment called chlorophyll.

• Chlorophyll absorbs blue and red light efficiently, but not green,

• the transmitted green light gives the leaves their green color.

photos.somd.com

Biosphere• The thin layer of Earth’s crust with the atmosphere & ocean layers that support

LIFELIFE that includes:

– All plant and animal life – The things that sustain life: air, soil and water. – It includes a variety of ecosystems that are connected by natural cycles

Pic from: http://www.ucar.edu/learn/images/athylibi.gif

Biosphere- is composed of three parts:

• ATMOSPHEREATMOSPHERE – a light blanket of air enveloping the earth, with more than half its mass within 4 miles of the surface and 98% within 16 miles

• HYDROSPHEREHYDROSPHERE --- the surface and subsurface waters in oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and groundwater,

• LITHOSPHERELITHOSPHERE --- the upper reaches of the earth's crust containing the soils that support plant life, the minerals that plants and animals require for life and the fossil fuels and ores that humans exploit.

Photosynthesis summary:• Produces almost all of the world’s oxygen• Produces almost all the world’s food

– All organisms get their energy either DIRECTLY or INDIRECTLY from the sun through photosynthesis

– Plants/photosynthetic organisms are the primary producers in the food chains.

–SugarsSugars made in photosynthesis are the building blocks of life.

Plants capture only Plants capture only one thousandth of one thousandth of

the the sunlight that falls on sunlight that falls on

the Earth. Yet, the Earth. Yet, without this process without this process

all life on Earth all life on Earth would come would come

to a halt.to a halt.