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Welcome to 3.091Lecture 5

September 18, 2009

Electron Shell Model & Quantum Numbers

1

3 4

11 12

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

2

5 6 7 8 9 10

13 14 15 16 17 18

33 34 35 36

39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54

57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86

37 38

55 56

87 88 89

3.091 Periodic Table Quiz

Name Grade /10

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Figure 6.9Prism Spectrograph A.A. Ångström (1853)

spectrum of atomic H, not H2

Electronic emission transition

Higher-Energy Orbit

Lower-Energy Orbit

Photon

e-

e-


Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom 1. Rutherford atom is correct 2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e-

3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e-

4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential 5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum: L = mvr = nh/2π, n = 1, 2, 3,…

6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions: ΔE = Ef - Ei = hν = hc/λ

c = νλ

Figure 6.11


486 nm

434 nm

410 nm

656 nm

n = 3

n = 2

n = 4n = 5 n = 6

(a) Balmer Series Transitions (b) Electronic emission transition

Higher-Energy Orbit

Lower-Energy Orbit

Photon

e-

e-

Figure 6.4a

λ →← E, ν, ν̄

400 450 500 550 600 650 700

Vio

let

Blu

e

Gre

en

Yello

w

Ora

nge

Red

Wavelength , λ (nm)

Wavelength , λ (m)

Frequency , ν (Hz)

10-12

1020 1019 1018 1017 1016 1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 109 108

10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101

Gamma X ray Ultraviolet Infrared Microwave Radio

1015

Visible Spectrum

(b)

(a)


Figure 6.12

Lyman Series

Balmer Series

Paschen Series

Brackett Series

Pfund Series

n = 1

n = 2

n = 3

n = 4

n = 5

n = 6


Bohr Postulates for the Hydrogen Atom 1. Rutherford atom is correct 2. Classical EM theory not applicable to orbiting e-

3. Newtonian mechanics applicable to orbiting e-

4. Eelectron = Ekinetic + Epotential 5. e- energy quantized through its angular momentum: L = mvr = nh/2π, n = 1, 2, 3,…

6. Planck-Einstein relation applies to e- transitions: ΔE = Ef - Ei = hν = hc/λ

c = νλ

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925

"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"

James Franck1/2 of the prize Germany

Goettingen UniversityGoettingen, Germany

B. 1882D. 1964

Gustav Ludwig Hertz James FranckGustav Ludwig Hertz1/2 of the prize Germany

Halle UniversityHalle, Germany

B. 1887D. 1975


Figure 6.9Prism Spectrograph A.A. Ångström (1853)


spectrum of atomic H, not H2

"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"

Albert Abraham Michelson

USA

University of ChicagoChicago, lL, USAb. 1852

d. 1931(in Strelno, then Germany)

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907


"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz

1/2 of the prize

the Netherlands

Leiden UniversityLeiden, the Netherlands

d. 1928b. 1853

Pieter Zeeman

1/2 of the prize

the Netherlands

Amsterdam UniversityAmsterdam, the Netherlands

d. 1943b. 1865



"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"

Johannes Stark

Germany

Greifswald UniversityGreifswald, Germany

d. 1957b. 1874



Niels Henrik David Bohr

Denmark

Copenhagen UniversityCopenhagen, Denmark

d. 1962b. 1885


"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"


Arnold Sommerfeld on the occasion of his 80th birthday

© source unknown. All rights reserved. This image isexcluded from our Creative Commons license. For moreinformation, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse

Slit

Furnace containing molten Ag

Schematic representation of the Stern Gerlach experiment (1921).

µs

Substrate

S

N


Otto Stern

USA

Carnegie Institute of TechnologyPittsburgh, PA, USA

d. 1969b. 1888 (in Sorau, then Germany)


"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"


HindenburgHYDROGEN IN

B 747 TRANSPORTATION

Titanic

* built in Germany by Zeppelin (LZ129)

* 135 ft in dia. × 804 ft long

* 7 million cu ft gas

* 112 tons useful lift

* Helium Control Act inflated with H2



* 10 transatlantic flights in 1936: 1002 passengers

* cruising speed 78 mph

* May 6, 1937 arrival of first flight to US© source unknown. All rights reserved. This image isexcluded from our Creative Commons license. For moreinformation, see http://ocw.mit.edu/fairuse.

Hindenburg


* while docking at Lakehurst, NJ



* electrical discharge in vicinity of H2 leak

* skin of resin (finished with lacquer dope) + aluminum powder + iron oxide on inside sheets of SOLID ROCKET MOTOR grains

* end of rigid airships in commercial air transportation

* 35 dead of 97 on board

* US Navy airship filled with helium (1956)

* two-ply cotton envelope could not withstand gasoline fire



Vicki! I - I Thought I Heard Your Voice!

Roy Lichtenstein (1964) enamel on steel

Photo courtesy of action datsun on Flickr.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/actiondatsun/2259605228/

Roy Lichtenstein (1963)

oil on canvas

Magnifying Glass

Photo courtesy of Kyle McDonald on Flickr.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemcdonald/5123217041/

MIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu

3.091SC Introduction to Solid State ChemistryFall 2009

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