welcome! seminar – monday 6:00 est hs305-02 seminar unit 7 prof. jocelyn ramos
TRANSCRIPT
HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences
Audio Seminar!
Please be sure your speakers are on!
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Slide presentation by Ellen Weston
with modifications
Unit 6 Project: Questionnaire
Two Parts– Cover letter and questionnaire– Discussion of data collection method
You might want to try Survey Monkey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:yahoo – Free and fun to use!
Unit 6 Questionnaire Cover letter
Write for expected participantsBe clear and to the pointIdentify purpose of questionnaire to– Enhance likelihood of completion– Add to the credibility of the project
Be concise. You want them to move on to complete the questionnaire!
Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section
Appropriate for ethnology research10-15 questions (no more) including: – 2 fixed alternative questions with only 2
potential answers– 5 fixed alternative questions with 4-5 potential
answers– 1 open-ended question– Other questions for a minimum of 10
questions; maximum of 15 questions
Basic Principles of Writing Survey Questions
Avoid confusing phrasing & jargonUse correct grammar and spellingBe concise, but clear. Use shorter rather than longer words & sentencesRelate questions to the purpose of the questionnaire
See Research Process PowerPoint Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires for
many hints!
Types of Questions
Allow respondent to fill in own answer
May ask for specific information or
May ask for narrative response– Respondent says/writes
whatever he/she wants
Respondent chooses from list of possible responsesMay also be called– Fixed choice questions– Forced choice
questions
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
Examples of Types of Questions
What is your annual income? Check appropriate box:
no income
Less than $5000
$5001 - $20,000
More than $20,000
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
Fixed Alternative Questions
Must have mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories – Exhaustive=all possible choices
included– Exclusive=only one possible response
Unit 6 Questionnaire Part 2
Analyze how you would conduct your survey
Approximately 1 page + title page and a reference page
Use Standard English
Use APA format with citations and references
Methods to conduct a Questionnaire
TelephoneInternetMailSelf administered question given in a group of peopleFace to face Interview
More information in Research Process Step 4c Research Methods – Questionnaires!
Professional Writing
Write clear & concise answersCheck spelling & grammarAvoid “you” & “we.” Use third personOrganize you paper wellUse APA formatted title page, citations & a reference listAnalysis is important!
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Key Terms
Descriptive Research Designs – Correlational designs– Observation Studies– Developmental Designs
Sampling – Population– Sample
Unit 8 Paper
Critical Analysis of the Research Designs in a Peer-Reviewed Article
Introduction
Research Design
Ethical Standards
Conclusion
Unit 8 Paper: Introduction
Why did you choose the article?Problem statement for the research. Summarize; DO NOT quote!Discuss if the article– Gave a clear picture to help you understand the
research problem – Clearly discussed why the problem merited an in-
depth investigationRemember always provide your analysis as well as
your opinions!
Unit 8 Paper: Research Design Section (1)
Discuss the designs used. Use the categories in our text, i.e., qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods. Define your terms!
Analyze effectiveness of the design for indentifying trends in Health Science
Unit 8 Paper: Research Design Section (1)
Identify and analyze another design that might have been used.
Unit 8 Paper: Research Design Section (2)
For analysis of designs, discuss
Strengths
Weaknesses
Challenges for implementing the designs to research the problem that is the focus of the article
Unit 8 Paper Ethical Standards Section
Were ethical challenges considered in the article?
How were ethical standards upheld in the research?
Were any standards ignored that might have resulted in harm to participants?
Ethical Principles for Research with Human Participants
Protection from harm
Informed consent
Right to privacy; confidentiality
Honesty with Professional Colleagues
Unit 8 Paper: Conclusions
Briefly identify the solutions to the research problem suggested by this research
Project Requirements
Be thorough Summarize, do not copy Review grading rubric in weekly
announcement before submitting Ask questions if needed!
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Writing Requirements
Organize your paper well
Be clear and concise
Check spelling and grammar
Use APA formatting
NEVER plagiarize!
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Professional Writing
Write clear & concise answersCheck spelling & grammarAvoid “you” & “we.” Use third personOrganize you paper wellUse APA formatted title page, citations & a reference listAnalysis is important!
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Analysis
Define & briefly discuss concepts, e.g. define the type of design(s) usedJustify choice by explaining your reasons for your conclusions and opinions– Relate what was done in the study to the
description of the type of design
Identify gaps if any in research or article
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Scientific Research Process Step 4b. Create a Sampling Plan
Sampling: identifying a population (the elements with the information about the topic) and a workable subset of the population
Probability techniques
Non-probability techniques
Sampling Key Terms
Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied
Sample
Sampling Key Terms
Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied
Sample – a subset of the population
Element
Sampling Key Terms
Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied
Sample – a subset of the population
Element – a single component of the population
Sampling
Sampling Key Terms
Population – the total set of individuals, objects or events to be studied
Sample – a subset of the population
Element – a single component of the population
Sampling – means of selecting the subset of the population
Choosing Sampling Technique
Purpose – MOST important factor Scope of study– Large study – Probability sampling preferred
if “doable”– Small study- depends on other factors
Cost. ConveniencePopulation characteristics:– Extremely important: Is there a list of
everyone in the population?– Must have a list to do probability sampling
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Population to be Sampled36
Group of elements from which sample is drawn that have the information that is the focus of the research
Specific and often narrowed to a area (eg. State) and/or specific group (e.g. patients seen at a clinic)
Sampling Categories
Probability
Non-Probability
Remember there is a PowerPoint on sampling in the Research Process
PowerPoint section of doc sharing with additional information
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Probability Sampling
Relies on random selection; chance
Mathematical formula can identify the likelihood that a specific element would be selected
Formula can estimate how much the sample will differ from the population
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Probability Sampling Types
Simple random – like picking names from a hatSystematic random – every nth element from a listCluster – mainly used with geographic areas
Stratified (i.e. layers) random – list grouped by specific criteria before sampling from each group (e.g. gender, country of origin)
Population Analysis
Using analysis checklist on Extra! Extra! link, Dr. Know foundPopulation was not homogeneous. Patients were from many countriesNumbers of people from different regions varied considerablyMake up of each group varied in terms of the family size and configuration of generations
What Sampling Technique would you Suggest?
Refer to p. 212 Table 9.3. Assume: Population is NOT homogeneous [many immigrant groups], has many layers (strata) [i.e., immigrant groups] that differ in composition and size [multi-generational and/or various family size], but live in a small geographic area
Simple random – like picking names from a hatSystematic random – every nth element from a listCluster – mainly used with geographic areasStratified random – list grouped by specific criteria before sampling from each group
Probability Sampling for Dr. Know’s study- a suggestion
Stratified random sampling. Strata = immigrants. A random sample would be taken from each immigrant group separately.• Proportional to the % that group represents in the
whole clinic population
Is Probability the Best Sampling Method to choose?
Small strata from each country make it difficult to get enough information
Those chosen may refuse to participate
Solution: Use Non-probability sampling
Non-Probability Sampling
• Probability of an element being chosen cannot be determined
• Often used in social science research
• Population list is usually not known
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Non-Probability Types
• Availability Sampling • Quota Sampling• Purposive or Judgment Sampling• Snowball Sampling
Remember to review PowerPoint on sampling!
Non- Probability Sampling for Dr. Know’s study-a suggestion
• Snowball sampling• A small group is likely to volunteer• They let others know it is a good idea and safe
to volunteer as well
Plan the Sampling & Data collection process carefully!
• Plan process step by step before beginning any observation!
• What are some steps you need to consider?
Safeguards can be used to prevent Bias
• Need to identify countries of origin of all eligible in population.– Compute % by country– Compare % in sample with % in population
• Learn about culture!
Coming Attractions: Unit 8
• Seminar: Variables and Controls
• Discussion: Analysis of an experimental study
• Unit 8 Project