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Welcome

I’m very happy to welcome you on behalf of SALISES to this important conference on ‘Globalization, Climate Change and Rural Resilience’. Since February 2011, the fellows and staff of SALISES have been staging a series of workshops, seminars, lectures and conferences under the theme ‘Fifty-Fifty: Critical Reflections in a Time of Uncertainty’, to review the first fifty years of

independence in the Commonwealth Caribbean and examine the prospects for the next fifty.

It has been a virtual intellectual whirlwind as our numerous research clusters, operating with a degree of autonomy, have recruited to their numerous projects scholars from within the UWI, regionally and internationally, along with practitioners from all walks of life. It would be difficult to mention all our activities, but certainly, close to the head of the list would be the 12th annual SALISES conference titled ‘Challenges of the Independence Experience in Small Developing Countries’, and the three encounters with former Jamaican Prime Ministers on their experiences in power and looking to the future, both held last year; the conference on Law and Justice in the Caribbean held in February of this year; and the conference co-hosted with the University College of the Cayman Islands, ‘Surveying the Past, Mapping the Future’, which focused on the non-independent Caribbean.

We are proud to add this conference to that impressive list as we consider it a vital link in the chain of activities, with its crucial emphasis on burning questions of climate change; the neglected state of our rural environment and the people who inhabit it.

The Fifty-Fifty project will come to a climax with a five-day conference in Kingston from August 20 to 25, 2012, which has been positioned to commemorate both Jamaica’s (August 6) and Trinidad and Tobago’s (August 31) jubilee events. It is hoped that the many research clusters that have been formed out of the project as well as the new themes for further research and policy development that have emerged will help to inform the research and outreach activities and strategic direction of not only SALISES, but the entire Caribbean research community for the foreseeable future. Once again, welcome, as we look forward to a rich and stimulating conference.

Brian Meeks

MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR, SALISES, MONA

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Welcome

On behalf of the Conference Steering Committee, I would like to warmly welcome you all to what we hope will be the first of many such inter-disciplinary gatherings to support the resilience of rural spaces and livelihoods given the twin pressures of globalization and climate change. As Jamaica and the English-speaking Caribbean celebrate 50 years of

independence, we hope that this conference will serve as a platform for critical reflection on these challenges to sustainable rural development within the region, and other parts of the world. Through this forum, we also wish to contribute to the process of anticipating the future face of agriculture and rural spaces and to highlight pathways to resilience, despite the many uncertainties associated with the ‘double exposure’ of climate change and globalization.

This conference reflects a collaborative effort among faculty in the Departments of Physics, Geography, Economics and the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies, at the University of the West Indies, Mona. It has furthermore been supported by a partnership with C-Change Canada Caribbean, the Planning Institute of Jamaica, the National Environment Planning Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Through an engagement such as this, we hope to place Caribbean small states in a better position to refashion their futures through well-targeted cooperative research and innovation processes.

We do hope you will enjoy this event of learning and sharing and we wish to encourage our guests to Jamaica to spare a moment to enjoy the vibes of “Jamrock” as we seek to become not just “the place of choice to live, work, raise families and do business”, but also a nation shining in Olympic glory. Jamaica to the world in 2012!

Patricia Northover

MESSAGE FROM THE CONFERENCE CHAIR

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A big thank you to the members of the secretariat:

Rubyline McFadden

Tricia Jack

Kevin Brown

Alexander Blackwood

Richard Leach

A special thanks as well to Prof Meeks, the support staff at

SALISES, Mona, the student volunteers, our many service

providers, and my fellow members of the Conference Steering

committee, for their invaluable support and contributions.

Finally, on behalf of the conference team, I would like to thank our

sponsors and partners who assisted in organizing this event, and

without whom this conference would have been quite impossible!

Patricia Northover PhD Conference Chair

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

 

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8:00-9.00am Registration

9:00-9:05am WELCOMES *MONTEGO SUITE*E

Chair: Dr. Abdullahi Abdulkadri

9:05am Introduction of second keynote speaker - Globalization and Climate Change Dr. Patricia Northover-

9:10-9:50am Second keynote address

“Globalization, Climate Change and Rural Resilience: Emerging Double Exposure Challenges and Opportunities”

Professor Robin Leichenko Rutgers, State University of New Jersey

10:00-10:15am Questions & Answers

Presentation to keynote

10:15-10:30am C O F F E E B R E A K

10:35am-12:00pm

Opening Plenary Session – “Globalization, Climate Change and Rural Resilience: Envisioning Futures” *MONTEGO SUITE *

Chair: Ms Claire Bernard: Director Sustainable Development and Regional Planning Division, PIOJ

PIOJ - 5 minute presentation - Vision 2030

1. Vision 50/50: Tackling Constraints and Promoting Pathways to Rural Resilience: Patricia Northover and Kevon Rhiney, UWI-SALISES and Dept. Geography & Geology

2. Strengthening the Capacity for Climate Change Resilience in Jamaica’s Rural Areas: Hopeton Peterson and Doneika Simms, Planning Institute of Jamaica

3. Promoting Climate-Smart Agriculture for Food Security in the Caribbean: Leslie Simpson, Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI)

4. Building Climate-Resilient Rural Communities in the Caribbean: Ulric Trotz, Caribbean Community Climate Change Center

DAY 2 - Thursday, May 10, 2012

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12:05-1:35pm C O N C U R R E N T S E S S I O N S

Panel 1: Building Rural Resilience - Understanding and Transforming Vulnerability *MONTEGO SUITE*

Chair: Dr Sandra Chadwick-Parkes, UWI Department of Sociology, Psychology & Social Work

1. Building Resilience to Vulnerability in Small Island States: Jose Molinelli, David Pijawka, Martin Gromulat and Bjoern Hagen, University of Puerto Rico and Arizona State University

2. Climate Change, Institutions and the Implications for Rural Resilience: Christine Clarke, UWI Dept of Economics

3. A Bottom-up Approach to Understanding Climate Change: Perceptions of Small Farmers in Sherwood Content, Trelawny:Ayesha Constable, UWI Dept of Geography & Geology

4. Who are the most Vulnerable to Climate Change? Using video to explore the fishing communities of Trinidad and Tobago: April Baptiste, Colgate University

Panel 2: Reframing Rural Resilience: Economic Strategies for Successful Adaptation *NEGRIL SUITE*

Chair: Prof Claremont Kirton, UWI Dept of Economics

1. Impact of Climate Change on Jamaica’s Hotel Food Supply Chains and on Farmers’ Livelihoods: Jason Gordon, International Center of Tropical Agriculture (CIAT)

2. More than Farmers? Reframing Rural Resilience Through Non-farm Livelihood Strategies in Post-Sugar St. Kitts: Joyelle Clarke, UWI Dept of Geography and Geology, Mona

3. Reframing Rural Resilience: The Role of the Non-farm Economy and Rural Enterprise Growth in Jamaica’s Sugar Dependant Areas: Dianne Gordon, UWI SALISES

4. Improving Market Access among Smallholder Farmers through the Adoption of Alternative Business Models: Oxfam’s Experience in the Caribbean: Kevon Rhiney and Tim Chambers, UWI Dept. of Geography & Geology and OXFAM

1:30-2:30pm L U N C H B R E A K

2:45-4:15pm C O N C U R R E N T S E S S I O N S

DAY 2 - Thursday, May 10, 2012

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Panel 3: Globalization Climate Change and Rural Resilience: Gender Matters *MONTEGO BAY SUITE*

Chair: Suzanne Charles, Institute of Gender and Development Studies, IGDS.

1. Mainstreaming Gender: Governance, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management — Leith Dunn, IGDS, Mona

2. Reframing Rural Resilience in Jamaica: Linking Women’s Empowerment, Poverty Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Siddier Chambers and Christine Taylor, Bureau of Women’s Affairs and SALISES, UWI

3. Rural Women and their Vulnerability to Climate Change in Agriculture: Kimberly Carr, IGDS, Mona

Panel 4: Climate Change and Vulnerability - Critical Issues in Response Mapping *NEGRIL SUITE*

Chair: Prof. Dale Webber, Head of the Environmental Management Unit, Institute for Sustainable Development, UWI, Mona

1. Adapting to the Challenges of Climate Change within an Ecosystem-Based Management Framework – The Jamaica Case Study: Anthony McKenzie and Sean Green, National Environment Planning Agency

1. Analysis of Climate Change Perception and Adaptation among Arable Food Crop Farmers in South Western Nigeria: T. G. Apata, A. Folayan, and A. O. Sekumade, Joseph Ayo Babalola University and Ekiti State University

2. Climate Change, Atlantic Storm Activity and Coastal & Human Settlements: Wayne Elliot, Troy Lorde and Winston Moore, UWI Cave Hill

3. Food Security and Climate Change: Exploring the Policy Response to Climate Change in the Jamaican Agriculture Sector: Cavell Francis-Rhiney, Institute for Sustainable Development, UWI Mona

4:15-4:30pm C O F F E E B R E A K

4:30-6:15pm

Closing Plenary - Climate Change, Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security: Issues and Options *MONTEGO SUITE *

Chair: Dr. Ballayram , Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute

Opening skit on the impact of climate change on fishermen’s livelihoods

DAY 2 - Thursday, May 10, 2012

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1. Estimating the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture – A Case Study of Jamaica: Michael Witter, SALISES, UWI

2. Organic Farming in Tropical Agro-Ecological System - A Case Study of Jamaica: Noureddine Benkeblia and Machel Emanuel, UWI Department of Life Sciences

3. Small States Agriculture: Building Resilience in the Face of Climate Change and Globalization: Philip Chung, Rural Agricultural Development Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries

4. Sustainable Agriculture: IICA’s Role in Supporting Rural Resilience: Ignatius Jean, Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture

Discussant: Prof. Barker- Head Dept of Geography and Geology, UWI, Mona

6:15 p.m. Chair’s closing remarks/ UPDATE for field trip planned for May 12 to Murray’s Farm

Close Day 2

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8:45-9:10am WELCOME AND INTRODUCTION

*MONTEGO SUITE*

Chair: Dr Michael Taylor Representative from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries

Introduction of Guest Speaker - Nadine Brown

9:10-9:40am Science, Disaster Risk Reduction Policy and Planning in Jamaica: Is There a Connection? Dr. Barbara Carby, Director, Disaster Risk Reduction Center, UWI, Mona

9:40-9:55am Questions & Answers

Presentation

10:00-10:15am C O F F E E B R E A K

10:15-11:35am Opening Plenary Session – RIO + 20 -

Pathways to Rural Resilience *MONTEGO SUITE *

Chair: Mr Peter Knight, CEO, National Environment Planning Agency

1. Capacity Rated Road Map - Pathways to Rural Resilience: Robert Kerr, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations ( FAO)

2. Margaret Jones-Williams, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

3. Health at the Heart of Sustainable Development :Pedro Mas Bermejo, Pan American Health Organization ( PAHO)

4. Innovative Solutions, Communities and Sustainable Development: Jacqueline DaCosta, CEO, National Best Community Foundation

11:40am-1:15pm C O N C U R R E N T S E S S I O N S

Panel 5: Time to Adapt: Rural Resilience Initiatives *MONTEGO SUITE*

Chair: Prof Michaeline Crichlow, Duke University

1. Pathways to Adaptation & Sustainability In Rural Spaces: Agriculture and Tourism in Jamaica: Annicia Gayle-Geddes, Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF)

2. Local Initiatives for Rural Resilience - A Case Study of the Christiana Potato Growers Cooperative: Alvin Murray, CPGC

3. Jeffery Town: Community Pathways to Resilience: Wordsworth Gordon, Jeffrey Town Farmers Association

DAY 3 - Friday, May 11, 2012

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4. Open Data and Climate Change: Novel Approaches to Building Awareness and Rural Resilience: Maurice McNaughton, UWI, Mona School of Business

Panel 6: Climate Change, Disaster Risk and Natural Resource Management Strategies *NEGRIL SUITE*

Chair: Dr David Smith, Disaster Risk Reduction Unit, UWI, Mona

1. Understanding the Nexus of Climate Change, Disaster Risk Management and Natural Resources Management- Ronald Jackson, Office of Disaster Preparedness and Management

2. Hearing Community and Vulnerable Voices in Climate Change and Natural Resource Management: Indi Mclymont-Lafayette, PANOS- Caribbean

3. EU-UNEP-GOJ Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Project — Leonie Barnaby, Environment Management Division, Ministry of Water, Land, Environment and Climate Change.

4. Gender Impact of Drought in Rural Areas: Ann Marie Virgo, Institute for Gender and Development Studies, UWI, Mona

1:15-2:15pm L U N C H B R E A K

Video  screening  of  Time  to  Adapt  

2:25-4:00pm C O N C U R R E N T S E S S I O N S

Panel 7: Climate Change and Vulnerability: Adaptation and Mitigation Scenarios *MONTEGO SUITE*

Chair: Maurice Mason, Institute of Sustainable Development, UWI, Mona

2. Linking Vulnerability, Adaptation and Mitigation in Small Island Developing States: Climate Change and the Community of Grande Riviere, Trinidad: Sherry Ann Ganase and Sonja S. Teelucksingh, UWI, St Augustine

3. Adapting to Global Economic and Climatic Change in Northern St. Vincent: Rose-Ann Smith, UWI Dept of Geography and Geology, Mona

4. Vulnerability to Storms and Hurricanes: Implications for Mitigation in the Rural Communities of Trinidad: Marlene Murray and Patrick Kent Watson, UWI, St Augustine

5. Factors Influencing the Perception and Choice of Adaptation Measures to Climate Change among Farmers in Nigeria - Evidence from Farming Households in Southwest Nigeria: T. G. Apata, Joseph Ayo Babalola University

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Panel 8: Climate Change, Globalization, Vulnerability and the Politics of Resilience - Issues and Options *NEGRIL SUITE*

Chair: Dr Kevon Rhiney, UWI Dept of Geography and Geology

1. The Future of Food and Agriculture: Anthony Clayton, Institute of Sustainable Development

2. From Imperial Ruins to the Rising Sun - The China Effect in Reframing Rural Resilience: Michaeline Crichlow and Patricia Northover, Duke University and UWI SALISES

3. Land, Labor and Identity in the Dominican Republic: Notes on a Politics of Place: Marcos Morales and Michaeline Crichlow, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo and Duke University

4. CANARI: Capacity Building for Resilient Caribbean Societies: Franklin McDonald, York University

4:00-4:15pm C O F F E E B R E A K

4:20-6:00pm

Closing Plenary: “Betta mus come”- Repositioning Sugar for Green Growth and Rural Resilience *MONTEGO SUITE *

Chair: Dr Derrick Deslandes, Management Studies, UWI

Mr. George Callaghan, Head – Sugar Transformation Unit, Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries

Mr. Francis He, CEO, Pan-Caribbean Sugar Co Ltd. (COMPLANT)

Dr. Betsy Bandy, Ministry of Mining/Energy

Mr. John Gayle, CEO, Sugar Company of Jamaica Holdings

6:00pm Closing review

6:10pm Final vote of thanks

6:15pm Closing cocktails and entertainment

PANOS, Voices for Climate Change.

DAY 3 - Friday, May 11, 2012

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Guest speakers

Ede Ijjasz-Vazquez Multiple Dimensions of Resilience in Rural areas and Small Islands – Lessons from Global Experience and World Bank Perspectives

This presentation will provide an overview of climate extremes and development in small islands, with particular emphasis on practical ways in which development strategies and programmes can be developed to incorporate increased climate variability and its impacts. The presentation will then review the most recent data and analysis on past impacts and current resilience status of Jamaica in diverse sectors. Finally, I will explore mechanisms and proposals towards an agricultural risk management framework for the Caribbean.

Dr. Clare Goodess

The Challenges of Integrated Assessment Studies: A Mediterranean Perspective

Climate can be viewed as a key driver of changes in social and biogeophysical systems and is modulated by the inherent dynamics of these systems. The frequency and magnitude of climate hazards (sudden onset extreme events or longer-term changes) is altered by changes in the climate state and has measureable impacts on physical and social systems. Societal and environmental vulnerability to climate change is a function of the degree of exposure, the sensitivity of the system, and the capacity for adaptation.

These are the principles underlying the common framework developed and tested in the European CIRCE project – focusing on 11 integrated Mediterranean case studies. These included four rural case studies (Tuscany and Apulia in Italy, Tel Hadya in Syria, and the Judean Foothills in Israel). These case-study examples are used to demonstrate how the CIRCE Case studies Integrating Framework (CCIF) provided the basis for the identification and analysis of physical and socio-economic indicators describing both present-day and potential future conditions.

The case-study integrated assessments provided the basis for collaborative work with stakeholders, focusing on adaptation towards the end of the project. Some of the challenges encountered in implementing the CCIF in practice are outlined. Resource and other constraints meant that it was not possible to adopt a truly bottom-up or participatory approach with CIRCE stakeholders. This approach is, however, being used in the more recent CLIM-RUN European project on the development of climate services for the Mediterranean. The first ‘stage-setting’ phase of CLIM-RUN has just been completed and provides some interesting lessons and further challenges.

Robin Leichenko

Globalization, Climate Change and Rural Resilience: Emerging Double Exposure Challenges and Opportunities

Climate change and globalization present opportunities and challenges for efforts to promote resilience in rural regions. Both

Abstracts

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processes open new opportunities for international trade and investment, and create new avenues for social activism and political transformation. Yet at the same time, the two processes magnify risks and uncertainties and undermine capacity to respond to many types of shocks and stresses. This presentation explores how climate change and globalization are together influencing the resilience of rural economies. While rural areas have long confronted a multitude of environment and development-related pressures, climate change and globalization represent new and interconnected sources of stress. Under climate change, altered temperature regimes, shifts in the variability and seasonality of precipitation, increases in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events, and sea level rise, are together transforming environmental baselines. Processes of globalization are contributing to growth of tourism, intensification of investment pressures, expansion of export-oriented production, and fluctuating fuel and commodity prices. Drawing upon the concept of double exposure, this presentation illustrates how rural resilience is affected by different

pathways of interaction between climate change and globalization.

Barbara Carby

Science, Disaster Risk Reduction Policy and Planning in Jamaica: Is there a Connection?

First Opening Plenary: Globalization, Climate Change and Rural Resilience: Envisioning Futures

Patricia Northover and Kevon Rhiney

Vision 50/50 – Tackling Constraints and Promoting Pathways to Rural Resilience

In a world faced with heightened risks and uncertainties arising from globalization and its complex effects on the environment and society, small states face tremendous pressure to remain viable, or even afloat! Within the Caribbean, the next 50 years will bring not only unprecedented changes, but also enormous new costs to territories (based on the anticipated negative effects of more intense weather events in these countries on infrastructure, crops, disease patterns, etc).

This is not good news for small island states, which are already recognized as being amongst the most vulnerable places on the planet. Indeed the double exposure of globalization and climate change for most Caribbean states will either signal their final demise, or inspire new streams of innovation – in business, in the design and development of policy, and in models for growth and development. In this paper, we will highlight some of these special challenges to sustainable development with regard to Jamaica, its rural environments and economy, and emphasize the idea of resilience thinking in coping with these challenges. We will provide a brief review of major policy planks in response to support Jamaica’s adaptation and sustainable rural development, noting the significant policy gaps remaining. The presentation will also highlight the work of the Sustainable Rural Development Group at SALISES, in particular, our effort to showcase the history of rural development and develop projects for rural resilience.

Hopeton Peterson and Doneika Simms

Strengthening the Capacity for Climate Change Resilience in Jamaica’s Rural Areas: Examples from Recent and Ongoing

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Projects Being Implemented by the Planning Institute of Jamaica

Climate change has emerged as one of the most urgent environment and development challenges for Jamaica in the 21st century. Vision 2030, Jamaica’s National Development Plan, has articulated the need to “minimize the impact of disasters related to climate change by increasing the coping strategies at various levels”. Recent experiences with hydro-meteorological disasters, as well as climate change projections, have underscored the fact that Jamaica is one of the countries that will be hardest hit by the impact of climate change, due to the increase in the intensity and frequency of storms, and droughts.

Climate change and related variability is likely to critically jeopardize livelihoods and food security in many parts of rural Jamaica. These areas in particular are most vulnerable due to their socio-cultural-economic circumstances; and their dependence on sensitive ecosystems, many of which have experienced severe environmental degradation. There is a recognition that greater resources and commitment are required to enable rural areas to build the adaptive capacity required to be more resilient to the consequences of climate change. Since 2009, the Government of Jamaica, through the Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ), has spearheaded the implementation of several projects aimed at building the resilience of rural areas to climate change. This paper will highlight some of the emerging trends in climate change impacts in rural environments; discuss some of the adaption options; and highlight some responses to address climate change problems using examples from recent and ongoing projects.

Leslie A. Simpson

Promoting Climate-smart Agriculture for Food Security in the Caribbean

The Caribbean agricultural sector is pivotal to the attainment of food and nutrition security. Agricultural development is also essential in improving intra-regional trade in food and agricultural products, boosting export earnings, creating employment and the development of rural communities. Increases in temperature, changing patterns of rainfall, more extreme droughts and floods, the shifting distribution of pests and diseases associated with global climate change will change the face of agriculture and farming throughout the world including Caribbean. These changes, which are already being experienced in the Caribbean, are expected to seriously impact agricultural productivity and food security in the Region unless appropriate strategies and policies are enacted.

Climate smart agriculture refers to the adoption of farming practices which allow producers to adapt to the challenges which will come with climate change and so reduce their vulnerability while reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and/or increasing the storage of carbon in the soil.

Regional agriculture, as a first priority, has already begun to adapt to the risks posed by climate change. Some of the adaptation practices already in use are flood tolerant rice varieties in Guyana, increase use of drip irrigation and protected agricultural systems to control the crop growing environment particularly the exclusion of pests. In addition, on-farm harvesting of water during the rainy season for use in the dry season has become increasingly important in the Caribbean. Adaptation to short-term climatic variability and long-term climate change also involves better risk management, for example by providing farmers with access to better weather forecasts and early warning systems, which is also being pursued. Training of Caribbean farmers in these important

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areas of adaptation and risk management is also an important part of the promotion of climate-smart agriculture.

Agriculture is also a significant cause of climate change. Globally, agricultural activities are directly responsible for 10-12% of human-generated greenhouse gas emissions, excluding emissions resulting from fuel use, fertiliser production and clearing of forests for food production. As part of being climate-smart, agriculture must increase the implementation of practices which reduces its carbon footprint. In the Caribbean this entails promoting conservation farming and agroforestry systems to increase soil organic carbon content, fertility and water holding capacity, thereby increasing productivity while sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. Also, integrating livestock and crops production systems in order to reduce waste and improve soil fertility is another means of decreasing emissions related to livestock production systems. In relation to its mitigation role, climate-smart agriculture has the potential to provide income to the sector in relation to carbon trading.

Ulric Trotz

Building Climate-Resilient Communities in the Caribbean The Caribbean region faces enormous challenges from the effects of climate change. The rural communities that make up over half of the population of these small island states and low-lying coastal communities are especially at risk. The effects of climate change on water resources, agriculture production and local livelihoods make entire communities vulnerable. The approach to resilience building can be formulated through activities that promote increased awareness of climate risks, policy interventions to decrease vulnerability, efficient resource use and, most importantly, community capacity building to cope with climate risks and full community participation in the entire process of responding to these risks, i.e. from vulnerability and impact assessments, through to fashioning, prioritizing and implementing response measures.

Moreover, there is a need for greater provision and use of timely information that allows for more knowledge-based decision-making and the design and operation of functional early warning systems. This calls for a much closer working relationship between information providers (university/scientific community) and vulnerable rural communities. At the response level communities can also pursue alternative livelihood methods, such as organic farming and the production of niche market goods where little additional investment can garner substantial benefits for these communities.

Likewise, fishermen can benefit from varying approaches to income generation through the co-management of Marine Protected Areas.

Panel 1: Building Rural Resilience - Understanding and Transforming Vulnerability

Jose Molinelli, David Pijawka, Martin Gromulat and Bjoern Hagen Building Resilience to Vulnerability in SIS

Using empirical data, this paper explores how public perceptions can be used to develop key policy strategies that will increase resilience to climate change impacts. The research intersects the areas of climate change perceptions, vulnerability, and community resiliency to inform decision-making on reducing and ameliorating

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impacts of climate change. It examines policy principles that inform local attempts at developing resiliency systems. Two case studies are developed to identify effective policies and strategies that build resiliency as well as enhance institutional capacities at local levels.

Through our comparative research and data collection in eight countries, we identify areas of climate change that the public is most concerned about and, therefore, where substantial action is likely to be implemented, along with development of concomitant mitigation and adaptation policies. The data includes awareness of the issue, risks, threats, level of trust, and public concern.

Our presentation and discussion demonstrate how to incorporate ideas of resiliency and new knowledge on the role of public perception in managing climate change with two case studies from Puerto Rico. This knowledge is transferable to other Caribbean islands, and involves two crosscutting issues to help enable vulnerable island state populations to better manage climate risks. The first case involves coastal environmental threats and adaptation resulting from coastal hazards and climate change. The second involves the vulnerability of the upland environments to abrupt effects related to climate change. Through our research, we determined which areas of risk reduction and resilience-building would likely be most successful, in turn informing policy decisions.

Christine Clarke Climate Change, Institutions and the Implications for Rural Resilience

Under perfect conditions, the market demand and market supply ought properly to result in optimality where both consumers and producers are satisfied with the outcome of their interactions. Climate change presents an interesting deviation to the “perfect conditions” assumption and therefore is impatient of intervention in order to adjust the outcome that the market operating alone will result in. It is a relatively gradual change in the underlying physical environment within which other markets such as agriculture and tourism operate that will have varying impacts globally. Climate change presents unique challenges to small island developing states such as those in the Caribbean that have been impacted by serious hydro and seismic events and which, at the same time, depend heavily on their ability to supply developed country markets for financial sustainability.

It is in this context that institutional capacity, resources and reach will be required to incorporate the threats posed by climate change and make strategic moves to where possible transform these threats into opportunities and to move towards adaptation where no leveraging is possible. This paper assesses critical climate change related impacts; the role for community-based or local groups and state agencies in the context of Caribbean-wide fiscal constraints; and the extent to which resilience can be increased.

Ayesha Constable A Bottom-up Approach to Understanding Climate Change: Perceptions of Small Farmers in Sherwood Content, Trelawny

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This paper presents findings on how farmers of a small rural community, Sherwood Content in Trelawny, northern Jamaica, perceive climate change and the factors that influence these perceptions. A mixed-methods approach was used, in which 160 questionnaires were administered, 10 interviews conducted and two focus group sessions held. The quantitative data was analyzed using the statistical package SPSS.

The results indicate that farmers had a limited understanding of the scientific definition of climate change but nonetheless were able to identify aspects of local weather that have changed. According to respondents, rainfall patterns have changed, temperatures have shifted and drought patterns have been altered. However, these observations were not attributed to the broader changes in global climatic conditions. Interestingly, the perceptions were shaped by religious connections and educational attainment as those educated to higher levels demonstrated a better understanding of the scientific precepts of the concept. Farmers have been forced to alter the planting season in response to the changes in conditions, yet the community continues to perceive climate change as a remote phenomenon that is spatially far from their reality.

The implications of these results indicate that rural communities will most likely resist attempts at institutionalized resilience building. It raises the deeper question of how policy makers engage or develop policies for communities who believe that climate change is out of their control. This broader question needs to be addressed as we move towards developing a comprehensive assessment policy of climate change vulnerability.

April Baptiste Who are most vulnerable to climate change? Using video to explore the fishing communities of Trinidad and Tobago

Research has shown that coastal fishers are increasingly experiencing storms that may be linked to regional climate change. However, this is not always considered by fishermen. Latin American research examined the historical recollection of fish catch and distance, and indicates changes that may be attributed to climate change. While the IPCC has indicated that there is a high probability that SIDs are the most vulnerable to climate change, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this theory.

This exploratory research project seeks to fill this gap by examining the perceptions and concerns of fishermen toward climate change and any local adaptation methods that are utilized among this group. Through the medium of a video documentary, fishermen from three villages in Trinidad and Tobago were interviewed on issues surrounding climate change and the fishing industry. Experts from the NGO sector, governmental sector and academia were also documented in order to illustrate differences in perceptions among these three groups of stakeholders.

Preliminary results of this study are mixed thus far, indicating that some fishermen are knowledgeable of climate change and see its potential effects on their trade while others do not see a direct link between the two. Additionally, there is no direct link between impacts of climate change and adaptation strategies, though local adaptation is taking place to the variability that is seen. This research forms part of a larger study, which seeks to survey fishing

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communities on the south-west coast of Trinidad about climate change.

Panel 2: Reframing Rural Resilience: Economic Strategies for Successful Adaptation

Jason Gordon Impact of Climate Change on Jamaica’s Hotel Food Supply Chains and on Farmers’ Livelihoods

Agriculture currently contributes approximately 7% to Jamaica’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Regardless of its relatively small contribution to the local economy, the agricultural sector absorbs approximately 18% of the country’s employed labour force. In light of the continuous changes of climate systems around the world, Jamaican farmers are expected to be confronted with a myriad of new challenges that may hinder their efforts to gain market access in the local hotel industry.

This paper aims to assess the vulnerability of Jamaican farmers to the impacts of climate change and the impact that these changes will have on efforts to establish a sustainable value chain linkage with the local hotel industry.

We used the overall IPCC definition to assess vulnerability; translated the exposure into direct impact on crops; and assessed sensitivity and adaptive capacity using the sustainable rural livelihoods framework based on the five capital assets (physical, natural, social, financial and human capital). The results show that the expected increase of extreme weather events in combination with exposure to climate change, the high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity of farmers signals an alarmingly high level of vulnerability of Jamaican farmers and their livelihoods to the impending threats of global climate change. The study also highlights some of the most important adaptation and mitigation strategies identified by major stakeholders such as government agencies and farmers’ groups. These strategies are expected to build the resilience and adaptive capacity of local farmers.

Joyelle Clarke More Than Farmers? Reframing Rural Resilience Through Non-farm Livelihood Strategies in Post-Sugar St. Kitts

The closure of the St. Kitts sugar industry in 2005 highlighted the unparalleled vulnerability of rural female sugar workers. Characterized by limited education and skills, their options for an alternative livelihood were limited. However, post-sugar farming initiatives offered some success when the challenges of a non-sugar reality came to a head. Now seven years on, with women experiencing similar difficulties, this paper assesses the role of land assets and the value of farming as a livelihood strategy for poor rural women. The divergent views on farming amongst the former female sugar workers suggest that although farming is accepted as their likeliest income strategy, preference is for valuation on more than the ability to till the soil. Arguments are for both agricultural and non-agricultural livelihoods.

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Added to the divergence of opinion is the bureaucracy governing distribution of land to the tiller and the priorities of imparting skills to the unskilled who refuse to be ‘soil bound’. Can farming then be the national policy solution for sensitivity reduction and resilience building for unwilling female former sugar workers? Current governing policy in St. Kitts acknowledges the importance of land in livelihood resilience: But who gives land to the unwilling tiller? Policies governed by blanket approaches to a seemingly homogenous vulnerable group are not only gender blind, but do not recognize the variations in female asset requirements for resilience building and sensitivity reduction. Building rural resilience may then be a matter of reframing government initiatives and farming policy or providing no-farm rural income opportunities.

Dianne Gordon Reframing Rural Resilience: The Role of the Non-farm Economy and Rural Enterprise Growth in Jamaica’s Sugar- Dependent Areas

Rural spaces in Jamaica and the Caribbean face numerous challenges. While agriculture plays an important role in shaping the rural landscape, problems associated with competing in an increasingly liberalized global environment and the loss of productive assets to climatic and other shocks have resulted in a declining agricultural sector and high rates of rural unemployment and poverty. This reality calls for serious rethinking about the strategies required for achieving rural development and in particular the critical role that non-farm rural enterprises, especially those with effective linkages to the farm economy, can play in rural economic diversification and livelihood enhancement.

This paper seeks to answer the question, How important is the non-farm rural economy for diversifying rural livelihood strategies and increasing resilience in rural communities? It reviews some key issues related to the development of non-farm rural enterprises and their role in diversifying local economies. It also explores the role of non-farm enterprises in transforming sugar-dependent areas undergoing transition due to the restructuring of the sugar industry and provides an initial assessment of the effectiveness of the economic diversification component of the European Union Jamaica Country Strategy for the Adaptation of the Sugar Industry. This paper addresses whether this intervention, which uses grants to assist displaced farmers in sugar-dependent areas to pursue alternative livelihoods, can provide a way forward for rural people to sustainably improve their livelihoods.

Kevon Rhiney and Tim Chambers Improving Market Access Among Smallholder Farmers Through the Adoption of Alternative Business Models: Oxfam’s Experience in the Caribbean

Gaining access to key local markets, especially tourism, is particularly difficult for regional farmers, given the wide-ranging and complex challenges they are confronted with in terms of both production and marketing. Smallholder farmers are particularly vulnerable to larger-scale environmental and economic shocks and stresses, given their limited access to key production inputs such

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as credit, land, technology and appropriate infrastructure, including proper transport and storage facilities. While increasing productivity is absolutely vital for building rural resilience and in facilitating the successful inclusion of smaller-scale farmers in new and existing markets, commensurate attention has to be given to the way these farmers both organize themselves and market their produce.

Over the last few years, Oxfam GB has been investing in linking smallholder farmers in the Caribbean to key local markets through the adoption of alternate business models that are geared at: a) offering farmers a stable market along with key support and inputs to meet exacting production standards in a profitable manner and, b) guaranteeing buyers a consistent supply of high-quality products, to their specifications and meeting existing food safety standards.

This paper reports on the progress made by Oxfam in three Caribbean islands, namely Haiti, Jamaica and St. Lucia. The paper aims to show the extent to which the adoption of these alternate business models have helped regional farmers to improve their access to local markets in an innovative and sustainable manner, while acquiring greater control over the complex local value chains in which they are so intricately embedded.

Panel 3: Globalization Climate Change and Rural

Resilience: Gender Matters

Leith Dunn Mainstreaming Gender: Governance, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management This paper explains the concept, process, rationale and benefits of gender mainstreaming to enhance rural resilience and reduce vulnerabilities and risks related to climate change. It focuses on the global governance framework that justifies mainstreaming of gender in climate change and disaster risk management policies and programmes. This includes international human rights conventions and agreements that promote good governance, gender equality and development. The paper explains: why gender matters as a tool for policy analysis and planning; how gender can be mainstreamed and the resulting benefits to enhance rural resilience and reduce risks. Data on the differential needs, concerns and experiences of both sexes are used to design, plan, implement, monitor and evaluate relevant policies and programmes, to reduce vulnerability of males and females in rural communities to natural hazards. A new UWI capacity building course to mainstream gender in policies and programmes of local, regional and international agencies working on climate change adaptation and disaster risk management promotes good governance in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) like Jamaica

Siddier Chambers and Christine Taylor Reframing Rural Resilience in Jamaica: Linking Women’s Empowerment, Poverty Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Strategies

This is a baseline assessment of poverty reduction projects implemented by the Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF) and the Rural Agricultural Development Authority (RADA) in the parish

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of St. Ann. This assessment utilized two main human rights frameworks – the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discriminations Against Women (CEDAW) – to evaluate the effectiveness of poverty reduction projects on female beneficiaries in rural Jamaica.

The projects are evaluated also to see if there is a link between women’s empowerment, poverty reduction and climate change adaptation strategies, as these are three of the main issues being promoted in the discourse on rural development. Strategies which combine these three approaches are believed to provide a more sustainable rural resilience framework in the Jamaican context.

Recommendations for reframing rural resilience in Jamaica through sustainable empowerment strategies for the female beneficiaries and their families were based on successful strategies from Asia and Africa, mainly in agricultural development, education, entrepreneurship and other forms of productive employment.

Kimberly Carr Rural Women and Their Vulnerability to Climate Change in Agriculture

The 2007 Human Development Report acknowledges that climate change threatens to erode human freedoms and development. It also notes that gender inequality intersects with climate risks and increases vulnerabilities. This paper argues that gender matters in climate change as men and women are affected differently because of their gender roles and responsibilities. It shows that their responses to the impacts of climate change also differ, especially when it comes to safeguarding their food security and livelihoods.. Drawing of secondary sources, the paper specifically examines the impact of climate change on rural women in the agricultural sector in Jamaica, given their role as the primary producers of staple food for their households. It argues that women are highly exposed to the risks that come with the effects of climate change such as drought and uncertain rainfall. It shows how climate change impacts the lives of women and young girls in rural communities who are mainly responsible for collecting water. It shows that they often have to walk further to collect water, especially in the dry season.

The literature review shows that although women in the Caribbean are important food producers and many are the main providers for their families, they have limited access to and control of resources which affects their resilience. Given women's central role in agriculture, they are great agents of social change and poverty reduction . In fact, the FAO state of Food and Agriculture 2010-11 estimates that more than 100 million people could be lifted out of poverty if women had the same access to and control of resources as men. The paper therefore concludes that national responses to climate change must be gender specific. They must target rural women who are vulnerable, to ensure that climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies enhance food security and the livelihoods of these women.

Panel 4: Climate Change and Vulnerability – Critical Issues in Response Mapping

Anthony McKenzie and Sean Green Adapting to the Challenges of Climate Change Within an

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Ecosystem-Based Management Framework – The Jamaica Case Study

This paper discusses options for promoting, enhancing and protecting Jamaica’s diverse ecosystems in the face of existing challenges from anthropogenic stressors and from climate change related factors.

An analysis of the ecosystem-based approach to adaptation as a component of a national strategy for coping with climate change is presented. Local efforts to strengthen the resilience of ecosystems and the adaptive capacity of human communities facing climate change risks, while at the same time providing co-benefits such as increasing ecosystem services, are outlined. The need for a comprehensive response and for varied approaches that counter the unique nature of the climate change challenge are highlighted within the context of the existing governance and regulatory framework. Additionally, approaches for establishing specific monitoring and evaluation programmes for ecosystems management are discussed.

T. G. Apata, A. Folayan, and A. O. Sekumade Analysis of Climate Change Perception and Adaptation among Arable Food Crop Farmers in South Western Nigeria

Agriculture places a heavy burden on the environment in the process of providing humanity with food and fibres. It is recognized that agriculture has positive externalities such as the environmental services and amenities that it provides, for example through the creation or maintenance of rural landscapes, which is given high priority by some developed countries. Trade-offs between food security and the environment is what is being practised in most developing countries.

There are strong indications and already evidence that the agricultural and food system as well as the rural areas across the world are experiencing major change. This change has drastically reduced soil fertility and resulted in poor agricultural outputs, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This is evidenced in some notable towns and communities in South Western Nigeria that are noted for the production of a peculiar agricultural commodity. Recently, these commodities are gradually becoming extinct and the community involved cannot explain why this is so.

The majority of the respondents attributed this incidence to the spiritual dimension, and not changes in climate. This study therefore examined people’s perception about climate change and strategies employed to adapt. The study concludes that there is a need for agricultural economists and other stakeholders in environmental management and agricultural sustainability in developing countries to come to terms with the negative impacts of climate change and likely positive and beneficial response strategies to global warming.

Wayne Elliot, Troy Lorde, and Winston Moore Climate Change, Atlantic Storm Activity and Coastal & Human Settlements

Due to the potential for economic damages, capital losses and mortality, forecasting the likely frequency and intensity of North

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Atlantic hurricanes is high on the agenda of both Caribbean and North American stakeholders. Previous research in the area suggests that sea surface temperature plays a critical role in the formation of hurricanes and thus their intensity, but not in their numbers. Nevertheless, there is still some scepticism among climate researchers regarding the climate change-hurricane activity nexus. This study attempts to use econometric modelling techniques to forecast the likely impact that climate change could have on the number and frequency of storms passing through the Caribbean, the likely damage to the coastal infrastructure, and the implications for adaptation policy.

Cavelle Francis-Rhiney Food Security and Climate Change: Exploring the Policy Response to Climate Change in the Jamaican Agriculture Sector

World food prices increased between March 2007 and March 2008 by an average of 43%, although the volume of production rose over the same period. The consequent crisis of food affordability affected nearly 40 countries, and there was serious civil unrest in parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. Between December 2010 and January 2011 world food prices rose another 3.4%, to the highest level (both in real and nominal terms) since the FAO started measuring food prices in 1990. These sharp increases in food prices can be attributed to a number of factors, including growing demand, changing dietary preferences, protectionist policies, and the switch to bio-fuels. However, most analyses have overlooked one of the greatest long-term threats to food security – climate change.

The Caribbean is very vulnerable to the global rise in food prices and to the projected effects of climate change on agriculture production and food security. While there has been much discussion of the two phenomena, the policy response has been in most cases inadequate or non-existent. This is partly because of the complex issues involved, which are not amenable to simple policy responses. Yet the identification of gaps and the promotion of informed, robust, adaptive policy responses are absolutely vital for regional states, given the complex and unpredictable nature of climate change and its implications for food security. The aim of this paper is to specifically examine Jamaica’s agriculture policies and evaluate their relevance and responsiveness to global climate change and its implications for food insecurity.

Closing Plenary – Climate Change, Sustainable Agriculture

and Food Security: Issues and Options

Michael Witter Estimating the Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture – The Case Study of Jamaica

The paper will review recent work that attempted to estimate the impact of climate change on selected crops in Jamaica, and suggest an approach to enhancing future analytical work of this kind. Many of the issues identified are sufficiently general to apply

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to other sectors as well. The importance of strengthening regional analytical capabilities for estimating the impact of climate change will inevitably increase as the 21st century progresses. Noureddine Benkeblia and Machel Emanuel School of Agriculture and Life Sciences Dept – Organic Farming in Tropical Agro-Ecological System: Case Study of Jamaica IICA

Ecology and organic farming are the two main components for the development of sustainable agricultural and agro-ecological systems. In Jamaica, an agro-ecological approach to improve tropical organic farming systems must ensure that promoted systems and technologies are suited to the specific environmental and socio-economic conditions of small farmers, without increasing risk or dependence on external inputs. The development of suitable and reliable tropical agro-ecological systems should incorporate elements of traditional agriculture and modern agricultural science.

However, to ensure their reasonable productivity and stability, small-scale diversified systems should be developed and these systems should rely on local resources and complex crop arrangements, exhibiting a high return per unit of labour and energy. Moreover, successional temperate agro-ecological systems cannot be a priori appropriate templates for the design of sustainable tropical agroecosystems. Thus, it would pay to imitate natural cycles and adapt them to the systems, rather than struggle to impose simplistic ecosystems that are inherently complex. Organic farming needs knowledge, experience and responsibility in order to be successful, and many farmers, especially smallholders in Jamaica, have been using more or less sustainable forms of land use.

However, rapid changes of economic, technological and demographic conditions may force farmers to seek short-term profits and pay less attention to keeping their agriculture in balance with nature. Thus, Jamaican smallholders need appropriate tropical agroecological systems to get sufficient, reliable yields without depleting the resource they depend on. Additionally, traditional and commercial farms and plantations also may consider converting their holdings to these sustainable systems.

Philip Chung Small States Agriculture: Building Resilience in the Face of Climate Change and Globalization IICA Sustainable Agriculture: IICA’s Role in Supporting Rural Resilience

IICA is the institution of the inter-American system that provides technical cooperation, innovation and specialised knowledge to contribute to the competitive and sustainable development of agriculture in the Americas and to improve the lives of rural dwellers in the members of countries.

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The sustainability of the agriculture sector is critical to the work that IICA does. In fact, one of the four strategic objectives in the Institute’s 2010-2020 Strategic Plan is “to enhance the capacity of agriculture to mitigate the effects of and adapt to climate change and make better use of natural resources”.

The integration of climate change considerations into IICA’s mandate has arisen from the increasing awareness of the close link between agriculture and climate change. Agricultural activities obviously depend on the natural resource base of ecosystems for production, and they also affect the condition of those resources and their availability for use and enjoyment by current and future generations.

IICA is of the view that modern agriculture can play a role in protecting and improving environmental conditions. And as such, the Institute is promoting innovative approaches to agricultural production to tackle climate change and build resilience. Innovations are required to: address the volatility of agricultural markets caused by climate change impacts; enable the sector to better adapt to climate change; and help in mitigating climate change.

Across the region, IICA has been undertaking activities to enhance the sustainability of agriculture and rural resilience. These include: training in good agricultural practices (GAPs), promotion of protected agriculture, development of rural tourism, promotion of environmentally friendly waste disposal practices, support for organic farming, sustainable use of fresh water including drip irrigation and rain water harvesting, cultivation in raised boxes to avert damage from flooding, and development of crop insurance. Second Opening Plenary: RIO + 20 – Pathways to Rural Resilience

Robert Kerr

Capacity Rated Road Map – “Pathways to Rural Resilience”

Exacerbated by climate change and increasing global poverty, the impact of multiple natural and man-made hazards is undermining the ability of rural communities to recover and sustain livelihoods. This deterioration in rural resilience is occurring despite the expenditure of billions of dollars to combat the effects of climate change and to alleviate rural poverty. Finding a way to reverse this trend has forced aid agencies and governments to seek more effective pathways for creating rural resilience by actions at the community level; this, in practical terms, means building the capacity of community-based partners and translating national policies into practical actions at the local level.

Despite its cross-cutting and fundamental relevance to rural resilience and in fact to all categories of development actions, community-based capacity building is often the least supported of the many aid portfolios. Despite being ubiquitous in the discourse on sustainable development, community-based capacity building is also the least understood, focused on or funded area of sustainable development.

The fact that capacity building is a long-term endeavour requiring in some instance years of continued donor involvement could account for the reluctance by aid agencies to make the required engagement. Donors tend to prefer the comfort of safer, short-term, tangible project-type deliverables against the ownership of uncertain longer-term project outcomes. The thematic funded surgical solutions offered by most aid project-type support allow escape from the responsibility of the long-term outcomes of the

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assistance on the one hand, and enjoyment and immediate gratification from the short-term achievements on the other.

Unfortunately, this fast-track approach to development is out of sync with the fact that the real pathway to rural resilience is not made from a patchwork of non-synchronous support, but instead a constructive sequence of planned, incremental actions programmed within a long-term development strategy.

To achieve this, a new paradigm is needed in the approach to development assistance, if the opportunities for building rural resilience are to be realised. This new dispensation would have to place the disparate short-term interests of the donor community in sync with the often desperate and urgent socio-economic needs of the local community, while setting both within a long-term framework of sustainable rural livelihood development.

Based on a review of best practices in building community resilience within the region and a synergy of their key elements, this paper proposes a Capacity Rated Road Map (CRRM) as a common tool to be used by donors and community-based partners, providing both an appropriate and effective modality for supporting sustainable livelihoods and building rural resilience.

CRRM is a participatory sustainable development tool that seeks to establish in universally acceptable terms a strategic plan for each community/organisational capacity development that includes performance history, current status and future needs and targets.

This instrument could be used and maintained by donors and community partners as a precursor, prerequisite and guide for development assistance aimed at building rural resilience.

The CRRM positions the current accomplishment of the community and its future objectives and needs, offering an incomplete jigsaw picture puzzle of needs, onto which appropriate pieces of support from donors could be placed to help bring the picture to life and completion over time. Cooperation around the use of the CRRM could transform exponentially the benefits from development aid and the capacity of rural communities to prevent, mitigate and recover from external shocks.

Panel 5: Time to Adapt: Rural Resilience Initiatives

Annicia Gayle-Geddes Pathways to Adaptation & Sustainability in Rural Spaces: Agriculture and Tourism in Jamaica The agriculture and tourism sectors accounted for 12% of Jamaica’s GDP in 2010 and consequently employ a sizeable proportion of the formal and informal labour force. Globalization and climate change present unique challenges and opportunities for the agriculture and tourism sectors. This paper examines the threats to resilience and sustainable livelihoods for rural areas where the prevalence of poverty is twice that of urban areas. Data collected during the first two years of implementation of the six-year Rural Economic Development Initiative affords quantitative and qualitative analyses through participatory research methodologies. Strategic people-centred approaches to repositioning the agriculture and tourism sectors towards pro-poor and sustainable rural livelihood development are advanced. An evidence-based examination of such perspectives is imperative in a dynamic environment of increasing global interdependence, shared climatic risks and a decade of anaemic economic growth.

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Alvin Murray Local Initiatives for Rural Resilience – A Case Study of the Christiana Potato Growers Cooperative

Jamaica is celebrating 50 years and has done well despite the baggage of slavery, colonization, migration and brain drain and the negative effects of bauxite mining.

Our forefathers who returned from Central America and Cuba after building the Panama Canal and rail lines became property owners in Jamaica. Some of these lands were then sold to the bauxite industry, which had the effect of holding back agriculture in central Jamaica. Plantation headmen became property owners. This was followed by independence, the controversial ’70s, social action, Operation Grow, food farms, Project Land Lease… the result: many small farmers operating on less than one hectare of land.

An increase in the number of small farmers makes it more difficult to deal with the effects of climate change. Our rural resilience initiatives to adapt to date include: disaster risk reduction strategies, intensive farming, recycle and re-use strategy, protected agriculture, selection of adaptable varieties and bio technology, establishment of fruit and food forest, harvested rain water and fertigation, food storage, and alternative energy.

Our initiatives to ensure sustainable rural development need to have stronger enabling Government support for development banking and venture capital to re-tool and modernize agriculture, including value addition, afforestation, alternative energy, access to markets at home and abroad, campaigns to eat more local fruits and vegetables.

Wordsworth Gordon Jeffery Town: Community Pathways to Resilience This presentation will highlight activities of the Jeffrey Town Farmers’ Association, a group that has contributed to developing resilience within the community. A central element in our activities has been promoting sustainable agricultural practices in the community, as evident in our drive for fewer chemical fertilizers in 2007, through the introduction of group composting and other activities, such as our organic greenhouse experiment. We have integrated this work with training in terracing and actually terracing on some of our farms, plus tree planting. Other areas to be reviewed in this presentation are: the process of developing community infrastructure, the multimedia centre and community radio and our plans for alternative energy as a critical means of survival through 2007-2012. I will also highlight our work in the clearing of the gullies from the self-forming ponds, the discovery of turtles, the major gabion wall intervention in the valley of the community, disaster preparedness training, the creation of the “Avenue of Pride” and the outstanding community spirit of voluntary service. An important element in our successes to date has been the production of radio programmes as a vital means of education and training for community resilience in the context of climate change enhanced risks.

Maurice McNaughton Open Data and Climate Change: Novel Approaches to Building Awareness and Rural Resilience

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Freedom of Information legislation has been an important platform for the environmental agenda, in helping to facilitate awareness, advocacy and stewardship of Jamaica’s natural environment. The recent but rapidly growing practice of open Government data provides great promise to extend this dialogue with increased opportunities for innovation, public-private sector collaboration, and greater citizen engagement and participation. This paper provides some perspective on the emerging Open Government Data movement from the 2nd Open Government Partnership conference in Brasilia (April 2012) and offers suggestions for how this might be leveraged to advance the climate change and rural resilience agenda in Jamaica. Panel 6: Climate Change, Disaster Risk and Natural Resource

Management Strategies

Ron Jackson Understanding the Nexus of Climate Change, Disaster Risk Management and Natural Resources Management Indi Mclymont-Lafayette Hearing Community and Vulnerable Voices in Climate Change and Natural Resource Management

Climate change will more adversely impact the poor and vulnerable populations in the Caribbean. Therefore it is critical that these populations are informed and empowered to play their part in adaptation and natural resource governance. The project will highlight Panos Caribbean’s work in the region to:

• Get community voices reflected in the climate discussions • Empower the media to report more on climate change • Work with vulnerable sectors (health, energy, insurance,

agriculture and tourism) to communicate and do adaptation planning for climate impacts

• National and regional public education outreach through the Voices for Climate Change project.

The activities undertaken under this project have educated the population on climate change issues, especially adaptation strategies that will reduce the economic and social impacts of climate change in Jamaica. The project, implemented with the National Environmental Education Committee (NEEC), targets ‘grassroots’ people, sector leaders and the artistic community. A strategic part of the project is the use of popular artists to reach a large sector of society that would not otherwise relate or respond to traditional media. About 24 popular and upcoming artistes were educated on climate change, which gave them the material to produce a national climate change theme song, as well as another five environment songs on a mini-album being circulated in Jamaica. The artistes have reached at least 7,000 persons in five vulnerable communities, more than 8,000 young people in four school tours, and potentially 1.5 million persons through mass media exposure. A targeted approach was also taken to start dialogue with government decision-makers and key sectors particularly vulnerable to climate change (tourism, insurance, agriculture, etc), so that Jamaica can take a cohesive approach to climate change adaptation. Particular attention has been paid to replanting trees and mangrove in two communities respectively.

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Lessons learnt from this project have been shared in St Lucia, Trinidad and several other Caribbean countries as well as internationally.

Ann Marie Virgo Gender Impact of Drought in Rural Areas

Climate change is becoming a serious issue globally. Drawing on gender and development theories and secondary data, this paper provides insight into how gender impacts the differential effects of droughts linked to climate change on women and men. It argues the need for gender mainstreaming in climate change adaptation strategies. The paper shows how the effects of climate change are gendered, because of the different roles ascribed to men and women, the different values associated with these roles and the unequal power relations between the sexes. The paper examines the impact of the increased threat of droughts on communities and families, especially in reducing food production and water supplies. It argues that the poorest people in developing countries like Jamaica will suffer the most. The paper also argues that rural women are a vulnerable group because of their high level of responsibility for household food and nutrition, their lower access the employment, and lower wages. Food shortages linked to droughts and climate change will therefore affect how they fulfil their gender roles. Rural women will have to find new ways to ensure that their family’s basic needs are met. Rural women in agriculture, who are single female heads of households, may be even more vulnerable to poverty, as they face rising food prices, lower wages and have less access to income earning opportunities. The paper therefore argues the case for mainstreaming gender in climate change. It highlights the importance of using gender to assess the needs of both men and women and to introduce gender-sensitive policies to ensure that both sexes can have equal representation and participation in development policies and programmes.

Panel 7: Climate Change and Vulnerability: Adaptation and Mitigation Scenarios

S. Ganase and Teelucksingh Linking Vulnerability, Adaptation and Mitigation in Small Island Developing States: Climate Change and the Community of Grande Riviere, Trinidad

This study investigates the vulnerability level of the coastal community of Grande Riviere in Trinidad to climate change by developing and empirically applying a Vulnerability Index. Five pillars were developed that comprised different indicators and sub-indicators. These were then populated with a combination of primary and secondary data. The composite index suggested a scoring of 0.3371 as the vulnerability level for Grande Riviere, with the most and least vulnerable pillars being the human and social capital pillars respectively. Simulation exercises for a variety of policy options and exogenous shocks were conducted to examine how the index and its components would be impacted. These simulations led to a series of adaptation and mitigation strategies for climate change at the governmental, community and household levels. The end results underscore the need for communities of small island states such as Grande Riviere to adopt appropriate measures to deal with climate change collectively and effectively.

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Rose Ann Smith Adapting to Global Economic and Climatic Change in Northern St. Vincent

St. Vincent and the Grenadines, like several other Small Island Developing States, relies heavily on agriculture as a major contributor to its economy. However, the agriculture sector has been subject to many stresses and shocks as it relates to the economic and climatic environment. While the effects are greatly felt on the national level, rural communities whose major livelihoods are embedded within this sector are highly affected. This paper analyses the factors affecting livelihoods in four rural communities in Northern St.Vincent and their effects on vulnerability. It further examines the effectiveness of aid processes by governments and livelihood strategies adopted by farmers in increasing rural resilience to economic and climatic changes. Using a mixed approach, data from four rural communities was collected via a detailed questionnaire of household heads, interviews with farmers, fishermen and government officials and focus group sessions with community members. The results disclose that access to human, physical, financial and social capital as revealed through a lack of education and training, remoteness of communities, access to transportation, limited income, a lack of technical support and a general breakdown in the relationship among key stakeholders increase the vulnerability of rural communities. It recognises an inter-connection between the economic and climatic environment in increasing the vulnerability of rural communities and the challenges this relationship create in effecting change in rural resilience. It therefore calls for greater collaboration between key stakeholders in both environments and a more participatory approach to planning and decision making, which does not exclude local communities.

Marlene Murray and Patrick Kent Watson Vulnerability to Storms and Hurricanes: Implications for Mitigation in the Rural Communities of Trinidad Caribbean states frequently experience natural disasters like storms and hurricanes, which result in loss of life, social dislocation as well as severe financial losses and economic distress. Global warming and climate change are expected to increase the frequency and severity of such precipitation events. This paper examines the vulnerability of rural areas in the island of Trinidad to the effects of storms and hurricanes and the mitigation and management of the related risks. Trinidad’s geographic location placed it out of the direct path of most of the hurricanes that occurred over the last century and, while the hurricane event risk may be regarded as low based on past experience, there have been many near-misses. Furthermore, the island has in fact been hit by tropical storms and experienced the effects of hurricanes. The results of a survey of rural households suggest a measure of complacency regarding the potential negative effects of hurricanes and, while there is some appreciation of basic disaster preparation measures, no concrete measures were identified for disaster mitigation and risk management. This may result in increased human and economic losses from an event, a strain on national economic resources and hampering of efforts to promote rural community renewal and development.

T. G. Apata Factors Influencing the Perception and Choice of Adaptation Measures to Climate Change among Farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from Farming Households in Southwest Nigeria

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There is widespread interest on the impacts of climate change on agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa, and on the most effective investments to assist farmers in strengthening factors influencing their choice of adaptation measures. This study uses the Heckman probit model to analyze the two-step process of adaptation measures to climate change, which initially assesses a farmer’s perception that climate is changing and followed by an examination of the response to this perception in the form of adaptation. Simple purposive random sampling was used to select two out of six states. Random sampling was used to select Ondo and Oyo States, while communities that are prone to climate change were purposively selected. The study administered questionnaires and held focus group discussions to elicit information, where 350 valid responses were used for further analysis. The dependent variables are adaptation measures adopted by farmers, where the independent variables are those natural, socio-economic, institutional and physical factors influencing the choice of these measures. The analysis indicate that 53.4% of the investigated farmers have observed increasing temperatures over the past 10 years whereas 58% have observed decreasing rainfall over the past 10 years. Findings from the FGDs conform to secondary data gathered. This analysis show that 64.57% farmers have adopted one or more of the major adaptation options identified through the research survey. Education of the head of household, livestock ownership and extension for crop and livestock production, availability of credit and temperature are factors influencing choice of adaptation.  

Panel 8: Climate Change, Globalization, Vulnerability and the Politics of Resilience- Issues and Options

Anthony Clayton The Future of Food and Agriculture

A combination of technological advance, population growth, changing patterns of land-use, climate change and other forms of environmental pressure is transforming the range of possible future options for land use. This presentation will identify the key pressures, and the most likely possible future outcomes and consequences. Michaeline Crichlow and Patricia Northover From Imperial Ruins to the Rising Sun – The China Effect in Reframing Rural Resilience

The contemporary world has been forged out of a crucible of Empire and the conflict-ridden history of colonial exploitation and de-colonial resistance. This turbulent history gave birth to independence movements and a new body of ‘formally independent’ sovereign nation states. However, the work of transcending the material, social, cultural, economic, political and ecological effects of Empire on the processes of development in nascent political communities remains a largely unfinished task. Indeed, the extent of the problem may be quite clearly gauged by the scale and depth of the multiple deprivations in human wellbeing and the lack of a general empowerment of peoples, formally and informally accommodated in these new nation states.

For those states most traumatized by the ruinous effects of what Ann Stoler (2008) refers to as ‘imperial debris’, or for those seemingly falling behind in the race to ‘catch up with the world’, does the “China model” hold a key to future human flourishing and material prosperity? How important is this model for supporting the

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rural poor lagging behind in the space of modernity? Can this model point to important pathways for reframing rural resilience? These questions seem of vital current significance for developing countries and small states, as China races ahead and looks quite set to become the world’s leading economic power in just 30 short years. In this essay, we begin to critically reflect on these questions, and seek to make a preliminary assessment of the possible lessons to be learnt from the so called “China Model”. We also wish to assess the related limits and opportunities for reshaping development experiences, in light of the possible impact of the rise of China on what Obrien and Leichenko refer to as the ‘double exposure’ of globalization and climate change. Marcos Morales and Michaeline Crichlow Land, Labour and Identity in the Dominican Republic: Notes on a Politics of Place Development projects driven by the state rely on a particular relation between several actors: political parties, private sector, citizens, non-governmental organizations and ecclesiastical institutions, among others (Manley 1990). Those projects are also supported by a logic that trades in the power-laden discourses of development (Escobar 1995), and operate as governmental techniques for reconfiguring the identities of social subjects, and guiding the restructuring of land use and its possession (Crichlow 2005). In this paper, we argue that the Dominican state has developed several projects aimed to bring the ‘benefits’ of progress into rural areas, following different discourses of development. By examining these state-craft people projects, we highlight contradictions between the ways in which those specific discourses are constructed, and the form of governmentalities entailed in designing particular experiences and subjectivities underpinning the projects of modernity and modernization in rural Dominican Republic. The legacies of these projects have been a paradoxical process of marginalization of the population in rural areas. By examining key moments in the Dominican Republic’s development related to agriculture, this essay will provide an account of the unsettling double jeopardies that have been characteristic of Dominican Republic’s modernization/modernity/development. These socio-economic and political vulnerabilities create the conditions for unequal developmental effects from processes of globalization and climate change. We will look at the institution of agricultural colonies in the mid-20th century in accordance with the reform of the agricultural sector, developments of eco-tourism and spring vegetable production in Constanza, to map these tendencies. As well, we will also examine the contradictions inherent to agriculture development and the conservation of the environment in the Dominican-Haitian border and Constanza. We will argue that these moments typify the reconfiguration of the identities beginning with the construction of an image of ‘Dominicanidad,’ that set the ways in how rural space and populations are envisaged and imagined. Our paper addresses the following questions: What is the meaning of rurality in the Dominican imagination? How has modernization generated images and practices that invisibilize Haitians and Dominicans, both of whom are intertwined differentially in the making of the Dominican nation? How have subject/citizens responded to these state- directed projects? How have Dominican identities been transformed and with what effect for development?

Franklin McDonald CANARI: Capacity Building for Resilient Caribbean Societies

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The Caribbean Natural Resources Institute (CANARI) is a regional not-for-profit entity whose geographic focus is the islands of the Caribbean. CANARI’s activities, since its establishment in 1989, have included research, analysis, monitoring and evaluation of innovative policies, institutions and approaches to public participation, capacity building and governance. Case material drawing on CANARI experiences in Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and elsewhere in the Caribbean illustrate approaches and lessons learnt in promoting rural resilience and adaptation to climate change. The lessons learnt by CANARI and modalities for sharing and disseminating its research findings (in English, French, Spanish and Kwyol) are indicated. Strategic issues and alliance building based on networking and linking regional capacities, assets and talents so as to contribute to closer regional cooperation are raised. An analysis of current practices, as well as indications of capacity and research gaps, challenges and opportunities will be offered for discussion.    

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• Dr.  Patricia  Northover,  Chair  -­‐  UWI-­‐SALISES,  Mona  • Prof.  Patrick  Watson,  Co-­‐Director,  C-­‐  Change  

Canada  Caribbean  and  University  Director  of  SALISES,  UWI  -­‐  St  Augustine  

• Prof.  Michaeline  Crichlow,  Duke  University,  USA  • Dr.  Michael  Taylor,  UWI,  Mona  -­‐  Head  of  Physics    • Dr.  Kevon  Rhiney,  UWI,  Mona  -­‐  Dept  of  Geology  and  

Geography  • Dr.  Abdul  lahi  Abdulkadri,  UWI,  Mona  -­‐  Dept  of  

Economics  • Mrs.  Nadine  Brown  -­‐  Planning  Institute  of  Jamaica  • Ms.  Doneika  Simms  -­‐  Planning  Institute  of  Jamaica  • Ms.  Leesha  Delatie-­‐Budair  -­‐  Statistical  Institute  of  

Jamaica  

Conference Steering Committee

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• Ministry  of    Agriculture  and  Fisheries  

• National  Environment  Planning  Agency  

• Planning  Institute  of  Jamaica  

Conference Partners

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Co-organizers:

• Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ)

The Planning Institute of Jamaica is committed to leading the process of policy formulation on economic and social issues and external co-operation management to achieve sustainable development for the people of Jamaica.

Email: info@pioj.gov.jm

Tel: (876) 960-9339

• National Environment Planning Agency

The National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) is an executive agency that became operational on April 1, 2001. NEPA represents a merger between the Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA), the Town Planning Department (TPD) and the Land Development and Utilization Commission (LDUC). The agency is a result of the work of the Government of Jamaica Public Sector Modernization Programme (PSMP). The aim of the merger is to integrate environmental, planning and sustainable development policies and programmes and to improve customer service. NEPA’s mission is to promote sustainable development by ensuring protection of the environment and orderly development in Jamaica through highly motivated staff performing at the highest standard.

Website: www.nepa.gov.jm

Tel. (876) 754-7540

• Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries

The MOAF is the core government Ministry that develops and implements policies and programmes that are geared towards the development of the agricultural sector in Jamaica. The Ministry’s mission is to advance the growth of a modern, efficient and internationally competitive agricultural sector and the sustainable management of Jamaica’s fishery resources, in order to promote food security and food safety in an effort to contribute to the development and well-being of our people. Currently, the MOAF is positioning itself to be the driver for the sustainable development of the Jamaican agricultural sector and natural resources by the year 2020.

Website: www.moa.gov.jm/

Tel: (876) 927-1731/50

Sponsors:

• Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic

Studies (SALISES)

The mission of SALISES is to undertake high-quality research and graduate teaching in the areas of social and economic development policy, governance and public policy with special reference to small developing countries.

Website: http://salises.mona.uwi.edu

Tel: (876) 927-1234; 927-1020

Sponsor Profiles

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• Commonwealth Secretariat

The Commonwealth is a voluntary association of 54 countries that support each other and work together towards shared goals in democracy and development.

The world’s largest and smallest, richest and poorest countries make up the Commonwealth and are home to two billion citizens of all faiths and ethnicities – over half of whom are 25 or under. Member countries span six continents and oceans from Africa (19) to Asia (8), the Americas (3), the Caribbean (10), Europe (3) and the South Pacific (11).

Commonwealth countries engage in a spirit of co-operation, partnership and understanding. This openness and flexibility are integral to the Commonwealth's effectiveness. Emphasis on equality has helped it play leading roles in decolonisation, combating racism and advancing sustainable development in poor countries.

The Commonwealth Secretariat executes plans agreed by Commonwealth Heads of Government through technical assistance, advice and policy development

The Secretariat is committed to supporting a wide array of governance and development issues in member countries. Chief among them are democracy and consensus building, economic development, education, sports, youth empowerment, human rights, gender equality and environmentally friendly development.

Website: www.thecommonwealth.org

Tel: + 44 (0) 20 7747 6500

• Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre

The centre coordinates the Caribbean region’s response to climate change. Officially opened in August 2005, the centre is the key node for information on climate change issues and on the region’s response to managing and adapting to climate change. It is a repository and clearing house for regional climate change information and data, and provides climate change-related policy advice and guidelines to the Caribbean Community Member States through the CARICOM Secretariat. In this role, the centre is recognised by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and other international agencies as the focal point for climate change issues in the Caribbean.

In response to a request from Caribbean Heads of Government, the centre has led a regional process to develop the “Regional Framework for Building Climate Resilience in the Caribbean”, which defines the regional strategy for meeting climate change challenges. The framework was approved by the heads of government, who further mandated the centre to develop an implementation plan for delivering programmes under the strategic elements of the framework. The plan was approved by the heads at their intercessional meeting in Suriname in March 2012 and now provides the region with road map for guiding the identification and prioritisation of actions by regional and national stakeholders under each strategic element and goal area of the regional framework. Website: http://www.caribbeanclimate.bz/

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Tel: (501) 822-1094

• UWI - Vice Chancellor’s Office

The Office of the Vice Chancellor/Vice Chancellery is the central administrative arm of the university, supported by approximately 25 units, all of which are committed to ensuring that it remains the intellectual hub of the Caribbean in the areas of academia and policy research.

Email: vcoff@uwimona.edu.jm

Tel: (876) 927-2406

• UWI - Office of Research

The Office of Research is a university-wide facility headed by the Pro Vice Chancellor, Research with a presence at the Cave Hill, St. Augustine and Mona Campuses. The Mandate of the Office of Research is to facilitate the development of research capacity and output at UWI and transform the University into a more research-driven institution.

Website: http://cavehill.uwi.edu/administration/research.asp

Tel: (246) 417-4847.

• C- Change Canada Caribbean Project

The main objective of the project is to examine the degree of vulnerability of coastal communities in the Caribbean and Canada’s Atlantic, Pacific and Arctic regions, whose livelihoods stand to be affected by rising sea levels resulting from climate change. The project engages a wide cross-section of stakeholders from the international academic community and policy research centres. The universities that have been engaged in the project are University of the West Indies, University of Ottawa, University of Western Ontario, University of New Brunswick and Simon Fraser University.

The various research projects that have been initiated aim to develop community awareness, proposals for new infrastructure, and decision support tools for developing adaptation and mitigation strategies to deal with the impacts of sea-level rise and storm surges on the selected regional coastal communities.

Website: http://www.coastalchange.ca/

Tel: (868) 645-6329

• EU-UNEP-GOJ: Climate Change Adaptation and

Disaster Risk Reduction Project

This project is designed to contribute towards sustainable development goals as outlined in Vision 2030 Jamaica – National Development Plan. The plan is a long-term one that seeks to ensure Jamaica has a healthy natural environment to reduce risks associated with hazards and to adapt to climate change.

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Website: http://www.cep.unep.org/about-us

Tel: (876) 922-9267-9

• United States Agency for International Development

The United States has a long history of extending a helping hand to people overseas struggling to make a better life. It is a history that both advances US foreign policy interests as well as reflects the American people's compassion and support of human dignity. In Jamaica, USAID is committed to reducing corruption via the promotion of good governance. The contributions that the agency makes in the areas of education, health, and economic development are well documented. USAID is also assisting the Government of Jamaica in developing mitigation and adaptation strategies and mechanisms to combat the adverse effects of climate change in a number of communities across the island.

Website: http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/country/jamaica/

Tel: (876) 702-6447

• Jamaica Broilers

The Jamaica Broilers Group of Companies is one of the most successful in Jamaica. The group is known for its unwavering commitment to the nation’s development and unquestionable corporate governance. It is the most advanced and diversified agricultural producer in any developing nation today. The company owes its success to a dependency on God’s guidance, coupled with effective management, an attitude of service, and a firm commitment to the goodwill of all our stakeholders. Using state-of-the-art technology throughout the production process, each of the group’s divisions constantly strives to achieve – and surpass – international standards of efficiency and quality.

BEST DRESSED CHICKEN REMAINS THE LEADING BRAND AFTER FIVE DECADES

Best Dressed Chicken, the Jamaica Broilers Group’s flagship brand, has remained a household name in Jamaica for the past five decades. In a country where chicken is the preferred source of protein, the Best Dressed Chicken – with its superior taste and texture – is the overwhelming favourite of consumers as well as hotel and restaurant chefs.

Best Dressed Chicken is produced using the very latest technology, teamed with a programme of the strictest quality control in every aspect of our operations; delivering a product of excellence to the marketplace.

Today, the Jamaica Broilers Group has a fully integrated poultry operation and has diversified into feed milling, cattle rearing and fish farming, along with the development and marketing of other value-added protein products through its Reggae Jammin brand – for both local consumption and export.

Website: http://www.jamaicabroilersgroup.com/

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Tel: (876) 943-4370

• Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on

Agriculture (IICA)

ICA is the institution of the inter-American system that provides technical cooperation, innovation and specialized knowledge to contribute to the competitive, sustainable development of agriculture in the Americas and to improve the lives of rural dwellers in the member countries.

Website: http://www.iica.int

Tel: (506) 2216 0222

• Sugar Industry Authority

The SIA is charged with the mission of enforcing the provisions of the Sugar Industry Control Act, so as to ensure the viability of the industry. It does this by taking a leadership role in the development of the industry and by being a strong and efficient organization, with highly motivated, professional employees.

Website: http://www.jamaicasugar.org/SIAIndex.htm

Tel: (876) 926-5930

 

NOTES

SPONSORS

• UWI-ViceChancellor’sOffice

• UWI-OfficeofResearch

• UWI-SALISES,Mona

• CaribbeanCommunityClimate

ChangeCenter

• CommonwealthSecretariat

• USAgencyforInternationalDevelopment

• C-ChangeCanadaCaribbean

• EU-UNEP-GOJClimateChangeAdapatation

andDisasterRiskReductionProject

• JamaicaBroilers

• Inter-AmericanInstituteforCooperation

onAgriculture(IICA)

• MinistryofAgricultureandFisheries

• SugarIndustryAuthority

National Environmentand Planning Agency