weekly skill drill summary videos found at · pdf fileweekly skill drill summary –...

WEEKLY SKILL DRILL SUMMARY – VIDEOS FOUND AT www.YouTube.com/PennFireTraining *Required by All Personnel*

24’ Ground Ladder Sept. 1st-7th, 2013 Practice 1 and 2 person raises, halyard tying, and climbing with tools

PPV Fan Sept. 8th-14th, 2013 Set-up and operate PPV fan, also try side by side and inline dual fan ops

High-Rise Pack Sept. 15th-21st, 2013 Deploy high-rise pack and re-pack in new load – can be done with drill below

Hydrant Hook-Up/Forward Lay Sept. 22nd-28th, 2013 Hook hydrant, forward lay, operate pump and hose line

SUBJECT DATE TIME LOCATION INSTRUCTOR

EMS QA/QI Sept. 10th & 25th 2013 0900 MHSB EMS Directors

EMS QA/QI September 11th, 2013 1900 SJRMC EMS Directors

EMS QA/QI September 26th, 2013 0900 SJRMC EMS Directors

Helicopter Operations/Landing Zones September 23rd, 2013 1900 St#14 MedFlight/Ken Nemes

Helicopter Operations/Landing Zones September 24th, 2013 0900 St#14 MedFlight/Ken Nemes

Helicopter Operations/Landing Zones September 26th, 2013 1300 St#14 MedFlight/Ken Nemes

MULTI-COMPANY FIRE SUPPRESSION DRILLS


Large Water Operations/Above Ground Mains/Water Shuttles

Sept. 16th,20th, 30th, 2013 0900/1100

12th St. DC Kazmierzak

SPECIAL OPERATIONS DRILLS


Confined Space Review/Grain Bins Sept. 11th, 18th, 19th, 2013 1300 St. 14 DC Kazmierzak

OFFICER DRILLS


Senior Staff Meeting Sept. 3rd & 17th, 2013 0800 Station #14 Chief Officers

Officers Drill September 13th, 2013 0900 Station #14 Chief Officers

DAILY REQUIRED DRILLS


Company Readiness Drills Officers Choice TBA TBA Company Officer

SCBA Drills/Apparatus Drills & Inspections Daily 0700 Firehouse Each Firefighter

QUICK DRILLS *Required by All Personnel*

Quick Drill 1 Combat Ready Engine Company

Quick Drill 2 Stopping Trains in an Emergency

Quick Drill 3 Diesel Engine Regen Systems and Troubleshooting

Quick Drill 4 Allowable EMS Skills by Certification per IDHS EMS Commission

Quick Drill 5 Operating Above the Fire

Quick Drill 6 ALIVE Web-Based Training – See Pg 2 for Instructions – Must be completed by ALL MEMBERS, No Exceptions

http://www.youtube.com/PennFireTraining

http://www.youtube.com/PennFireTraining

Penn Twp. Fire Department Company Deployment Drills

Weekly Skill Drill

24’ Ground Ladder Evolution

Critical Safety Points: Use of PPE, Proper and safe lifting techniques, Observe overhead obstructions, Proper position of ladder for climbing.

NFPA Standard: NFPA 1001 JPR#: 5.3.6

Task: Remove, Carry, Spot and Raise a 24’ extension ladder using 1 and/or 2 persons. Select suitcase or shoulder carry.

Equipment Required: PPE including SCBA, 24’ extension ladder, a target for placement of ground ladder.

Apparatus or Specific Equipment:

24’ Ladder

Member Instructions: Remove ground ladder from apparatus and carry to objective using shoulder or suitcase method. Position ladder to proper position and secure for climbing. Return ladder to apparatus.

Instructor Instructions: Assign member to complete evolution, specify number of FF to perform task according to simulated assignment and state objective used for ladder positioning.

No. TASK STEP FIRST TEST RETEST

Pass Fail Pass Fail

1. Don and wear assigned PPE.

2. Remove ladder from apparatus and place on ground or spot to center of ladder prior to carrying.

3. Suitcase Method: Face heel of ladder and grasp upper beam at center.

4. Shoulder Method: Face heel of ladder and place arm between two rungs and lift ladder onto shoulder.

5. Walk ladder to base of objective.

6. Spot heel into building.

7. Raise ladder hand over hand on rungs or slide along beams keeping in contact with ladder at all times. Lean ladder into building.

8. Extend ladder to correct position if required using halyard and tie off when height is met.

9. Pull heel away from building to correct climbing position.

10. Tie off halyard if used.

11. Start and finish drill with ladder on apparatus.


Weekly Skill Drill

Positive Pressure Ventilation Fan Operation

Critical Safety Points: Safely carry and position PPV, ensure fire is extinguished, establish an exhaust point ahead of airflow, monitor atmosphere for toxic gases. Consider hearing protection.

NFPA Standard: 1001 JPR#: 5.3.11

Task: Carry, position, start and operate positive pressure fan.

Equipment Required: Full PPE, PPV, fuel and servicing equipment. Apparatus or Specific Equipment:

PPV Fan

Member Instructions: “Properly ventilate using positive pressure fan unit.”

Instructor Instructions: Instruct member in full PPE to carry, position, and start PPV unit. Once started, adjust so that airflow pattern is correctly positioned for maximum air movement. Discuss applications and safety points, service and return fan to apparatus.


Pass Fail Pass Fail

1. Determines that fire has been contained or that positive pressure is needed for toxic fume removal from within the building.

2. Places the fan 4’ to 10’ in front of the opening to be used. Adjust angle towards top of opening if possible.

3. Provide an exhaust opening. This opening can be made before starting the fan or when the fan is started.

4. Checks for interior openings that could allow the products of combustion to be pushed into unwanted areas.

5. Starts the fan and checks the cone of air produced. It should completely cover the opening. This can be checked by running a hand around the door frame to feel the direction of air currents.

6. Allows smoke to clear—usually 30 seconds to one (1) minute depending on the size of the area to be ventilated and smoke conditions.

7. Determines if any change if fire conditions since start-up of the fan. Shut down fan immediately if fire increases in size or conditions deteriorate.

8. Monitor atmosphere for exhaust product contamination and for improvement in interior air quality.

9. Shut down fan using proper steps.

10. Service and return fan to stored position.


Weekly Skill Drill

High Rise Pack

Critical Safety Points: Proper storage and removal, Lifting safety, Connection in protected area, hoseline deployment to avoid kinks and allow for free movement of hose line.


Task: Review components of High Rise Hose Pack Discuss flow capabilities and nozzle pressures.

Equipment Required: High Rise (Standpipe) Hose Pack, High Rise Bag (Equipment) Apparatus or Specific Equipment:

Engine Company

Member Instructions: Review components of high rise hose pack and high rise equipment bag. Discuss connection procedures, flow and nozzle pressure capabilities, use of each piece of equipment in equipment bag.

Instructor Instructions: Discuss use of high rise (standpipe) equipment.


Pass Fail Pass Fail

1. Locate high rise hose pack and equipment bag on assigned apparatus.

2. Discuss method of transport to area of operation.

3. Review length, flow, tip pressure and NDP from apparatus to supply at various distances and lengths as described by instructor.

4. Review tactical considerations for placement of hosepack onto standpipe risers.

5. Deploy Hi-Rise Pack as a Yard Lay or Horizontal StandPipe

6. Return equipment to proper storage.


Weekly Skill Drill

Hydrant Hook-Up

Critical Safety Points: Traffic safety, use of PPE, communication between hydrant operator and pump operator. Remove all kinks from lines.


Task: Perform a hydrant hook-up evolution using soft intake hose from a fire hydrant to an engine company.

Equipment Required: Engine company, PPE, hydrant bag, soft suction hose. Apparatus or Specific Equipment:

Engine Company

Member Instructions: Complete a hydrant hook-up evolution using soft suction hose from hydrant to pump intake.

Instructor Instructions: Instruct firefighter to lead-out soft suction from engine to hydrant. Instruct which port that engine will use as intake point. Ensure operator is ready to receive water prior to charging suction line.


Pass Fail Pass Fail

1. Pump operator positions apparatus so inlet is correct distance from hydrant.

2. Remove soft suction hose and hydrant bag.

3. Remove large hydrant cap.

4. Using hydrant wrench, slowly open and flush hydrant to ensure adequate water flow and proper hydrant operation. Close hydrant and open 2 1/2” port.

5. Attach soft suction hose to hydrant and unroll hose between engine and hydrant.

6. Pump operator (or FF at instructor discretion) attaches hose to inlet of engine.

7. Ensures that there are no kinks or sharp bends in hose.

8. Attach gate valve to 2 ½” port.

9. Open hydrant slowly when pump operator indicates ready for water.

10. Straighten all kinks to maximize water supply.

11. Shut down operation and return equipment to service.

Fire Suppression Topics

High Rise Multi-Family Dwellings

Big Box Occupancies

U-Store-It or Mini Warehouses

Fuel Spills

Rack Storage Elevator Operations

Severe Weather Operations

Large Single Family Homes

Fast Food Restaurants

Schools Assisted Living or Medical Care

Buildings Under Construction

Special Hazard Construction

Basement Fires

Attic Fires Lightweight Construction

Vent-Enter-Search

Obvious Rescues Sprinklered Buildings

High Value Property

Fire/HazMat Combo Incidents

Fire w/ Multiple Victims

Transitional Operations

Mutual Aid Operations

Top 10 Self-Survival Skills

Risk/Benefit Analysis (Go or No-Go)

SCBA Donning and Doffing PASS Activation MAYDAY Coupling

Identification Ladder & Rope

Escapes Handcuff Knot &

Bowline Knot Wall Breech Buddy Breathing Disentanglement

PUMP OPERTION TOPICS

Drafting Operations EVOC SOG Review

Supply Standpipe/Sprinklers Emergency Driving Evaluation

Driver Evaluations – FSVO Course Vehicle Positioning and Set-up

Foam Operations Tools and Equipment Review

Daily / Weekly / Monthly Apparatus Check Procedures

Conditions That Require Apparatus to be Taken OOS

Reserve Apparatus Refresher Equipment Familiarization

SCBA TRAINING TOPICS

SCBA Inspection Procedures SCBA Policy and Procedure

Safety Checks and PASS Device

Activation/Resetting 60 Second Donning Check

500 psi Drill Shift/Dump/Redon SCBA

Point of No Return Drill Air Conservation Techniques

Escape from Entanglement Shared Regulator Escape Technique

Consumption Testing Using Quick Fill Devices

RIT Pack or Spare SCBA Toxic Bottle Change

Refilling Cylinders Annual Fit Testing

SCBA Maze or Confidence Course Emergency Breathing Techniques

Donning SCBA from Jump Seat Mutual Aid SCBA Familiarization

Wall Breech Maneuvers Scuttle Hole Simulation

SCBA Malfunctions Changing SCBA on Downed Firefighter

MISC DRILL TOPICS

MAYDAY Drill Conducting Vent –Enter - Search

Communicating Progress Reports Emergency Evacuation Procedures

Completing Accident/Injury Reports Infection Control Policy

Initial On-Scene Radio Reports Apparatus Positioning at Incidents

Fire Alarm Investigation Procedures Suspicious Packages

Abandon Baby Protocol / SAFE Place Employee Assistance Program

Master Stream Operations Standard Tool Assignments

Company Level Instructor Skills NFPA 1410 Deployment Drill

Emergency Incident Rehab District Target Hazard Familiarization

Requesting a Box Alarm HazMat Identification Resources

Apparatus Familiarization Reading Smoke

Incident Scene Safety Incident Management System

1. Visually check the overall physical condition of the unit and remove the dust cover from the malefitting on the ICM Male Quick-Fill fitting.

2. Close the cylinder valve and purge the system of any residual air using the Red Bypass Controlknob. Close the bypass fully. If Pass Alarm was activated, reset the Pass Alarm by depressing the yellow Reset Button 2 times. Make sure the regulator is turned off by depressing the ShutoffButton located on the bottom of the Firehawk Mask Mounted Regulator when the bypass is on the wearer’s left.

3. Disconnect the High Pressure Coupling Nut and check condition of the nipple seal gasket / “O” Ring.

4. Reconnect the High Pressure Coupling Nut, making sure that the Audi-Alarm Audible Bell is prop-erly aligned. (Hand tight only)

5. Check condition of the grey “O” Ring on the Firehawk Mask Mounted Regulator (MMR).6. Grasp and insert Firehawk Mask Mounted Regulator into facepiece adapter by pushing inward.

Check for proper engagement by pulling on the Firehawk Mask Mounted Regulator to ensure regu-lator is securely attached to the facepiece adapter. The Red Bypass Knob should be on the wearersleft.

7. Check the facepiece for a seal and activation of the Donning/Shut- Off Switch. Inhale in facepieceto check for proper seal. Exhale to check for operation of Exhalation Valve.

8. Remove the facepiece from your face and depress the Shutoff Button on the bottom of the Fire-hawk Mask Mounted Regulator. Do not disengage Firehawk Mask Mounted Regulator from facepiece.

9. Open Cylinder Valve fully and listen for activation of Audi-Alarm Audible Bell, and the RedundantLow Air Alarm on the ICM 2000 Pass / Gauge Assembly.

10. Check Cylinder and remote gauge for accuracy. (There should be no more than 400 psi difference)11. Check the Pass Alarm by allowing the unit to remain motionless. The Pass Alarm will activate in ap-

proximately 18 seconds. The Pass Alarm will go through a series of 3 rising audible tones beforeactivation of full alarm. Reset by depressing the Yellow Reset Button 2 times.

12. Check operation of the Manual Pass Alarm (hold red button for 1 second to activate). Reset by depressing the yellow reset button 2 times.

13. Don the facepiece, inhale and check operation; test the bypass by fully opening and closing the red bypass control knob. Remove the facepiece from your face, allowing a flow of air to insure positive pressure. Depress the shutoff button on the bottom of the Firehawk Mask Mounted Regulator. Do not disengage Firehawk Mask Mounted Regulator from facepiece.

14. Close Cylinder Valve; watch the Remote Gauge for 10 seconds.Note: Any drop in pressure indicates a leak.

15. Open the Bypass Control Knob slightly, watch the Remote Gauge and listen for activation of the Audi-Alarm Audible Bell and Redundant Low Air Alarm on the ICM 2000 to activate at approxi-mately 1100 psi. When residual air is completely bled from unit, fully close the Red Bypass Control Knob. Place facepiece in pouch.

16. Turn off the ICM 2000 Pass / Redundant Low Air Alarm by depressing the Yellow Button 2 times.17. Replace the rubber dust cover on the male fitting of the ICM Quick-Fill Fitting. Rotate dust cover to

take up any slack with connection strap.18. Don the unit checking for the reliability and operation of all straps. 19. Doff the unit, fully extending all straps.20. Check the Cylinder Air Pressure and change the cylinder if air pressure is at or below 4050 psi.

MSA FireHawk® SCBA0800 & After Use SCBA Inspection

ID 0105-140-MC / Oct 2006© MSA 2006 Printed in U.S.A.

CLEANING AND DISINFECTING

CLEANING AND DISINFECTING

Depending on the cleaning policy adopted, either a desig-nated person or the user should clean each device aftereach use. ANSI standards suggest that users should betrained in the cleaning procedure. Confidence PlusCleaning Solution (P/N 10009971) from MSA is recom-mended. It cleans and disinfects in one operation. Itretains its germicidal efficiency in hard water to inhibit thegrowth of bacteria. It will not deteriorate rubber, plastic,glass, or metal parts. Refer to label for user instructions.

DO NOT use any cleaning substances that can ormight attack any part of the apparatus.

Alcohol should not be used as a germicide because itmay deteriorate rubber parts.

If not rinsed thoroughly, cleaning agent residue mayirritate the wearer’s skin.

1. Preparing Solutiona. Follow the instructions with the Confidence Plus

Cleaning Solution.b. If the Confidence Plus Cleaning Solution is not

used, wash in a mild cleaning solution, rinse thor-oughly, and submerge in a germicide solution forthe manufacturer’s recommended time.

2. Clean and Disinfect the Facepiecea. Remove the mask mounted regulator from the face-

piece.b. Unthread the thumb screw of NightFighter Heads-

Up Display System receiver and slide the receiverfrom facepiece bracket.

c. Thoroughly wash the facepiece (and nosecup) in thecleaning solution. A soft brush or sponge can beused to clean the soiled facepiece.

d. Rinse the facepiece and components in clean,warm (110°F) water (preferably running anddrained).

e. Clean the pressure-demand exhalation valve bypressing in on the stem with a blunt object andflushing with clean water.

f. Allow the facepiece to air dry. Do not dry the partsby placing them near a heater or in direct sunlight.The rubber will deteriorate.

g. Operate the exhalation valve by hand to be sure itworks properly.

Note: Do not force-dry the parts by placing them in aheater or in direct sunlight. The rubber will deteriorate.When the facepiece is thoroughly dry, store the facepiecein the plastic bag that it was shipped in.

3. In general, only the facepiece requires cleaning anddisinfecting after each use. If the apparatus is soiled(i.e. heavy smoke residue or dirt accumulation) use asponge damp with mild soap solution or use asoft/medium bristle brush to remove deposits thatmay interfere with normal operation of:a. Harness (straps and buckles)b. Cylinder carrier (band and latch assembly)c. Cylinder (handwheel, gauge, outlet connection)d. Audi-Larm Alarm with URC Assembly (bell or cou-

pling nut connection)e. NightFighter Heads-Up Display System/Pressure

Gauge/ICM Unit Gaugef. MMR remote gauge lensg. First stage regulatorh. MMR second stage regulator. Cover outlet of the

MMR second stage regulator to prevent water, dirt,or debris from entering.

4. Inspect the entire apparatus as you re-assemble it.Follow the Inspection Instructions.

5. Re-attach NightFighter Heads-Up Display SystemReceivera. Slide receiver onto facepiece bracket.b. Finger-tighten thumb screw.

6. Thoroughly dry the facepiece and regulator aftercleaning and disinfecting. The facepiece can trapwater, which could enter the regulator.

31 TAL 9012 (L) Rev. 21 - 10023638

CAUTION

CAUTION

CAUTION

PENN TWP. FIRE DEPT. Fire Attack and Survival 2013

Firefighter Safety and Survival for 2013 and Beyond

A rapid 360 degree size-up must be

performed and communicated: Is there a BASEMENT? What HEAT/SMOKE/FIRE BEHAVIOR

observations do you see around the structure?

What BUILDING CONSTRUCTION hazards or lightweight construction cues are present?

ZERO VISIBILITY kills firefighters.

If you are walking and can’t see your feet then you must crawl

If you are crawling and loose sight of the floor; you should leave that area

10 Minute operational periods allow for safer

assessments of the fire ground. If progress is not being made, consider

tactical withdrawal Companies operating on-air for greater

than 10 minutes are nearing escape limits of air supply capability. Watch out!

Today’s Fire Attack and Fireground

Hit it HARD from the YARD This may be your best offensive attack

made from a defensive position

Kill the possibility of FLASHOVER

Cool gases before they kill you

You may not have time to recover

from a bad or incomplete decision Control the Air Flow and you will

control the fire From ventilation to escalation of

temperatures will occur within 80-160 seconds

If your flag is horizontal, you have

ingredients for a wind driven fire event

New Terms and Principles

Ventilation Limited Fire A fire that can no longer grow due to lack

of air but will reignite and probably grow faster and hotter with ventilation.

2800 sq/ft is the average size of a

single family home built after 2008. All will have lightweight materials and

methods of construction. Many will have large open floor plans and

space for gases to accumulate.

Opening the front door is ventilation

We would never send a crew into a vent hole on a roof; you may be doing the same thing at the front door

Think about the big picture

You work in an environment that is collapsing and will flashover

GRAIN BIN RESCUE AND GRAIN BIN FIREFIGHTING TRAINING BULLETIN

GRAIN BIN FIRES:

Grain Bin fires in grain elevators are a major concern primarily because they are so difficult to extinguish. Plus, there is always the potential for an explosion to occur.

A bin fire may be difficult to locate. However, some smoke and/or heat generally will be present, even though flames may not be visible.

It is important to follow a basic plan when confronting a bin fire. Use the following list as a guide:

1. Notify management of the problem.

2. Review temperature cable readings to gather information about a possible location.

3. Use either thermographic photography or a thermometer probe to search for the location of the hot spot.

4. Identify the contents of the bin, its quality at the time it was put into storage, quantity in storage, and length of time in storage.

5. Find out if fumigants were used on the grain.

6. Are fumigants or other chemicals present in the storage area?

7. How close is the bin to other structures?

8. Is structural data available to determine the strength characteristics of the bin?

9. Before removing any grain from the bin, determine where and how it will be delivered.

Problems with Water

Ask anyone how to put out a fire, and most will tell you with water. However, the danger of using water on a hot grain fire in a confined space is the possibility of the water reacting with carbon to form a potentially explosive concentration of carbon monoxide and hydrogen known as water gas.

Bin fires, like most Class A and B fires, sometimes can be extinguished by cutting off the oxygen supply to the fire. Other viable methods are the introduction of carbon dioxide or nitrogen into the bin. This may be done by injecting the gas into the hot spot or else blanketing the grain from the top down.

The procedure for extinguishing the fire will vary in each case. However, here are some general guidelines outlined by the National Grain and Feed Foundation.

1. Stop equipment from conveying grain into or out of the bin. Lock and tag the starters.

2. Stop the flow of all electric current to equipment associated with the bin, and lock and tag the main and all starters.

3. Locate and determine the extent of the fire.

4. Determine the distance between the top of the grain and the underside of the roof above, the bin overspace.

5. Seal all openings to prevent the flow of air into the bin, starting at the bottom and continuing upward through the top. These would include, but not be limited to, access openings, aeration entrance and exit vents, aspiration vents, etc.

6. Monitor the temperature of adjacent bins. For this, you may need additional probes and thermometers.

7. Consider infusing carbon dioxide or nitrogen into the bin overspace. However, doing this will require that the areas where employees may be working such as in basement, tunnels, pits, or galleries be monitored for gas that might excape.

8. If using water, gently wet down the interior exposed walls and ceiling above the grain as well as the grain surface. This must be done with a spray nozzle, applying the water at a very slow rate. Avoid disturbing dust from the walls, ledges, or the underside of the roof.

9. Avoid using a heavy stream of water from a nozzle to fight a grain fire. Dust may be liberated, and burned out cavities within the grain pile may collapse, liberating dust, followed by an explosion.

10. Open bin discharge gates sufficiently to allow any water put into the bin to drain away.

11. Apply water to the hot spot slowly through a probe or hole through the side of the bin.

12. If it becomes necessary to cut a hole through the bin wall, first, have the location and size evaluated by a structural engineer.

13. Never go into a bin to fight a fire.

If That Doesn’t Work...

If you determine that you are unable to extinguish the fire by the steps outlined previously or that there still may be some smoldering material remaining in the bin, then try the following.

1. Clean and wet down the entire exposed area and equipment where the grain will be discharged from the bin. This will prevent further flame propagation, if smoldering grain or flames erupt from the bin.

2. Have a person standing by, with a spray nozzle attached to a hose, observing the material being removed and saturating with water as needed.

3. Unload the material directly to the outside through a manhole, port, or loadout spout if at all possible. Do not use an elevator leg to transfer the burning material or another location, before it is determined that the fire is out completely.

4. If it is necessary to remove grain onto the tunnel floor beneath the bin, follow step No. 1 above, and use a temporary chute to direct the flow of grain to the floor.

Where drag conveyors are used to convey grain from bins, it may be necessary to remove both the top and bottom covers so that grain can flow directly through the conveyor. However, don’t forget to wet it down completely before grain withdrawal commences.

Where belt conveyors are used for permanent conveying beneath the bin, wet the belt down, and keep it wet as grain is allowed to fall onto the belt. Use a shovel or some form of scoop to remove the grain from the belt.

Cutting a Hole in Concrete

It is always preferable to use doors or other bin openings for access if at all possible. If not, however, cutting a hole in the wall may be necessary. The following precautions must be considered.

1. Consult a structural engineer to ensure that the structural integrity of the bin is maintained.

2. Determine the size of hole desired, taking into account the equipment to be used in the cleanup.

3. Wet down the area, and have the firefighters standing by with a charged hose equipped with a spray nozzle before cutting the opening.

4. Be prepared for material to flow out of the bin.

5. Bend reinforcing rods back out of the way. Do not cut them off at the opening edge.

6. Clean debris and equipment from the area after cutting so that firefighters and salvagers will not be endangered.

Steel Bin Tips

Fires in steel tanks will be fought in ways similar to those of concrete tanks in that:

1. All equipment should be shut off and locked out, this would include aeration fans.

2. Locate the fire as specifically as possible.

3. Close all vents, manholes, and openings to reduce the oxygen supply.

4. Wet down the exit area and equipment before removing grain from a tank.

5. Never run hot or burning grain from a hot tank through an elevator leg or into another piece of equipment.

6. After locating the fire, select an unloading area near the fire so that grain can be removed slowly, until the burning grain is detected. Slowly allow the smoldering grain to flow from the tank, wetting the grain with a spray until it exits the hole.

7. Never go into a bin to fight a fire.

As with concrete bins, use existing openings where possible. If cutting is the only means of access, the last resort so to speak, then the following procedure may work for you.

1. Determine the size and location of the hole required, and have this evaluated by a structural engineer.

2. When cutting, avoid structural supports or studs and electrical wiring.

3. If using metal-cutting power saw, periodically cool the blade and area cut by applying water.

4. Cut the metal along structural studding so that stability is maintained. When possible, remove the entire sheet.

5. After the opening is made, clear the area of debris so firefighters won’t be endangered.

6. If a bolted steel tank is involved, look at unbolting a full sheet.

Salvage operations should begin once it is safe to do so without interfering with firefighting or rescue operations. Insurance representatives can be consulted on salvage matters, in addition to contacting salvage experts.

Damaged material should be unloaded without delay for the following reasons:

1. Material that has reached or exceeded 150 degrees can begin to lose quality. High-heat damage or smoke odor also will likely cause quality to be reduced. However, material that has been heat-damaged and saturated with water may be salvageable and may possibly be blended back into the process system. A laboratory analysis should be run to determine or evaluate its quality and how it may best be used, if at all.

2. Wet material will continue to heat, creating future problems.

3. Missed hot spots may reignite.

4. Wet material eventually will bridge and become more difficult to remove from the bin.

SILO FIRES

With the extreme heat and drought this year, the risk of silo fires may be increased. Crops harvested too dry will not produce quality silage and will increase the risks of silo fires. Fire risks are even greater if your silo has air leaks through cracks and around doors.

Make sure your silo is in good repair. Inspect it carefully and seal any cracks to keep air out. Check the condition of doors and make sure they are sound and fit tightly.

Ensile crops at 50 - 68 percent moisture content. Check the moisture content with a moisture meter or use an oven-drying method to determine crop moisture content. You cannot accurately judge moisture content by sight or by touch. Too much moisture results in seepage and silo damage; too little moisture can result in a fire. Correct moisture is required for good feed.

Using a distributor will increase the amount of silage you can store by 10 percent by making full use of the silo. The distributor will also result in even distribution and even packing without a hard core; thus, fewer air pockets and better silage. Even distribution also protects the structure and foundation from failure.

Haylage can dry several percentage points in a short period of time on hot, sunny, breezy days. For example, alfalfa cut at 85 percent moisture can often be baled at 18 percent in two days. With this in mind, time your field operations to allow the chopper to keep pace with the mower/conditioner. Any breakdowns or delays can allow the forage to dry too much for ensiling. Either add water when filling the silo or bail the crop later for hay.

Make sure the fire department does not compound your problems if a silo fire does occur. The fire department should not pump thousands of gallons of water into the silo. The water will not soak through the silage, and may channel down along the walls instead of reaching the fire. Wetting agents are not much help, and they contaminate the silage, rendering unburned silage unfit for feed. Silos are not designed as water tanks, and soaking the silage may cause structural damage or collapse.

Oxygen-limiting silos, such as Harvestore: silos, can explode if a fire is not handled properly. Two firemen were killed in Georgia on August 5, 1993 when they applied water and foam to a fire in an oxygen-limiting silo. The explosion blew the roof off, sending one fireman to the ground over 100 yards away and the other through the roof of the nearby metal building. Two firemen on the ground were injured by debris. The top 15 feet of the silo were severely damaged by the explosion and an adjacent silo dented by the debris.

The only safe methods for controlling fires in oxygen-limiting silos are to close all hatches (but allow pressure to vent from the top hatch) and inject large volumes of carbon dioxide through the bottom of the silo.

Fires in conventional silos can be controlled during early stages by probing to locate the hot spots and injecting water directly into the fire. This practice is more effective than dousing from the top, and it uses much less water. Advanced fires are often best left to burn themselves out. If the fire has burned enough silage that the unloader cannot function, the remaining silage is probably useless as feed. Even if the fire is put out, the silo may be too dangerous to unload by hand. Fires in concrete silos do little harm to the structure, so prevent spread of fire and allow it to bum out.

For more information on silo fires, obtain a copy of publication PB 1307, Silo Fires - Prevention and Control, from your county Extension office. And remember - safety is no accident. It is a responsibility and a way of life.

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Death in the line of duty...

Volunteer Fire Fighter Killed During Wildland/Field Fire - Indiana

The Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and PreventionProgram is conducted by the National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). The purpose ofthe program is to determine factors that cause or contribute tofire fighter deaths suffered in the line of duty. Identification ofcausal and contributing factors enable researchers and safetyspecialists to develop strategies for preventing future similarincidents. To request additional copies of this report (specifythe case number shown in the shield above), other fatalityinvestigation reports, or further information, visit the ProgramWebsite at:

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/firehome.html

or call toll free 1-800-35-NIOSH

F-35

March 16, 2000A Summary of a NIOSH fire fighter fatality investigation

SUMMARYOn September 15, 1999, a 31-year-old femalevolunteer fire fighter (the victim) died after beingstruck by an engine at the scene of a wildland/fieldfire. The victim was part of an initial-attack firefighting crew which had been dispatched to a 430-acre wildland/field fire. The victim and the Chieffrom the fire department responded in an emergencycommand car. A fire fighter/driver of Engine 8911responded to the scene after hearing the call foradditional manpower over his radio. He approachedthe fire scene and positioned the engine on thesouthwestern side of a barn near the fire scene. Heparked the engine and began pulling 200 feet of 1½-inch hose lays with the assistance of a civilian whowas already at the scene. He and the civilian beganwetting down the barn and fighting the fire in thefield and spot fires as they occurred. When the Chiefand victim arrived they began pulling and positioningadditional hoses. As the driver, Chief, civilian andvictim were wetting down the barn and fighting thefire in the field, the fire began to increase in sizecausing visibility to decrease and making it hard tobreathe. The fire started progressing towards theengine and the driver decided to move the engine.

Prior to moving the engine, the driver positionedhimself on the tailboard of the engine and began toyell out loud �area clear� warnings. The driverremembered seeing the Chief, civilian, and victim allleaving the fire scene on foot moving in a westwarddirection. As the smoke intensified, the driver got inthe engine, rapidly backed it in a westward directionand, once he cleared the barn, parked the engine(see Figure). The driver asked the Chief if everyonewas accounted for and the Chief responded that thevictim was missing. The driver decided to walkaround the barn to search for the victim, but halfwayaround the barn became unable to see or breathedue to the intense smoke. Making his way back tothe engine, the driver put on a Self-ContainedBreathing Apparatus (SCBA) and continued hissearch for the victim. A few minutes later the driverlocated the victim lying motionless on the ground nearthe barn where the engine had been previously parked(see Figure). After informing the Chief, a radiorequest was made for medical assistance, and a firefighter/Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) fromthe fire scene across the highway responded. TheEMT announced that the victim was dead fromobvious traumatic injuries to her head and face.

Engine Involved in Incident

Investigative Report #99F-35Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation




NIOSH investigators concluded that, to minimizesimilar occurrences, fire departments engaged inwildland fire fighting should:

� implement an incident command system(ICS) with written standard operatingprocedures (SOPs) for all fire fighters andensure they are trained on the system

� utilize National Weather Service (NWS)Fire Weather (WX) Forecasts for all fireweather predictions and immediately sharewith all personnel all information aboutsignificant fire behavior events (e.g., long-range spotting, torching, spotting, and firewhirls)

� learn, communicate, and follow the 10standard fire orders as developed by theNational Wildfire Coordinating Group(NWCG)

INTRODUCTIONOn September 15, 1999, a 31-year-old femalevolunteer fire fighter (the victim) died after beingstruck by an engine while fighting a wildland/field fire.The victim was attempting to make a safe egressfrom the wildland/field fire area after the engine driverhad given the order to clear the area. The victimwas subsequently run over by the engine and died atthe scene. On September 16, 1999, the US FireAdministration notified the National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) of theincident. On October 6, 1999, a Safety andOccupational Health Specialist, and the Team Leaderfrom the NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigationand Prevention Program, investigated the incident.They conducted interviews with the Chief andmembers of the fire department involved in theincident, members of neighboring fire departmentswho responded to provide mutual aid, and the countysheriff�s investigating officer. The investigators visited

the incident site and photographed the fire scene andengine. They obtained copies of witness statements,training records, the sheriff�s report, and a map ofthe fire scene. The fire department involved in thisincident serves a population of 4,500 in a geographicarea of 85 square miles and is comprised of 37volunteer fire fighters. The State and the firedepartment requires new volunteer fire fighters tocomplete a 24-hour Basic Fire Fighter TrainingProgram. The victim had 2 years of experience as afire fighter.

Although numerous fire fighters provided mutual aidfrom neighboring volunteer fire departments, only theevents involving the crew, which included the victim,will be discussed in this report.

INVESTIGATIONOn September 15, 1999, at 1310 hours, a wildland/field fire was reported to the County Public Safety,Fire/Rescue/Emergency Medical ServiceCommunications. The fire was believed to have beenstarted when dry corn stalks became entwinedaround the muffler of an all-terrain vehicle while theworker was taking soil samples in a harvestedcornfield. The fire quickly spread through the primaryfield of harvested corn stalks to a field of non-harvested soy beans and across a highway to a fieldcontaining non-harvested corn. The fire burnedapproximately 430 acres of crop fields and threatenedsurrounding dwellings, barns, and sheds.

The victim, who was at the fire station when the callcame in, responded with the Chief in an emergencycommand car and became part of the initial-attackfire fighting crew. Due to additional manpower andequipment needs, a fire fighter/driver of Engine 8911responded after hearing the call over his radio. Theengine was a 1974 Ford F-750, with a gross vehicleweight of 24,000 lbs. When the engine arrived onthe fire scene it was directed by the IncidentCommander (IC), who was coordinating the fire





attack from a helicopter, to take a position beside abarn full of tobacco which was located in the firearea (see Figure). The driver backed the engine upto the southwestern side of the barn, which positionedthe engine facing the driveway and escape route (see1st Location of Figure). The driver parked the engineand began laying 200 feet of 1½-inch hose lays, withthe assistance of a civilian. The driver and civilianbegan wetting down the barn and fighting the fire inthe field and spot fires as they occurred. The drivermoved the engine to the second location (see Figure)to extend the fire fighting efforts. When the Chiefand victim arrived on the scene, the engine waspositioned at location number two (see Figure). TheChief and victim began helping the driver and civilianby pulling and positioning additional hoses. At thattime the fire started progressing towards the barnfull of tobacco, and the driver requested the enginebe moved to the third position (see Figure) to betterprotect the barn and fight the head of the fire. TheChief instructed the victim to move the engine to therequested location. The victim drove the engine tothe third location, but rather than back the engineinto place, she drove the engine parallel with the southside of the barn and parked the engine facing east.In this position, the only means of retreat for theengine was to back the engine in a westwarddirection. The fire spread to a sinkhole which wasapproximately 6 feet deep and 40 feet in diameter.The sinkhole, which was located next to the barn,was filled with lumber, creosote posts, tires, andmiscellaneous combustible items. The fire began togrow in intensity creating dense smoke, and movedtoward the engine and the barn filled with tobacco.The driver, concerned that the engine would beengulfed by the fire, positioned himself on thetailboard of the engine and began to yell out �areaclear� for everyone to get out of the immediate area.Due to the direction and intensity of the fire andsmoke, the Chief, victim, and civilian were told bythe driver to move in a westward direction, awayfrom the fire fighting scene to a safe area. The fire

continued to intensify due to gusting winds and awhirlwind effect created by the dry terrain and windsin the surrounding open fields. The fire becameincreasing larger and hotter and the smoke made itdifficult to see and breathe. The driver remembersseeing the Chief, civilian, and the victim all leavingthe fire scene on foot in a westward direction towarda farmhouse located on the property. At that time,the driver pulled and positioned the two fire hosesso he would not run over them, and looked aroundthe engine, but had limited visibility due to the thicksmoke. The driver got in the engine and rapidlybacked the engine in a westward direction. Oncehe cleared the barn he parked the engine on the northside of the barn (see Final Location on Figure). Itwas reported by the civilian that the smoke was sothick that he could not see anything. The civilianremembered hearing someone shout �Run, run,run,� and feeling the hose he was using being pulledout of his hands.

The Chief was discussing the safety of the farmhousewith another crew that had just arrived on scene,when the driver asked the Chief if everyone wasaccounted for. The Chief responded that the victimwas missing. The driver decided to walk around thebarn to search for the victim, but halfway around thebarn became unable to see or breathe due to theintense smoke. Making his way back to the engine,the driver donned a Self-Contained BreathingApparatus (SCBA) and continued his search for thevictim. His search took him around the barn in thearea where the engine had been previously parked.He found the victim lying motionless on the groundto the south of the barn in the area where the enginehad been parked. The victim had sustained severetraumatic injuries from being run over by the engine.The driver informed the Chief of the incident and aradio request for medical assistance was made. AnEMT who was on the fire scene across the highwayresponded. The EMT checked the victim andannounced that the victim was dead due to the





obvious traumatic injuries to her head and face. TheCounty Coroner arrived on the scene to start aninvestigation, and the victim was transported to themorgue.

CAUSE OF DEATHThe death certificate listed the cause of death as amassive skull fracture.

RECOMMENDATIONS / DISCUSSIONRecommendation #1: Fire departments shouldimplement an incident command system (ICS)with written standard operating procedures(SOPs) for all fire fighters, and ensure that theyare trained on the system.1-4

Discussion: The implementation of an ICS with writtenSOPs should establish roles and responsibilities forpersonnel accountability and safety, and shouldprovide a well-coordinated approach to allemergency activities. All fire department personnelshould be thoroughly trained on this system andreceive periodic refresher training. All training shouldbe documented. Under an ICS, the driver wouldhave had assistance with the operation of the Engineand the fire fighting efforts, and would not have beendependent on civilian assistance. The followingprocedures should be in place:

� Fire departments should establish apersonnel accountability system, andprovide and maintain constant contact withcrew members visually or by radio.1

Fire fighters are at some level of risk whenever theyare on the fire ground, but wildland fires can beespecially dangerous environments. If fire conditionschange suddenly and dramatically, constant contactis imperative to be able to notify fire fighters to makea quick but orderly retreat. Personnel accountabilitysystems also provide the position of every fire fighter

on the fire ground and timely notification when firefighters are missing or unaccounted for.

� Fire departments should ensure that allemergency apparatus and equipment arebacked into one-way roads and drivewaysfacing the escape route.1

As a basic general engine operation safety procedure,all emergency apparatus and equipment should bebacked into one-way roads and driveways facing inthe direction of the escape route. When the driverinitially responded to the incident scene, he backedthe engine to a position facing the escape route;however, when the victim moved the engine to thelocation where the incident occurred, the engine waspulled in facing away from the escape route.

� Fire Departments should ensure the use ofa spotter (scout) when vehicles areoperating under conditions of reducedvisibility because of smoke or darkness.1

The spotter (scout) should wear highly visible clothing,be equipped with reliable hand lights and acommunications radio, and stay within the driver�sfield of view at all times. The spotter (scout) mayhelp locate and avoid obstacles which may be unseenbecause of reduced visibility due to darkness orsmoke.

Recommendation #2: Utilize National WeatherService (NWS) Fire Weather (WX) Forecastsfor all fire weather predictions and immediatelyshare with all personnel all information aboutsignificant fire weather and fire behavior events(e.g., long-range spotting, torching, spotting,and fire whirls).5

Discussion: The IC attempted to get the weatherconditions from the local State forestry weather





station but was unsuccessful. This type of weatherforecast does not provide site-specific informationon fire weather such as erratic wind change. NWSFire WX Forecasts should be utilized for all fireweather predictions. Spot weather forecasts shouldbe requested during periods of abnormal weather orhigh fire danger during wildland fires. This type ofweather forecast is especially important for volunteerdepartments whose members may not have accessto daily fire weather updates.

Recommendation #3: Fire departments engagedin wildland fire fighting should learn,communicate, and follow the 10 standard fireorders as developed by the National WildfireCoordinating Group (NWCG).5

Discussion: The following 10 Standard Fire Orders,as developed by the National Wildfire CoordinatingGroup, should be learned, communicated, andfollowed by every fire fighter who is involved inwildland fire fighting operations:

� Fight fire aggressively but provide for safetyfirst.

� Initiate all action based on current andexpected fire behavior.

� Recognize current weather conditions andobtain forecasts.

� Ensure instructions are given andunderstood.

� Obtain current information on fire status.

� Remain in communication with crewmembers, your supervisor, and adjoiningforces.

� Determine safety zones and escape routes.

� Establish lookouts in potentially hazardoussituations.

� Retain control at all times.

� Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly, actdecisively.

REFERENCES1. International Fire Service Training Association(IFSTA) [1998]. Fundamentals of wildland firefighting. 3rd ed. Stillwater, OK.

2. National Fire Protection Association [1997].NFPA 1500, Standard on fire departmentoccupational safety and health program. Quincy,MA: National Fire Protection Association.

3. National Fire Protection Association [1995].NFPA 1561, Standard on fire department incidentmanagement system. 1995 ed. Quincy, MA: NationalFire Protection Association.

4. International Fire Service Training Association[1998]. Essentials of fire fighting. 3rd ed. Stillwater,OK: Oklahoma State University, Fire ProtectionPublications.

5. National Wildfire Coordinating Group [1998].NWCG fireline handbook 3. Boise, ID: NationalWildfire Coordinating Group.

INVESTIGATOR INFORMATIONRichard W. Braddee, Team Leader/Project Officer,and Nancy T. Romano, Safety and OccupationalHealth Specialist, NIOSH, Surveillance and FieldInvestigations Branch, Division of Safety Research.





TOBACCOBARN

HOUSE

SINKHOLE

POND

1st LOCATIONOF ENGINE

2nd LOCATIONOF ENGINE

3rd LOCATIONOF ENGINE

FINALLOCATION OF

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UNBURNED AREA

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oad

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Figure. Aerial View of Fire Scene

Safe Operating Procedure (Revised 1/09)

GRAIN BIN SAFETY

______________________________________________________________________ (For assistance, please contact EHS at (402) 472-4925, or visit our web site at http://ehs.unl.edu/)

Working around grain bins presents unique, and sometimes fatal, hazards which are often overlooked even by the most seasoned farm workers. This SOP highlights those hazards that are of greatest concern and guidance for minimizing those hazards. Hazardous Atmospheres (oxygen deficiency, toxic gases, allergens) The atmosphere inside of a grain bin can be hazardous in a number of different ways. Microbial action (i.e., decay of grains by bacteria, growth of mold, fungi, etc.) can result in production of metabolic gases (i.e., carbon dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen tetroxide, etc.) and consumption of oxygen. Contact with mold and fungi can result in lung ailments and allergic reactions, such as Organic Dust Toxicity Syndrome (ODTS) and Farmer’s Lung.

• Store only adequately dried, top-quality grain to reduce spoilage. • Keep insect and animal infestations to a minimum. • Regularly clean the bin and seal penetrations between uses. • Conduct fumigation only if properly trained, and always in accordance with label

directions. Observe all restricted entry requirements. Fire/Explosion Accumulations of grain dusts can create flammable/explosive atmospheres. Grain bin fires are often difficult to fight and result in an explosion. Grain dust explosions often have a cascading effect that causes a secondary explosion after an initial and often smaller explosion. Corn, mixed grains and wheat are all considered to have strong explosive properties. Four conditions must be present for an explosion to occur. First, dusts in the atmosphere must be combustible. Secondly, particles must form a cloud exceeding the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) concentration. Thirdly, dusts must be confined. Lastly, an ignition source must be present. Welding and the operation of a bucket elevator, which may create static electricity or sparks, are often the direct cause of an explosion.

• Make sure the ventilation system is in good working order. • Ensure that grain dust accumulations are kept to a minimum (<1/8”) with regular

cleaning, especially near ignition sources (e.g., fans, blowers, motors, etc.). Remove accumulated dusts with a vacuum. Avoid sweeping.

• Ensure that all electrical connections meet code requirements. • Do not smoke or conduct other open flame operations when there is potential for

suspended grain dusts at or above the LEL. Falls Working at heights in and around a grain bin poses a fall hazard.

• Ladders more than 20 feet high require caged steps. (Created 10/05)

UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu

http://ehs.unl.edu/

• When performing tasks at elevated heights, an employee may need fall protection. See EHS SOPs, Fall Arrest Systems and Elevated Work Surfaces and Fall Protection.

Electrocution Electrocution is an often overlooked hazard with grain bins. An auger may come into contact with overhead wires while being moved, causing the electrocution of an employee. Poles used to dislodge crusted grain can contact overhead power lines. The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) sets standards for the location and heights of electrical supply lines and equipment around grain bins. Figure 3 shows the distance requirements between power lines and a grain bin.

Figure 3

Entanglement Unguarded augers, PTOs, and other moving parts present an entanglement hazard, as does the sweep auger inside the bin. To avoid these hazards, ensure that all equipment is properly guarded, avoid loose-fitting clothes, and do not operate the sweep auger while inside the bin. Engulfment/Entrapment While loading and unloading operations present an obvious engulfment/entrapment hazard, stored grain is also dangerous. Air pockets or voids can shift and cause stored grain to flow. Do not enter grain bins during active loading/unloading or while grain is stored within. Entry in the presence of grain should be conducted only when there is no other alternative, and then only in conformance with the following conditions and/or procedures:

1. Grain is less than waist deep, and applicable lockout/tagout procedures have been implemented to prevent grain addition, removal, or other movement.

2. The atmosphere in the bin is not hazardous, adequate ventilation has been established, and no work to be conducted in the bin has the potential to create a hazardous atmosphere.

3. A co-worker is present outside of the bin, verbal communication is maintained, and the co-worker has a readily available means of summoning emergency responders.

If these conditions cannot be met, consult with EHS to develop appropriate entry procedures that conform to UNL’s Confined Space Entry and Lockout/Tagout Programs.

(Created 10/05) UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu

(Created 10/05) UNL Environmental Health and Safety · (402) 472-4925 · http://ehs.unl.edu

Other Safety Considerations

• Do not alter the structure. Alterations may impact the structural stability of a grain bin. Adhere to all manufacturer’s recommendations and specifications.

• Ensure adherence to the manufacturer’s base foundation and installation specifications when erecting a bin.

• Arrange for prompt evaluation of potential structural damage by a structural engineer or manufacturer’s representative.

• Observe uniform, center-filling to avoid uneven sidewall stresses. • Observe the manufacturer’s limits on unloading rates/equipment to avoid creating

a vacuum within the bin. • Ensure that roof vents are unobstructed and operational.

20

Background: Between 2005 and 2009, 96 U.S. work-ers died in a confined space. Fatal Event: On May 26, 2010, in Delaware County, vol-unteer fire fighters responded to a 911 call that two men were trapped at the bottom of a well. The first firefighter to arrive on-site entered the well to assist; however, the firefighter was overcome by the muriatic acid vapors as well. A second firefighter arrived on-site, entered the well and was also overcome by the vapors.

The next firefighters to arrive saw all four men at the bottom of the well. Prior to entering, they suited up in self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), proceeding to extract the wounded men one at a time. All four men were transported to a local hospital. The first two men to

enter the well died as a result of their injuries.* The first two firefighters who attempted the initial rescue sustained lacerations and respiratory failure but eventually made a full recovery.

Discussion: Employers must conduct an assessment of the entire facility and service area to determine if con-fined spaces exist. If confined spaces exist, a written confined space program must be developed. All employ-ees who may potentially enter the confined space must be trained on this written policy. Prior to entering a confined space, an assessment of any potential hazard existing in the space must be done and the appropriate precautions must be taken. Firefighters not trained on confined space rescue should not attempt one.

*Because these men were not employees, but rather self-employed, at the time of the incident, their deaths were not inspected by IOSHA.

It Happened Here: Delaware County, Indiana

Dealing with Confined Space Entry

Each year, many workers are killed and thousands are injured as a result of confined space operations, according

to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Many of these fatalities involve the rescuer.

The Indiana Occupational Safety and Health Administra-tion (IOSHA) covers public sector firefighters, as defined in the Indiana Code. Therefore, industrial fire brigades, paid fire departments and volunteer fire departments must com-ply with 29 CFR 1910.156. This requires the employer to provide training and education relating to fire brigade du-ties.

Confined spaces may be found within towns, cities, townships, districts, counties and industrial settings. Fire departments are required to evaluate their response jurisdic-tions and what the function of their fire departments will be. OSHA defines a confined space as: (1)largeenoughandso configured that an employee can bodily enter and per-form assigned work, (2) haslimitedorrestrictedmeansforentryorexit (e.g. tanks, vessels, storage bins, hoppers, vaults and pits) and (3) isnotdesignedforhumanoccu-pancy.

A permit–required confined space is defined as a space that (1) containsorhasapotentialtocontainhazardousatmosphere, (2) containsmaterialthathasthepotentialfor engulfing an entrant, (3)has an internal configura-tion that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated

by inwardly converg-ing walls or by a floor whichslopesdownwardandtaperstoasmallercross-section or (4) con-tains any other recog-nized serious safety orhealthhazards.

Once a department determines what confined/permit–re-quired confined spaces are located within their responding jurisdiction, it must decide what function it will provide. If it is decided that firefighters will not enter confined spac-es, the department should implement effective measures to communicate and train the firefighters on the written policy and procedures.

Five common issues with respect to confined space entry are: (1) not monitoring the confined space prior to and duringentry, (2) failuretoremovehazardsfromthecon-fined space, (3) bringinghazardsintoaspace,(4)failingtohavetrainedrescuepersonneland (5) failingtouseamechanicalmeansofrescue.

Preventing emergencies by effectively managing the en-try process is key to confined space safety. It is human na-ture to help those in need of assistance, and probably more so for emergency responders. The first thing taught at any emergency scene is “scene size-up” and “scene safety—always protect yourself first!”

INSafe Safety Consultants, Debra Rauen and Mark McDaniel, discuss options for emergency responders dealing with confined space entry.

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9810

During the week of June 6, 2011, three workers, one each in Iowa, Michigan and North Dakota, were killed when they were engulfed (buried or trapped) by grain while on the job. In Texas, a fourth worker was also buried in grain, but was rescued and survived. Suffocation from engulfment is a leading cause of death in grain bins, and the number of these deaths continues to rise. In fact, the number of such deaths more than doubled between 2006 and 2010. These fatalities are preventable if employers follow work practices and provide training and equipment as required by OSHA’s Grain Handling Facilities standard, 29 CFR 1910.272.

How are workers suffocated or engulfed in grain bins?Suffocation can occur when a worker enters a bin and is engulfed by grain or when bins develop hazardous atmospheres or do not have enough oxygen. A worker can be engulfed or suffocated if the worker enters the bin and:

• Stands on moving/flowing grain and the moving grain acts like “quicksand” and buries the worker in seconds Entering a bin while the auger is operating is dangerous. As the auger unloads the bin, grain flows to the outlet and is released, causing the grain above it to flow in and replace the released grain. When a worker stands on flowing grain, their weight forces the grain supporting them to flow to the outlet more quickly, causing them to rapidly sink into the grain. According to one source, at the average flow rate for grain, a 6-foot tall worker can be covered with grain in 11 seconds and would be unable to free him/her self after the first 5 seconds.1

• Stands on or below a “bridging” condition that collapses and buries the worker “Bridging” occurs when grain clumps together, because of moisture or mold, creating an empty

space beneath the grain as it is released. Bridged grain resists the downward pull that normally moves loose grain to the bin outlet and rarely becomes hard enough to support a person. If a worker steps onto the bridge, it can cave in under the worker’s weight, burying him or her in the empty space. Even if the grain flow is stopped before entering a bin, a worker could still be covered if they step onto a grain bridge and it caves in. As grain cascades down, the victim is covered with an “avalanche” of grain that traps and suffocates him or her. Stand-ing under bridged grain is also hazardous because bridged grain can cave in unexpectedly and bury and suffocate the worker.

• Tries to loosen a pile of grain and the grain caves in onto the worker, or stands next to a pile of grain on the side of the bin and the grain unexpectedly caves in onto the workerEven though a wall of grain may appear safe, one scoop of grain may weaken support and cause the grain to cave in. If a worker is knocked off balance by the weight of grain, he or she can be covered quickly and suffocate. In some cases, grain can be loosened from outside the bin by bumping it with a pole through an access cover.

Dangers of Engulfment and Suffocation in Grain Bins

1-800-321-OSHA (6742) • www.osha.gov 1

1 The University of Arkansas publication entitled “Suffocation Hazards in Grain Bins” was released in 2010, and is available at http://www.uaex.edu/Other_Areas/publications/PDF/FSA-1010.pdf.

A center grain unloading auger draws grain from the top center and the grain forms a cone as the bin is emptied.

• Train all workers for the specific hazardous work operations they are to perform when enter-ing and working inside of grain bins, required by 1910.272(e).

• Provide each worker entering a bin from a level at or above stored grain, or when a worker will walk or stand on stored grain, with a body harness. The body harness should have a lifeline that is positioned and is of sufficient length to prevent a worker from sinking further than waist-deep in grain, required by 1910.272(g)(2).

• Provide workers with rescue equipment, such as winch systems, that are specifically suited for rescue from the bin, required by 1910.272(g)(4).

• Station an observer who is equipped to provide assistance and perform rescue operations outside the bin, required by 1910.272(g)(3).

• Ensure that communications (visual, voice or signal line) are maintained between the observer and the workers who entered the bin, as required by 1910.272(g)(3).

• Test the air within a bin for oxygen content and the presence of hazardous gases before entry, required by 1910.272(g)(1)(iii).

• Provide and continue ventilation until any unsafe atmospheric conditions are eliminated. If toxicity or oxygen deficiency cannot be eliminated, work-ers must wear appropriate respirators, required by 1910.272(g)(1)(iii)A and B.

• Issue a permit each time a worker enters a bin, unless the employer is present during the entire entry operation. The permit must certify that the above precautions have been implemented before workers enter the bin, required by 1910.272(g)(1)(i).

What has OSHA done to address the hazards?

In 2010, OSHA conducted nearly 300 grain handling inspections of various grain operations, an increase of more than 100 such inspections since 2008. This increase was a direct result of the Local Emphasis Programs that OSHA has implemented in several regions to focus on significant hazards associated with grain handling. OSHA found that employer negligence, noncompli-ance with OSHA standards, and/or poor safety and health practices are significant factors in causing grain engulfments. About three-fourths of the nearly 300 worksites inspected were in violation of OSHA standards, and nearly 20 of the inspections resulted in willful or repeat citations. Violations covered hazards

associated with grain engulfment, machine guarding, lockout/tagout of dangerous equipment to prevent accidental energization start-up, electricity, falls, employee training and combustible dust hazards.

As a result of the increased number of inspections, OSHA imposed substantial multi-million dollar fines on several employers for preventable grain handling fatalities and injuries. For example, in 20114 OSHA fined Haasbach LLC in Mount Carroll and Hillsdale Elevator Co. in Geneseo and Annawan, Illinois following the deaths of three workers, including two teenagers. The employers were cited for failing to lockout/tagout dangerous equipment prior to bin entry, entering grain bins under bridging (engulfment) conditions, and failing to post an observer outside the bin during an entry. The workers were killed when the grain engulfed and suffocated them. The fines to both companies total $1,352,125.Additionally, OSHA has:

• sent notification letters to over 13,000 worksites reminding employers of basic safeguards they must use

• published a new grain handling fact sheet

• updated its Grain Handling Safety & Health Topics Web page

• developed a Grain Bin Entry wallet card. OSHA Area Offices conduct local outreach efforts, including outreach to high school and college students, and outreach to small cooperative grain handling operations. OSHA Area Offices also coordinate with State Plan states on their enforcement and hazard prevention efforts.

4The Haasbach and Hillsdale citations were issued on January 24, 2011, and are available at http://www.osha.gov/ooc/citations/ haasbach-hillsdale-citations.html.

1-800-321-OSHA (6742) • www.osha.gov 3

• The atmospheric conditions inside the bin are at dangerous levelsInside a storage bin, there is a potential for oxygen levels to be at unsafe levels. Also there is a poten-tial for hazardous gases to be present. Because such hazardous atmospheres may be present inside a bin, a worker could quickly suffocate and become a victim.

These hazards are present in all grain handling facilities, regardless of size or number of workers. For detailed information about how workers become trapped by flowing grain, see the University of Arkansas publication entitled Suffocation Hazards in Grain Bins.

Who is at risk?

Although most workers at grain handling facilities are at risk of being trapped or buried by grain, young workers are particularly vulnerable and are often victims. Under federal law, workers under the age of 16 are prohibited from entering confined spaces or environments, including grain storage structures. In 2010, there were six documented cases of grain entrapments that involved workers who were under the age of 16. Five of these incidents resulted in death.2 The number of incidents involving young workers, and the fact that they are often fatal, illustrates the importance of making sure that young workers are informed about the hazards of grain handling. Incidents in grain bins often result in multiple deaths because other workers attempt to rescue their coworkers and become trapped or overcome as well. Pulling out a worker who is trapped in a grain bin requires a great deal of force, much more than is needed to rescue someone from under water. Water has “buoyancy,” which “floats” ships and helps lifeguards rescue victims much larger than them-selves. Grain does not have these properties and resists the force a rescuer uses when trying to remove a buried worker. Rescue systems should therefore be designed and built to overcome this resistance. A rescuer’s strength alone is not likely to be enough to rescue a trapped worker.

OSHA requirements: How can employers reduce hazards and protect workers entering grain storage bins?

Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, employers are responsible for providing safe and healthful workplaces for their employees. OSHA’s Grain Handling Facilities standard sets requirements that employers must follow to protect and train workers exposed to the hazards of grain handling facilities. The standard establishes common-sense safety practices and specific controls that can prevent worker injuries and deaths, and identifies specific controls for engulfment hazards that are covered below. OSHA’s standard also covers controls for other common issues at these facilities, including: dust accumulation and explosions, hazardous atmospheres, confined space entry, and emergencies. States that operate their own occupational safety and health programs approved by Federal OSHA enforce similar standards but may have different or additional requirements. A list of State plans is available at www.osha.gov/dcsp/osp/index.html.Entering grain storage bins is EXTREMELY DANGEROUS. To reduce the risk of engulfment and suffocation, do not allow workers to enter a grain storage bin unless it is absolutely necessary. If a worker must enter a grain storage bin, these simple hazard control measures must be implemented. Following these measures can SAVE WORKERS’ LIVES:• De-energize (turn off) and disconnect, lockout and

tag, or block off all mechanical, electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic equipment that presents a danger, particularly grain-moving equipment as required by 1910.272(g)(1)(ii). Grain should not be emptied or moved into or out of the bin while workers are inside because it creates a suction that can pull the worker into the grain in seconds.3

• Prohibit and prevent workers from walking down grain and similar practices where walking on grain is intended to make it flow, required by 1910.272(g)(1)(iv).

• Prohibit and prevent worker entry onto or below a bridging condition, or where grain is built up on the side of the bin, required by 1910.272(g)(6).

1-800-321-OSHA (6742) • www.osha.gov 2

2 The Purdue University study entitled “2010 Summary of Grain Entrapments in the United States” was released on February 9, 2011, and is available at http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/grainlab/content/pdf/2010GrainEntrapments.pdf

3 See The University of Arkansas’s “Suffocation Hazards in Grain Bins.”

How can OSHA help employers?

OSHA provides free, On-Site Consultation for small businesses with fewer than 250 workers at a site (and no more than 500 employees nationwide). This program provides free on-site compliance assistance to help employers identify and correct job hazards as well as improve injury and illness prevention programs. On-site consultation services are separate from enforcement and do not result in penalties or citations. To locate the OSHA Consultation Office nearest you, visit www.osha.gov or call 1-800-321-OSHA (6742).OSHA also has Compliance Assistance Specialists throughout the nation who can provide general information about OSHA standards and compliance assistance resources. Contact your local OSHA office for more information by calling 1-800-321-OSHA (6742) or visit OSHA’s website at www.osha.gov.

What rights do workers have?

Workers have the right to:

• Working conditions that do not pose a risk of serious harm.

• Receive information and training (in a language and vocabulary they understand) about workplace hazards, methods to prevent them, and the OSHA standards that apply to their workplace.

• Review records of work-related injuries and illnesses.

• Get copies of test results that find and measure hazards.

• File a complaint asking OSHA to inspect their workplace if they believe there is a serious hazard or that their employer is not following OSHA’s rules. When requested, OSHA will keep all identities confidential.

• Exercise their rights under the law without retalia-tion or discrimination.

For questions or to get information or advice, to reach OSHA consultation, to report an emergency, a fatality or catastrophe, to order products or to file a complaint, contact your nearest OSHA office, visit www.osha.gov or call OSHA at 1-800-321-OSHA (6742), TTY 1-877-889-5627.

Resources with more information:

• Safety and Health Topics: Grain Handling. This OSHA webpage describes grain handling hazards and OSHA’s standard for grain handling facilities. www.osha.gov/SLTC/ grainhandling/index.html

• Worker Entry Into Grain Storage Bins. This OSHA Fact Sheet illustrates hazardous conditions and includes a brief list of the precautions employers must use.

• Suffocation Hazards in Grain Bins. This University of Arkansas publication describes in detail why it is easy to get trapped by flowing grain.

• 2010 Summary of Grain Entrapments in the United States. This Purdue University study documents the trend in grain entrapment incidents.

• OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.272, Grain Handling Facilities. This OSHA standard covers grain handling facilities and includes requirements for controlling the many hazards associated with grain handling operations, including engulfment hazards, grain dust fires and explosions, and certain other safety hazards.

• National Council of Farmer Cooperatives. This website lists member regional and national farmer cooperatives that may be able to provide assistance. www.ncfc.org

1-800-321-OSHA (6742) • www.osha.gov 4

Page 1 illustration: John A. Kramer, Safety Measures in Handling Stored Grain, Kansas State University, February 1989.

is heat stroke. Heat stroke results when the body is entirely drained of salt and water. The absence of salt and water causes sweating to stop, and the individual will develop dry, hot skin and a very high body temperature. According to Farm Safety Association, Inc., victims may also display a rapid pulse, headache, dizziness, confusion, convulsions or irrational behavior. Someone experiencing heat stroke should move to a cool place, remove all heavy clothing and be cooled by any means available. Their head and shoulders should also be elevated. According to experts at Ohio State

University, heat stroke victims should immediately see a doctor.

Heat related illnesses exude similar symptoms, and are treated in similar ways. However, the best form of treatment is to prevent the illnesses from occurring. Review the information found on the previous page, for tips that both employers and employees can use to help reduce the likelihood of heat-related injuries and illnesses. For more information on heat related illnesses, visit the National Agriculture Safety Database.

The state’s fertile lands, flat terrain and favorable weather conditions make it possible to be

among one of the United States’ top grain producing states. According to the Indiana State Department of Agriculture, Indiana ranks fifth in the U.S. in the production of corn for grain.

Grain and silage harvesting, transportation, and storage involve machinery, bins, and silos and a wide variety of work conditions that also result in many other hazards. Grain producing and harvesting hazards have led to worker deaths as a result of suffocation, crushed by, electrocution and falls.

In late July 2010, two Illinois teen workers (ages 14 and 19) were killed and a third worker was critically injured while clearing a grain bin. The two teens suffocated after being engulfed in the grain bin. Employers must develop and employees must adhere to safe work procedures when working in or near grain silos. For information on precautions for safe entry of grain bins, please see the informational tips on this page.

Effective September 1, 2010, the Indiana Department of Labor’s Indiana Occupational Safety and Health Administration (IOSHA) will begin an enforcement program, issued by federal OSHA’s Regional Office in Chicago, to inspect grain handling facilities. Letters were mailed to more than 100 grain handling and storage companies located in Indiana advising them of the enforcement program.

IOSHA’s grain handling

IOSHA Adopts Enforcement Program to Inspect Grain Handling Facilities

Grain Bin Safety Precautions*1.) Apply control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout) procedures before any entry into grain bins.

2.) Prohibit walking-down grain or similar practices used by employees to make grain flow.

3.) Provide all employees a body harness with a lifeline, or a boatswains chair, and ensure it is secured prior to any bin entry.

4.) Provide an observer outside the bin, equipped to provide assistance if necessary. The observer’s only task should be to continuously track the employee that entered the bin.

5.) Prohibit entry into bins or silos underneath a bridging condition, or where there is a build-up of grain products on side walls that could fall and bury the employee.

6.) Test the air within a bin or silo, prior to any entry, for the presence of combustible and toxic gases, and to determine if there is sufficient oxygen.

*This is not an all-inclusive list of safety precautions and procedures. For more information on OSHA’s Grain Handling standard, please visit www.osha.gov.

enforcement program will remain in effect through September 2012. To view the enforcement program, please click here. The OSHA standard for grain handling facilities may be found online by clicking here. In addition to the standard for grain handling and storage facilities, OSHA has also developed a guidance page to assist employers. The guidance page may be found online at www.osha.gov/SLTC/grainhandling/evaluation.html.

5

http://nasdonline.org/

http://www.in.gov/dol/files/LEP_Grain_Handling.pdf

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=9874

4

There are many indica-tors that spring is near. These include bloom-ing flowers, warm weather and farmers in

the fields. At the Indiana Department of Labor (IDOL), a sign of spring is the increase in the number of reported occupational fatalities in the agriculture industry. An in depth look at fatalities in the agriculture industry in Indiana between 2003 and 2008 shows that the number of farm-ers killed between April and October is nearly triple the number of agriculture fatalities in the winter months (November through March).

More than 60% of farmers are killed by the large machinery used to cultivate crops in the field. Most often, they are crushed or asphyx-iated when trapped underneath tractors or other large agriculture related vehicles (such as combines and mowers). These types of fatali-ties can be reduced by employing Rollover Protection Structures (ROPS) equipment, or simple acts such as turn-ing off machinery when leaving it unattended and properly supporting equipment when work-ing underneath it. OSHA standards require ROPS on corporate farm equipment, but family farms are exempt from following this safety regula-tion. While exempt from ROPS requirements, family farms may wish to utilize ROPS equipment to enhance the safety of their operations.

Safe work practices can reduce the chance of a rollover, but not completely eliminate it. ROPS are most effective when used in conjunction with a seatbelt, which keeps the operator inside the protective zone during an overturn. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has estimated that fatality rates due to tractor

overturns could be reduced by at least 71% if all tractors in the United States were equipped with ROPS.

However, not all agriculture fatalities occur in the field. A number of fatalities also occur as a result of work with silos. Silo-related fatalities can occur when farmers and other farm employees fall from silos or fall into the grain and are asphyxiated.

Falls, even ones that seem fairly short in distance, 12 to 20 feet, can kill a person. Falls can occur as workers move from the vertical exterior ladders on grain bins to the bin roof or through a bin entrance. Handrails extending 31/2 feet above the end of ladders will help workers get onto and off the ladders. Each handrail should be able to support the weight of one worker. To prevent falls while accessing the center roof openings on grain bins, consider installing guardrails

along the roof ladder and around the center roof cover. Ideally, guardrails should have top, middle and toeboards, with the top board 31/2 feet high. Equipment is also avail-able to prevent serious injuries in case a fall does occur. Most of this equipment uses a body harness and a lanyard, which is a short rope or strap, to limit the dis-tance a worker can fall.

Suffocation in grain bins usually occurs when a person is buried while the grain is being emptied. A suffocation hazard can be elimi-nated by never entering

a silage- or grain-storage structure when it is being loaded or unloaded. A suffocation hazard also exists from gases given off from spoiling grain. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emit-ted from grain is heavier than air and will collect above the grain surface. CO2 cannot be smelled, seen or tasted. If enough gas has collected to decrease oxygen concentration from the normal 21% to less than 19.5%, workers will think less clearly, become drowsy, lose consciousness and pos-sibly die.

A number of farmers have also been killed by augers in and outside of grain silos. Augers move grain with ease, but

SAFETY ALERT: Indiana Agriculture Fatalities

2 1 1

107 7

11 1012

95

22 4 5

1 68

65 1 7

2

2

0

5

10

15

20

Janu

ary

Febr

uary

March April

May

June July

Augu

st

Septe

mber

Octob

er

Nove

mber

Dece

mber

Indiana Farm Fatalities by Month2003-2008

Tractor and Agriculture Machinery-related Other Sources of Fatality

Indiana Farm Fatalities by Month (2003-2008): Number of agriculture industry fatalities by month for six year period (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries).

It Happened Here:Madison CountyN

5

Background: Between 2003 and 2008, nationally there were 103 fatalities in the agriculture industry from workers being asphyxiated by grain or another cash crop.Event: On the morning of August 9, 2009, in Madison County, Indiana, a 50 year old agriculture employee was load-ing soybeans from a grain bin into a truck, using a conveyor and auger system, when the flow of the soybeans unexpectedly stopped. The employee and his supervisor entered the grain bin at approximately 243 feet above ground level. The bin contained approximately 15,000 bushels of soybeans. He and his supervi-sor were attempting to clear the obstructions to the flow of soy-beans. The supervisor left the victim unattended in the bin, with no fall protection. After an hour, his co-workers became concerned when they were unable to locate the victim, and they contacted local law enforcement. The victim had become engulfed in the soybeans, and died of asphyxiation.Lessons Learned: To reduce the likelihood and prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future, employers and employees should take the following steps:4 Employers should work to foster a culture of workplace safety and health, and hold themselves accountable for their employees understanding and following all written safety and health policies, rules, procedures and regulations. 4 Whenever possible, do not enter a grain bin.

4If you or another employee must enter a grain bin, have an established form of nonverbal communication for emergency situations, as it can often be difficult to hear over equipment noise.4 Develop and utilize a lockout/tagout system for conveyors and augers before entering a bin.4 Require and supply personal protective equipment (PPE),

such as a body harness with a lifeline secured to the outside of the bin.4 Have one or multiple people, also equiped with PPE, observing the employee during bin entry, in the case that rescue is required.4 Employees should be trained on the dangers of stored materials, and the potential for engulfment and suffocation associated with stored grain and other loose materials; such training should include information on safe work practices and rescue.4 Safety signs should be posted to warn workers of the hazards

of working with stored grains and other loose materials. While safety signs alone are not sufficient to provide the information needed to prevent fatalities, they can be a valuable component to a comprehensive safety program.4 Employers should provide employees with the appropriate level of supervision.4 Employers should investigate all near-miss incidents to determine causality, as well as perform a root cause analysis (RCA).4 Employers should work with employees to complete and revise job hazard analyses (JHAs) as often as necessary.

they can damage and amputate body parts that inadvertently get caught. Arms, hands, legs and feet must be kept free of augers. Workers should not attempt to redirect the flow of grain into the auger or elevator with their hands or feet. Silo-related fatalities account for about 6% of agriculture fatalities.

Another source of fatal injuries is animals on farms. About 5% of farm-related fatalities result from farmers being kicked, trampled or attacked by animals. Because of the unpredictable nature of farm animals, they may occa-sionally attack workers even if unprovoked. Regardless of the situation or apparent temperament, caution should be adequately exercised when working with or near farm animals.

While the causes of occupational fatalities in the agricul-ture industry vary, the numbers are very clear—spring and summer months are the riskiest months for agriculture employees. In order to ensure the safety of those work-ing on farms, those in charge of farm operations should take a proactive approach to safety and health on the farm. Auditing the facilities and machinery and ensuring that workers are aware of the risks associated with their jobs, and the appropriate safety precautions, are important in order to reduce fatalities.

Additional information from OSHA about agriculture safety is available online at www.osha.gov, by clicking on the letter “A” on the “A to Z” Index located at the top of the page.

Above Photo: Grain silo where the August 9, 2009, Madison County, Indiana fatality occurred. (Photo taken from IOSHA inspection file)

What is a "combat ready" engine company? We all talk about being “combat ready”. Weather you use that particular term or not, if you’re reading this you’re probably interested in being your best, A+ performances all the time, etc…

So for those of us in an engine company – WHAT IS COMBAT READY?

This is quite an extensive topic, so here are a few of my first thoughts. I’m sure this will lead to a few more posts expanding on these thoughts, and hopefully some comments from everyone else on what they think a “combat ready” crew should focus on.

First – EVERY ALARM IS THE “FIRE OF YOUR CAREER” UNTIL YOU PROVE OTHERWISE, ACT ACCORDINGLY. There are babies trapped, everyone’s counting on you, you’re actions will make or break this fire. If you take every action with these thoughts in mind, it doesn’t matter if they’re true or not – you’ll be performing at your best.

A quality engine is nothing without a quality crew. It seems like an obvious statement, but the rig doesn’t put out the fire – you do. So what are the essential skills for an engine crew?

Come off dressed, with firefighting gloves on. I see guys getting off with no gloves, leather gloves, or rescue gloves. What are you going to do with that? Any fire worth anything is going to burn the hell out of you if you’re not wearing the correct gloves. Oh, you’ll put them on when it’s time? As stupid as it sounds – putting a pair of gloves on can take up to 30 seconds. Try telling the father in the front yard who’s screaming about his trapped kids to “hang on a sec”… You had that whole response time to get dressed, NOW is not the time for it.

In my opninon, when you come off the rig it is TIME TO WORK. Your hands will be pulling line, maybe forcing a door, whatever. If you rip you fingernail off, cut your wrist, or break your finger because you didn’t have gloves on, YOU ARE OUT OF THE GAME.

http://blog.traditionstraining.com/2008/12/what-is-a-combat-ready-engine-company/

Nobody wants to wait for you. Be ready!

Oh you can’t work well in your gloves? Poor dexterity? SUCK IT UP. Practice. Get different gloves. Soak your gloves and let them dry on your hands. Whatever you need to do – it is not impossible to mask up, tie nots, or do anything else wearing firefighting gloves. If you can’t, its because you haven’t tried/practiced hard enough.

Mask up at the fire entrance quickly. I am NOT a fan of coming off the rig with your face piece on. After my tirade about gloves, you may wonder why. When you’re stretching lines, you need to be able to see where you are going. At night, in poor weather, or when stretching over long distances the face mask reduces your vision – even more so if it starts fogging up. You may not know the obstacles you’ll encounter during your stretch until you encounter them, so you need to be able to see.

When we encounter smoke, it’s time to mask up. A “combat ready” crew should be able to do this in under 30 seconds.

The firefighter in that video is a probationer with about 5 months in the fire service, no prior experience, no other training than the academy. After about 10 minutes of mentoring, as you can see, he can go from dressed to masked-up in about 15 seconds. Trust me, if HE can do it – so can YOU… PRACTICE.

Setup the rig for your first due. Your engine should be setup to reflect your typical manpower and the buildings & challenges in your first due area. Many departments operate with the same setup they had 50 years ago, “just because”, or emulate the setups of other fire departments. Borrowing ideas from other places is great – IF THAT IDEA FITS YOUR FIRST-DUE. But if you’re running a pumper/tanker setup in an area with McMansions, what a FDNY engine in the Bronx has on it is probably irrelevant to you.

Attack lines should be quick/easy to pull and VERSATILE. Attack lines should ideally be at shoulder height on the rig. I shouldn’t have to climb a ladder to pull a crosslay. We should know how to use the limited lines we have to accomplish multiple evolutions such as extending lines, covering long distances, well stretches, window stretches, etc…

Establish a water supply every time. If you’re responding to a reported structural fire, PUT HOSE BETWEEN YOUR WATER SUPPLY & YOUR RIG EVERYTIME. ”Nothing showing” means nothing. That big 8-alarm fire we had in DC last march started out as “nothing showing”. You & me both have seen plenty of places BURN DOWN due to water supply issues. If you run out of water, GAME OVER. If you got dispatched to a reported fire and didn’t take steps to establish a continuous water supply, sad to say, IT’S YOUR FAULT.

If it’s an interior attack, it’s an AGRESSIVE interior attack. There are two options in interior firefighting: winning & losing. There is no such thing as “holding it”. When you open the line, work the ceiling, work the walls, sweep the floor, and MOVE IN – repeat. If you’re not moving, you’re losing.

Back-up firefighters make or break the operation. The nozzleman is the glory-guy, but he’s basically got the easiest job. If the back-up FF’s don’t feed the line and move it around obstacles, the nozzleman get’s nowhere and the company fails as a whole.

The nozzle FF only has fun because the backup FF GETS HIM TO THE FIRE.

These are just a VERY FEW of my first thoughts regarding a combat ready engine company. What are yours?

Robert E. Muszynski

01/2006

September 2013

NFPA – 1001

5.3.3

#2

OBJECTIVES

(NFPA)

When emergency operations are being conducted on or near Railroad

Tracks, the Trains must be stopped to ensure the safety of personnel

operating on and near the tracks. Also, if hose is going to be stretched

over the tracks, the trains must be stopped. The first step in stopping

trains is to have Dispatch call the appropriate Railroad and notify

them where the incident is located, using railroad mile posts, cross

streets, and town. Also, how long we expect to have the tracks shut

down. To be sure that the trains STOP, placing lit fuses in the center

of each track bed indicates to the Engineer of the train that there is an

emergency ahead and they must STOP. Having the Police perform

this function would be best, as they should set up the fuses at least

ONE MILE, preferably more, away from the incident in each

direction (send one each way). Whoever places the fuses should stay

at that site and radio back to Dispatch or the IC when the trains have

stopped or if they did not stop. Stand away from the tracks, so as not

to get hit by the train.

Place 4 Fuses in a “Chain”

shape, so that one Fuse lights

the next as they burn down.

This setup will give you 2

hours of burn time using 30

minute Fuses, or 1 hour of

burn time using 15 minute

fuses. By adding more fuses to

the chain it can burn as long as

you want.

Place a set of Fuses

in the center of

each track.

Another method to stop a train is to stand a

safe distance to the side of the track (15’)

facing the oncoming train and wave a lit fuse

at arms length across your body (legs),

pointing the fuse towards the ground.

http://www.fire.org.uk/advice/rail.htm & http://www.oli.org/

Place ballast

(rocks) around

fuses to keep

them from

rolling.

Remove

striking caps.

Discuss the

hazards and safe

operations on

and near

Railroad Tracks.

http://www.fire.org.uk/advice/rail.htm

http://www.oli.org/

The DPFRegenerationQuick Reference Card

Perform a stationary manual regeneration as soon as possible. If regeneration is unsuccessful, the truck should be taken to an authorized Cat® dealer.NOTE: Automatic transient regenerations are no longer allowed. Continued running of the engine, without a successful forced regeneration, may cause permanent damage to emissions control system. In emergency vehicles, as long as engine and CRS monitoring modes are programmed to warning only, there will be no shutdown of the system, regardless of in cab warnings.

Flashing

A stationary manual regeneration should be performed as soon as safely possible.

Off

Flashing

Solid or Solid to flashing

FlashingIf the following driving conditions will not be met:1. vehicle speed of greater than 5 mph or pumping in PTO mode and2. engine load less than 80% and3. no engine braking


OffOff

Switch DPF inhibit switch to the “automatic / not inhibited”position when safe to do so.OffOff

Driver Action

*Note: 2007-2009 On-Highway Truck Engines are for North American use only. For a complete description of DPF regeneration please review “The DPF Regeneration Lamps, Switches and Driver Tips” brochure LEDT 7022. For questions contact the Caterpillar Truck Engine call center 1 (800) 447- 4986

HEST Lamp

CheckEngine

Stop EngineDPF

Lamp

Informational lamp indicating exhaust system is hot and vehicle speed is less than 5 mph.

1. Set engine speed to 1400 RPM using engine RPM controller.

2. Depress DPF Regen switch for 10 seconds.

3. Unless necessary, the operator should not push the throttle, clutch or service brake during the manual regeneration, as this will inhibit the process.

Once the DPF reaches approximately 840° F (450° C), the High Exhaust System Temperature (HEST) Lamp illuminates. Once the DPF cools to below 840° F (450° C), the HEST Lamp will also turn off

For a manual regeneration, all of the following conditions must be met.

1. Coolant temperature must be > 140.2. Exhaust temperature must be > 2123. Transmission in neutral, parking brake set, and wheels

chocked.4. The Inhibit (Disable) Switch in the Not Inhibited (Not

Disabled) position.

Manual Regeneration

Do not use unless in

area where flammables

exist.

Engine RPM Controller

DPF Regen Switch

Inhibit Switch

GLOBAL MANPOWER DEVELOPMENT

Active Regeneration – No Driver Interaction

While Driving PTO Mode if programmed Manual Regeneration – Driver or Service Tech Interaction

Push buttonService TestAsh Service

Types of Regeneration (Basic Terminology)


Preventing Regens from Starting•Above 80% Load – system will not try to ignite above 80% load (lower soot levels)•Above 1800 RPM – system will not try to ignite above 1800 RPM•Engine brake activity – system will not try to ignite if engine brakes are active (mustbe actuating) with vehicle speed.*Once the regen is active and no longer in the ignition phase, these conditions will not effect the regen.

Causing an active Regen to shutdown•“0” Road speed – if road speed is zero for 3 minutes or more•Engine brake – continuous brake activity for 60 seconds with vehicle speed.•System fault – any system failure

Operational and Application Issues

Common Questions:

•What should my engine idle speed be at when on scene? – For most scenarios the idle speed does not require elevation unless high idle is necessary for equipment operation. i.e. generator, water pump. For periods of long idle times (1 hour or more) elevated idle will help the regeneration system complete passive regenerations.


HEST = High Exhaust System Temperature

HEST Lamp

If the HEST lamp is on it means the engine is or was performing a regeneration. Nothing is wrong. No action is necessary. The engine can be shut down.

Common Questions:•Should I ramp the engine to high idle? – No

•Should I perform a manual regeneration? – No

•Can the engine be shut down? - Yes


Heat cycle timer – 1 hour after regeneration Present during a nozzle heat cycle

(cleaning of the system after a regeneration)

Heat Cycle Indicator Light (If Equipped)

Light indicating active heater cycle

* Special Note: If heat cycle light is illuminated when engine is shut down, do not turn off main battery disconnect switch for 5 minutes. The sequence on shutdown is the most significant concern. Ignition first, then main disconnect.

Common Questions:•Should I ramp the engine to high idle? – No

•Should I perform a manual regeneration? – No

•Can the engine be shut down? - Yes


Soot Load & DPF Light

DPF Light

DPF Light With CEL

Perform a stationary manual regeneration as soon as possible. If regeneration is unsuccessful, the truck should be taken to an authorized Cat® dealer.NOTE: Automatic transient regenerations are no longer allowed. Continued running of the engine, without a successful forced regeneration, may cause permanent damage to emissions control system. In emergency vehicles, as long as engine and CRS monitoring modes are programmed to warning only, there will be no shutdown of the system, regardless of in cab warnings.

Flashing

A stationary manual regeneration should be performed as soon as safely possible. Off

Flashing

Solid or Solid to flashing

Flashing

If the following driving conditions will not be met:1. vehicle speed of greater than 5 mph or pumping in PTO mode and2. engine load less than 80% and3. no engine braking


OffOff

Switch DPF inhibit switch to the “automatic / not inhibited” position when safe to do so.OffOff

Driver Action

CheckEngine

Stop EngineDPF

Lamp


Set engine speed to 1400 RPM using engine RPM controller.

Depress DPF Regen switch for 10 seconds. Unless necessary, the operator should not push the

throttle, clutch or service brake during the manual regeneration, as this will inhibit the process (To inhibit the process in order to go on a call, idle engine down and depress brake, then drive vehicle as normal).

For a manual regeneration, all of the following conditions must be met.

1. Coolant temperature must be > 140.2. Exhaust temperature must be > 2123. Transmission in neutral, parking brake set, and wheels chocked.4. The Inhibit (Disable) Switch in the Not Inhibited (Not Disabled)

position.

Performing a Manual Regeneration

Regeneration Request Switch

Do not use unless in

area where flammables

exist.

Inhibit Switch


Common questions:Do I have to let the manual regeneration complete? – No. If there is reason to stop the regeneration (emergency call) then stop the regeneration by simply returning the engine to low idle and drive away.How long should the manual regeneration take to initiate? – The operator should notice the HEST lamp within seven minutes of initiating the regeneration.Should I try to apply load when performing a manual regeneration? – No this is not necessary as long as regeneration is performed at 1400 RPM.Can I leave my engine brake switch on all the time – Yes.

Performing a Manual Regeneration

August 19, 2013

Greetings Providers, Medical Directors, and Personnel,

It has been brought to the attention of the EMS Commission and IDHS that there is confusion in

the EMS response community regarding the accepted skills that are permitted at each level of service.

While many rules and skills have changed over the years as far as who is able to perform them, this is

the latest and most recent list of skills that each level of personnel is able to perform.

EMR

Oral airway

BVM

Sellick’s Maneuver

Head-tilt chin lift

Jaw thrust

Modified chin lift

Obstruction–manual

Oxygen therapy

Nasal cannula

Non-rebreather face mask

Upper airway suctioning

Manual BP

Unit dose auto-injectors for self or peer care

(MARK I)

Manual cervical stabilization

Manual extremity stabilization

Eye irrigation

Direct pressure

Hemorrhage control

Emergency moves for endangered

patients

CPR

AED

Assisted normal delivery

Cervical Collars

Long Spine Board

Pulse Ox/Carbon Monoxide

monitoring

EMT-all EMR skills plus: Humidifiers

Partial rebreathers

Venturi mask

Manually Triggered Ventilator (MTV)

Automatic Transport Ventilator

(ATV)

Oral and Nasal airways

Pulse oximetry

Manual and auto BP

Assisted Medications

Assisting a patient in administering his/her own prescribed medications, including auto-injection

Technician of Medicine Administration

-Buccal

-Oral

Administered Meds

PHYSICIAN-approved over-the-counter medications (oral glucose, ASA for chest pain of

suspected ischemic origin)

Trauma Care

Seated spinal immobilization

Extremity splinting

Traction splinting

Mechanical pt restraint

Tourniquet

MAST/PASG

Rapid extrication

Cardiac Care

Mechanical CPR

Assisted complicated delivery

Esophageal, Tracheal, Multi-Lumen, and Supraglottic Airway

Basic-Advanced-all skills of the EMR and EMT plus: EKG application and interpretation of Sinus Rhythms, PEA, V-Fib, V-Tach, and Asystole

Manual Defibrillation Peripheral IV insertion

IV fluid infusion Obtain a blood sample

AEMT-all EMR, Basic Advanced, and EMT skills plus:

Blood glucose monitor

IV fluid infusion

IO (Adult and Pediatric)


Aerosolized

Subcutaneous

Intramuscular

Nebulized

Sublingual

Intranasal

IV push of D50 and narcotic antagonist only

Administered Meds

SL Nitroglycerine for chest pain of

suspected ischemic origin

SQ or IM epinephrine for anaphylaxis

glucagon and IV D50 for hypoglycemia

Inhaled beta agonist for dyspnea and

wheezing

Narcotic antagonist

Nitrous oxide for pain relief

Adult IO

12-lead Application and Transmission

ONLY

Intermediate-ALL EMR, EMT, Basic Advanced, Advanced skills plus: Endotrachael Intubation

IV and Nebulized Meds (23)

Expanded 3-lead interpretation

External Cardiac Pacing

Needle Decompression

Cardioversion

Paramedic-All EMR, EMT, Basic Advanced, AEMT, and Intermediate skills plus: BiPAP/CPAP

Needle chest decompression

Chest tube monitoring

Percutaneous cricothyrotomy2

ETCO2/Capnography

NG/OG tube

Nasal and oral Endotracheal intubation

Airway obstruction removal by direct

laryngoscopy

PEEP

EKG interpretation (All Rhythms)

Interpretive 12 Lead

Blood chemistry analysis


Endotracheal

IV (push and infusion)

NG

Rectal

IO

Topical

Accessing implanted central IV port

Administered Meds

Physician-approved medications

Maintenance of blood administration

Thrombolytics initiation

Trauma Care

Morgan lens

Cardiac Care

Cardioversion

Carotid massage

Manual defibrillation

TC pacing

No personnel are allowed to perform skills above their level without explicit and written permission

from the EMS Commission. Medical Directors cannot authorize personnel to do skills above their skill

level without first obtaining permission from the EMS Commission. (This does not pertain to the

Paramedic provider. Paramedic providers may exceed the NES for Paramedicine only with

permission from the medical director and the training program being filed with the state IDHS

office.) All requests for a person to perform skills above their scope of practice must come from the

individual and not from a provider.

If you have any questions regarding these guidelines, please contact our offices for further

assistance. More information and a side-by-side comparison chart can be found at the State EMS

website http://www.in.gov/dhs/3525.htm.

Thank you,

EMS Commission

Indiana Department of Homeland Security

302 W Washington Street, E-239

Indianapolis, IN 46204

1(800) 666-7784

http://www.in.gov/dhs/3525.htm

of 1

Operating above the fire is one of the most dangerous positions in which a firefighter can work.

These areas include:

Operating on the floor over a basement, cellar, or crawl space fire

Operating above the fire floor

Operating on the roof above the fire

Frequently operations above the fire, at least initially, are conducted without the protection of a handline. This usually places the

firefighters in a precarious position. Many times the operations are conducted without incident, but it is not uncommon for

firefighters to become endangered by the products of combustion or structural failure. These problems include, but are not limited

to:

Flashover

Backdraft

Fire Extension

High Heat Conditions

Heavy Smoke Conditions

Limited access and / or egress

Partial or Total Structural Collapse

Remember the six FDNY firefighters had to jump from a 4th story window when they were overrun by a fire that had extended

from the fire floor below, after the attack crew lost water on the 3rd floor. Two of these firefighters died and the other four

suffered serious injuries. Firefighters are often conducting search, rescue, ventilation, or checking for extension operations in

areas above the fire. These are important functions that need to be performed, but firefighters must constantly monitor the

conditions around them and listen to radio traffic from other units that may be reporting situations or problems that could directly

affect those operating above the fire. Any problems that could adversely affect the firefighters operating above the fire should be

cause for them to retreat from their positions as quickly as possible.

Firefighters operating above the fire should do a thorough size-up prior to committing to these areas. Proper tools and equipment

should be taken to the area were operations are going to be conducted. Placement of ladders, two should be minimum, removal of

obstructions on means of egress, and a charged hoseline should be in place prior to operations being conducted over the fire.

A Thermal Imaging Camera (TIC) would be a good tool for firefighters to have when they are operating above the fire. However,

this is not always possible and firefighters must be familiar with the operations and limitation of the TIC. Not knowing how to

properly use the TIC could get firefighters in more trouble than if they did not have one.

Firefighters should determine alternate means of egress immediately upon arriving at the work area above the fire and at least one

person should be assigned to monitor conditions while operations are being conducted. Emergency escape ropes should be part of

the equipment taken above the fire. Personnel should be familiar with and have practiced emergency escape techniques regularly

so they can perform them in an emergency without hesitation. Attempt to determine the layout of the floor(s) above the fire by

checking the layout on floors below prior to going above the fire. This technique generally works well in residential occupancies,

but may not be as beneficial in commercial occupancies, although the general location of stairwells, elevators shafts, and other

major building features should be the same.

September 2013

FF-I

2-7.1

2-7.2

FF-II

3-2.8

#05

OBJECTIVES

(NFPA)

ALWAYS OPERATE UNDER THE PROTECTION OF A HOSE LINE!

Step 1: Go to www.poly.edu/fire.

Step 2: Select your department from the drop down list located in the bottom right corner and click “GO.”

Step 3: Read the instructions on the department’s ALIVE training portal carefully.

Step 4: Notice the links for two ALIVE training modules

a) Fires in Modern Residential Lightweight Construction

b) Wind-Driven High-Rise Fires

Step 5: You can either download and install ALIVE modules on your machine, or access the ALIVE training

using any web-browser (Google Chrome is recommended).

Please note that use of LAN (wired internet) is always preferred for web-based applications. If you have low

internet speed or a slow machine, you may face difficulty in buffering and watching the videos. We request that

you download and install the ALIVE application. Installing the application on your local machine will allow

you to run the application without any difficulty. If you encounter any technical difficulties, please

email: [email protected].

Step 6: You will be asked to provide certain information (rank, assignment, years of service) that will be used

for research purposes. Use your badge ID / employee ID / payroll Number or any other appropriate attribute as

the "Unique Identifier" to login.

If you have not provided the list of unique identifiers (badge ID / employee ID / payroll Number or any other

appropriate attribute) or if there are any changes, please email the spreadsheet with the unique identifiers of all

users within your department. This will make the database queries faster and more accurate.

For testing, use following credentials:

Unique ID: PP

Rank: Firefighter

Assignment: Engine

Department: Your Department

http://www.poly.edu/fire

mailto:[email protected]

weekly skill drill summary videos found at · pdf fileweekly skill drill summary –...

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