Martin Luther

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Emphasized by Luther in the 95 Theses:

• The Pope is a false authority. The bible was the one true authority.

• All people with faith in Christ were equal. People did not need priest and bishops to interpret the bible for them. They could read it themselves and make up their own minds.

• People could only win salvation by faith in God's forgiveness. The Church taught that faith, along with good works was needed for salvation.

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ICONOCLASM

• opposition to the religious use of images

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17th Century

• Baroque Art: energy, theatrical emotion, rich primary colors, dynamic composition and the strong presence of light

•The Baroque Period lasted from about 1600 to 1750- the period of the Counter Reformation in the Catholic countries of Europe. It is also called the “Age of Colonization,” or “Age of Kings,”

• Rococo: pastel colors, lighthearted, secular subjects, art for the aristocracy

• Neoclassical: Italian Renaissance, classical compositions and motifs

Chapter Seventeen

The 17th and 18th Centuries

Renaissance vs. Baroque

• Classical simplicity• Reason• Order• Difficult iconography• Sfumato softness of light• Organization around

central axis• Restraint

• Emotion, Drama, Movement

• Passionate theatricality• Ornamentation• Direct iconography • High contrast – theatrical

lighting• Balance• Painterly

Baroque

• Insistent/forceful movement and transformation – curvy, swirling, diagonally based compositions

• Secularization of subjects

• Art techniques taught formally

• Rise of Opera– Theatricality of Art

Restored view (a), plan (b), and section (c) of Old Saint Peter’s, Rome, Italy, begun ca. 320. (The restoration of the forecourt is conjectural.)

They added a transept, an elongated rectangle, to the apse as a focal point. This constructed the cross plan

CARLO MADERNO, plan of Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, with adjoining piazza designed by GIANLORENZO BERNINI.

CARLO MADERNO, facade of Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1606–1612.

Aerial view of Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy

St. Peter’s Basilica

• How is this different than Old St. Peter’s?• For work on St Peter's, Pope Nicholas V bought

2,522 cartloads of stone from the badly damaged Roman Colosseum. Quarrying of stone for the Colosseum had, in turn, been paid for with treasure looted at the Fall of Jerusalem and destruction of the temple by the emperor Vespasian's general (and the future emperor) Titus in 70 AD.

GIANLORENZO BERNINI, baldacchino, Saint Peter’s, Vatican City, Rome, Italy,

1624–1633. Gilded bronze, approx. 100’ high.

100 feet high bronze altar piece

Symbols of the patrons (sun and bees)

Bronze taken from Roman Pantheon – pagan works transformed into Christian works

GIANLORENZO BERNINI, Scala Regia, Vatican City, Rome, Italy, 1663–1666.

GIANLORENZO BERNINI, David, 1623. Marble, approx. 5’ 7” high. Galleria Borghese, Rome.

Action and energy – much different than the potential action of Michelangelo’s David

Donatello, 1408 Verrocchio, 1470 1501-1504

GIANLORENZO BERNINI, Ecstasy of Saint Teresa, Cornaro

Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy, 1645–1652. Marble, height of group 11’ 6”.

•Theatrical

•Naturally lit from hidden window above

•Sculpture, painting and architecture united

Bernini, Apollo and Daphne

Baroque Architecture

• long, narrow naves are replaced by broader, occasionally circular forms

• dramatic use of light, either strong light-and-shade contrasts, chiaroscuro effects

• opulent use of ornaments• large-scale ceiling frescoes

– Frequently used flying figures– Highly skilled perspective and foreshortening

• the interior is often no more than a shell for the blending and unification of architecture, sculpture, and painting

FRANCESCO BORROMINI, facade of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy, 1665–1676.

FRANCESCO BORROMINI, plan of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome, Italy, 1638–1641.

PIETRO DA CORTONA, Triumph of the Barberini, ceiling fresco in the Gran Salone, Palazzo Barberini, Rome, Italy, 1633–1639.

GIOVANNI BATTISTA GAULLI, Triumph of the Name of Jesus, ceiling fresco with stucco figures in the vault of the Church of Il Gesù, Rome, Italy, 1676–1679.

FRA ANDREA POZZO, Glorification of Saint Ignatius, ceiling fresco in the nave of Sant’Ignazio, Rome, Italy, 1691–1694.

Caravaggio• Recast biblical scenes or themes in new light• Used naturalism but instead did not idealize the

narratives – Uses lower classes/common people for models– Life-based rather than based on classical sculptures

• Strong use of light as if a spotlight were placed on the figures - tenebrism

Police Dossier - Caravaggio• 19 November 1600: Sued for beating a

man with a stick and tearing his cape with a sword at 3am on Via della Scrofa

• 2 October 1601: A man accuses Caravaggio and friends of insulting him and attacking him with a sword near the Piazza Campo Marzio

• 24 April 1604: Waiter complains of assault after serving artichokes at an inn on the Via Maddalena

• 19 October 1604: Arrested for throwing stones at policemen near Via dei Greci and Via del Babuino

• 28 May 1605: Arrested for carrying a sword and dagger without a permit on Via del Corso

• 29 July 1605: Vatican notary accuses Caravaggio of striking him from behind with a weapon

• 28 May 1606: Caravaggio kills a man during a battle in the Campo Marzio area

Differentiate between chiaroscuro and tenebrism.

Chiaroscuro: light and shadow used to show modeling

Tenebrism: violent contrasts of light used to heighten drama and emotion and add to theatrical effects.

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CARAVAGGIO, Conversion of Saint

Paul, ca. 1601. Oil on canvas, 7’ 6” x 5’ 9”. Cerasi Chapel, Santa

Maria del Popolo, Rome.

CARAVAGGIO, Entombment, from the chapel of Pietro Vittrice, Santa Maria in Vallicella, Rome, Italy, ca. 1603. Oil on canvas, 9’ 10 1/8” x 6’ 7 15/16”. Musei Vaticani, Pinacoteca, Rome.

•His figures are usually few in number, very close to the picture plane, on a stage setting like a theatre, and often illuminated by a single light source.

Invites the viewer into the experience

CARAVAGGIO, Calling of Saint Matthew, Contarelli Chapel, San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, Italy, ca. 1597–1601. Oil on canvas, 11’ 1” x 11’ 5”.

Influence of Michelangelo

ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI, Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, ca. 1638–1639.

Oil on canvas, 3’ 2 7/8” X 2’ 5 5/8”. Royal Collection,

Kensington Palace, London.

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ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI, Judith Slaying Holofernes, ca. 1614–1620. Oil on canvas, 6’ 6 1/3” x 5’ 4”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.

Trophime, Bigot (1579-1649)

S. Sebastiano curato da Irene

Contemporary painter Jonathan Wateridge

Scene from Lord of the Flies - 1963

David Lynch – “Mulholland Drive”

PETER PAUL RUBENS, Elevation of the Cross, Antwerp Cathedral, Antwerp, Belgium, 1610. Oil on panel, 15’ 1 7/8” x 11’ 1 1/2” (center panel), 15' 1 7/8" x 4' 11" (each wing).

PETER PAUL RUBENS, drawing of Laocoön, ca. 1600-1608. Black-and-white chalk drawing with bistre wash, approx. 1’ 7” x 1’ 7”. Ambrosiana, Milan.

PETER PAUL RUBENS, Arrival of Marie de’ Medici at Marseilles, 1622–1625. Oil on canvas, approx. 5’ 1” x 3’ 9 1/2”. Louvre, Paris.

PETER PAUL RUBENS, Consequences of War, 1638–1639. Oil on canvas, 6’ 9” x 11’ 3 7/8”. Palazzo Pitti, Florence..

DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), 1656. Oil on canvas, approx. 10’ 5” x 9’. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

When asked to explain what he has contributed to Art, Salvador Dali says, “"To art, nothing, absolutely nothing. Because as I've always said I'm a very bad painter. Because I'm too intelligent to be a good painter. To be a good painter you've got to be a bit stupid. With the exception of Velazquez who is a genius..."

Goya, Francisco, 1778“After Velazquez Las

Meninas”

Diego Velázquez“Las Meninas, or the Family of Philip IV”, 1656oil on canvas

PABLO PICASSO, “Las Meninas” (after Velazquez)Cannes, 17 August 1957

Oil on canvas

194 x 260 cm

Diego Velázquez“Las Meninas, or the Family of Philip IV”, 1656oil on canvas

Diego Velazquez, The Triumph of Baccus (The Drinkers), 1628

• Bacchus is associated with wine/drunkenness as well as artistic inspiration

• Two figures (left) involve the viewer in the scene

• Viewer is both involved and detached

DIEGO VELÁZQUEZ, King Philip IV of Spain (Fraga Philip), 1644. Oil on canvas, 4’ 3 1/8” x 3’ 3 1/8”. The Frick Collection, New York.

•Court painter

•Secular subjects

•More everyday subjects

VELASQUEZ / FRANCIS BACON

The Golden Age of Dutch Art

• The Dutch Republic was based on commerce and trade; merchant class held power, wealth

• Without a royal court or Catholic church commissions, artists turned to merchant class for work

• Portraiture rose in popularity as did works showing their possessions and land– Still lifes, landscapes, genre scenes and portraits

Art of the Dutch Republic

• Merchant patrons• Realism

– Genre Scenes, still life– Little religious art– Moralizing– Landscapes that showed work ethic– Bourgeoisie portraits showed status without being ostentatious

• ArtistsFrans Hals: Portraits 1581-1666Rembrandt Van Rijin 1606-1669Jan Vermeer: 1632-75 Interior genre scenes of the bourgeoisie

JUDITH LEYSTER, Self-Portrait, ca. 1630. Oil on canvas, 2’ 5 3/8” x 2’ 1 5/8”. National Gallery of Art, Washington

REMBRANDT VAN RIJN, Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, 1632. Oil on canvas, 5’ 3 3/4” x 7’ 1 1/4”. Mauritshuis, The Hague.

REMBRANDT VAN RIJN, The Company of Captain Frans Banning Cocq (Night Watch), 1642. Oil on canvas (cropped from original size), 11’ 11” x 14’ 4”. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam.

REMBRANDT VAN RIJN, Return of the Prodigal Son, ca. 1665. Oil on canvas, approx. 8’ 8” x 6’ 9”. Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersburg.

The number is still a matter of contention, but it seems he depicted himself in approximately forty to fifty paintings, about thirty-two etchings, and seven drawings. It is an output unique in history.

Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn, 'Rembrandt Laughing,' 1627-28

REMBRANDT VAN RIJN, Self-Portrait, ca. 1659–1660. Oil on canvas, approx. 3’ 8 3/4” x 3’ 1”. The Iveagh Bequest, Kenwood House, London.

Vermeer, Woman Holding a Balance

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JAN VERMEER, Allegory of the Art of Painting,

1670–1675. Oil on canvas, 4’ 4” x 3’ 8”. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Vermeer, A Woman Asleep at a Table

c. 1657; Oil on canvas, 87.6 x 76.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

JACOB VAN RUISDAEL, View of Haarlem from the Dunes at Overveen, ca. 1670. Oil on canvas, approx. 1’ 10” x 2’ 1”.

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RACHEL RUYSCH, Flower Still Life, after

1700. Oil on canvas, 2’ 5 3/4” x 1’ 11 7/8”. The Toledo

Museum of Art, Toledo

Eric Yahnker -Bummed Bouquet, 2009, graphite on paper, 52.5 x 65 in.

NICOLAS POUSSIN, Burial of Phocion, 1648. Oil on canvas, approx. 3’ 11” x 5’ 10”. Louvre,

Paris.

French Baroque classicism

•Harmonious/balanced

•Restrained classical feel

•Baroque lighting

•No motion or emotive gesture

•Simplified body volumes

•Organized picture plane

•Grand Theme-no genre scenes

NICOLAS POUSSIN, Et in Arcadia Ego, ca. 1655. Oil on canvas, approx. 2’ 10” x 4’. Louvre, Paris.

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LOUIS LE NAIN, Family of Country People, ca. 1640. Oil on canvas, 3’ 8” x 5’ 2”. Louvre, Paris.

18th Century

Rococo and Neo-Classical

Rococo• Dominant in France during the reign of

Louis XV (1715-74)

• Beautiful, elegant, sensuous and skillfully produced.

• Instead of the dark, rich colors of Baroque art - Rococo favors a pastel palette as well as airier and more graceful subject matter

• Extravagant, indulgent, playful, ornate, sophisticated, intricate

• Abandoned high seriousness in favor of eroticism, decoration and pleasure

HYACINTHE RIGAUD, Louis XIV, 1701. Oil on canvas, approx. 9’ 2” x 6’ 3”. Louvre, Paris.

Antoine Watteau (1648-1721), A Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717.

JEAN-HONORÉ FRAGONARD, The Swing, 1766. Oil on canvas, approx. 2’ 11” x 2’ 8”. The Wallace Collection, London.

•Bishop swings a woman whose lover hides below

•She kicks her shoe at the little statue of Discretion and toward the lover

•Exaggeratedly delicate femininity – tiny hands and feet and layers of petticoats

GERMAIN BOFFRAND, Salon de la Princesse, with painting by CHARLES-JOSEPH NATOIRE and sculpture by J. B. LEMOINE, Hôtel de Soubise, Paris, France, 1737–1740.

FRANÇOIS DE CUVILLIÉS, Hall of Mirrors, the Amalienburg, Nymphenburg Palace park, Munich, Germany, early 18th century.

Egid Quirin Asam, Assumption of the Virgin, 1717-25

Aerial view of palace at Versailles, France, begun 1669

JULES HARDOUIN-MANSART and CHARLES LE BRUN, Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), palace of Versailles, Versailles, France, ca. 1680.

Versailles is a combination of Italian Renaissance design and Baroque decoration.

French Revolution

• Monarchy is gone

• Feudal customs are gone

• Slavery is abolished

• France becomes democratic country

• Napoleon– Miliatary rule/dictatorship for next 15 years

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, The Coronation of Napoleon, 1805–1808. Oil on canvas, 20’ 4 1/2” x 32’ 1 3/4”. Louvre, Paris.

Characteristics Neo-Classical Style

• Neo-classical art rebelled against the extravagancies and decadence of the Rococo period.

– Reason above Passion

– Looked for universal rules, standards and goals in relation to which values and social practices ought to be judged

– Sought to shape morals/behaviors

Neo-Classical

• The style is often reasoned, serious, tight and inspired by Antiquity. – Re-introduction of classical forms of

art/aesthetics

• In France it represented and helped foster the French Revolution of 1789

• Strong horizontal and vertical structure to compositions

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, Oath of the Horatii, 1784. Oil on canvas, approx. 11’ x 14’. Louvre, Paris.

An episode of Roman history - three Horatii brothers swear a solemn oath to conquer the enemy or die

Arches in the background indicate three stages of story: oath; battle; grief

 David, Death of Socrates, 1787.

Jacques Louis David

• Leads Neoclassical movement as a reaction to the frivolous style of Rococo

• Represented the ideals of the French Revolution– Sought an art form that was dignified and

reflected their concerns/ideals• Virtues such as bravery, honor, and loyalty

JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, The Death of Marat, 1793. Oil on canvas, approx. 5’ 3” x 4’ 1”. Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels.

•Marat was a revolutionary stabbed to death in his bathtub. Also a personal friend of David.

• Pain and outrage of image apparent.

• Directness with detail. The knife and wound, holding the letter that gave entrance to the woman who killed him.

The Laundry Room (Death of Marat)«, 2009 by Richard Jackson.

Pauline Borghese as Venus -1808

Colonial America

• Neoclassicism• Inspired by the unearthing of the ruins at

Pompeii• 18th century – Industrial Revolution • Enlightment brings on rejection of royal &

aristocratic authority- stressing independent thought

• Classical Training at academies around Europe and the US

JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY, Portrait of Paul Revere, ca. 1768–1770. Oil on canvas, 2’ 11 1/8” x 2’ 4”. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

In America, Neo-classical art pictured the fathers of the American Revolution of 1776.

These artists looked back to the logical, ordered compositions, fine brushwork, and “window on the world” techniques of Classical art.

Benjamin West – The Death of General Wolfe - 1771