week two: oral intelligibility - udel.edu · • ita issue in us • stevick: intrinsic motivation...
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Week Two: Oral Intelligibility
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Phonology vs. Phonetics
• Phonology: how sounds pattern in language
• /biyt/ vs. /biyd/
• Phonetics: how sounds are produced
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Impact of early communicative
movement on teaching OI
• Communicative confidence vs. competence
• Demand by students to be more accurate
• Careers impacted
• ITA issue in US
• Stevick: intrinsic motivation toward
competence
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Advances in the Profession in
Teaching Pronunciation
• William Acton
• Joan Morley
• Judy Gilbert
• Technology
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Today’s Lesson
1. Overview of aspects of Oral
Intelligibility
2. Focus on Phonemic Level of OI
3. Look at activities that work in
addressing OI at segmental level
Next week: suprasegmentals
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Overview of the Teaching of
Pronunciation in ESL
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Aspects of Oral Intelligibility
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Aspects of Oral Intelligibility
• Phoneme production (44 est.), at syllable
level
• Lowest denominator of sound impacting
meaning, as in /bIt/ vs. /pIt/
• For example: /s/ /ₔ/ /ᶘ/
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Allophones of /t/
Artic. Descrip. Sound Environ. Example
Released, aspirated Syllable initial Top
Unreleased,preglot. Ends word, after v. Pot
Glottal stop Before syllabic /n/ Kitten
Flap VOWEL/t/ vowel Letter
Alveopalatal stop Syllable initial
before /r/
Train
Released, unaspir. None of above Stop
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Aspects of Oral Intelligibility
• Stress
• /bә gIn/
1. vowel in syllable lengthened
2. vowel is said louder
3. Intonation rises
4. Unstressed syllable becomes schwa
ex.: GOTHic /Gaθ әk/
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Aspects of Stress
1. stress changes vowel qualities:
dӡiy a grә fiy vs. dӡiy ә grǽf әK
2. Within a Word (/KaT әdӡ / = COTT age)
3. Focus word with a Sentence: “It’s the proof
not the solution that’s important.”
4. Focus sentence within a series: “You can come
late for class; you can turn your papers in late;
you can come late for lab; but don’t even think
about coming late for the exam.”
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Elements of O.I.
• Intonation
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Elements of O.I.: Intonation
• Intonation is the music, the pitch/melody
of language
1. In English, intonation changes meaning
at the sentence level.
Ex.: He wants you to speak now.
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Elements of O.I.: Intonation
2. Intonation lends interest/variety to
speech
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Elements of O.I.
• Rhythm
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Elements of O.I.: Rhythm
• English is stress-timed, not (like most
languages), syllable timed.
DOG BITES MAN
• Beats per sentence based on number of
primary stresses.
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The dog will bite the man.
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The dog will have bitten the man.
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The DOG will have BITten the
MAN.
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Aspects of Rhythm
• Schwa is critical to comprehension, helping listener tune out function elements to tune in important content.
• Oral “punctuation” in rhythm.
• Segmentation provides meaning clues
John said Susan is a jerk.
“John,” said Susan, “is a jerk.”
(5+3) * 2 = ___ 5+ (3*2) = ___
545-2632 vs. 5-45-26-32
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Elements of O.I.
• LINKING—how we maintain rhythm
• e.g., It’s a big surprise.
It’sa bigsurprise.
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Elements of O.I.: Linking
a. consonant to vowel: stopit, cashout, He’sa, laughabout
• b. clusters followed by vowel: handout, lastoffer, nextup
• c. cons. to cons.—stop ending at word not released: stoptrying, fatchance, keepspeaking, lapdog, bigzoo
• d. identical cons.: ripeplum, hurtTom, grabBill, ifFred
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More on Linking
• e. Assimilation: linking cons. to cons can change
articulation of first cons: n, m, ng
i. I can believe it [ay kǽm bә liyv әt]
/n/ to changed to /m/
ii. I saw him in Korea [ay sa әm Ing Kәr iy ә]
/n/ to /ng/
iii. I don’t believe it [ay domp bә liyv әt]
/nt/ to /mp/
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More on Linking
• Phonotactics
Why tongues twist:
Peggy Babcott
Irish wristwatch
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Elements of O.I.
1. REDUCTIONS
e.g., Waddy’ wann’ do t’mor’?
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Elements of O.I.: Reductions
• Why native speakers reduce (eliminate)
sounds in speech:
1. To avoid tripping over difficult sound
combinations.
2. To maintain stress-timed rhythm that’s
critical for comprehensibility.
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What’s reduced?
1. Function words in context
*vowel is reduced to a schwa
*initial and final consonants usually lost
or clipped:
can (kәn), will (әl), have (әv), to (tә), he (iy),
them (әm) and (n), of (v), if (әf)
did he=/dIdiy/, cup of coffee = /kpәkafiy/
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More on Reduction
• Word ending in consonant cluster followed
by word beginning with cons. will delete
last cons. in 1st word.
Examples: band shell to banshell
left field to leffield
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Type of Reduction: palatalization
• Final /d/ + initial /y/ becomes /dӡә/
Example: Did you /dIdӡә/
/t/ + /y/ to /tch/ (want you= wantʃә)
/s/ + /y/ to /sh/ (toss you= taʃә)
/z/ + /y/ to /ӡ/ (was you= waӡә)
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Palatalization
• Not yet: /natʃɛt/
• Where did you go: /werdIdӡuwgow/
• This year: /δIʃyir/
• Where’s Union Station?:
werӡyuwnyәn steyʃәn ?
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More on Reductions
(palatalization )
• Teach most common reduced forms—so
students can create stress-timed speech:
• Would you: /wʊdӡә/
• Could you: /kʊdӡә /
• Want to: /wanә /
• Going to: /gәnә /
• Don’t know /dәnә /
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Elements of O.I.
• PROJECTION
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Elements of O.I.: Projection
• Speech cannot be comprehensible if it isn’t
audible.
• Projection is linked to communicative
confidence.
• Confidence linked to lowered affective
stress necessary for clear articulation.
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Elements of O.I
• NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
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Elements of O.I.: Nonverbal
• Nonverbal communication includes:
1. Gestures
2. Eye contact
3. Proxemics
4. Posture
5. Facial expressions
6. Conformity (or not) to culture code
*Discrepancy Arousal Theory
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Elements of Oral Intelligibility
• Phonemes
• Stress
• Intonation
• Rhythm
• Projection
• Linking
• Reductions
• Nonverbal
Communication