week 7 – midi and sound. midi musical instrument digital interface stores instructions instead of...
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Week 7 – MIDI and SoundWeek 7 – MIDI and Sound
MIDIMIDI
Musical Instrument Digital InterfaceMusical Instrument Digital Interface
Stores instructions instead of waveformsStores instructions instead of waveforms– What What instrumentinstrument to use to use– What What notenote to play to play– What What volumevolume to play it at to play it at– When to start itWhen to start it– When to stop itWhen to stop it– Any special effectsAny special effects
MIDIMIDI
200 to 1000 times smaller than equivalent 200 to 1000 times smaller than equivalent digital audio filesdigital audio files
on Playback each note is on Playback each note is interpretedinterpreted and and synthesisedsynthesised
Often used as theme or background music Often used as theme or background music in titlesin titles
General MIDI General MIDI
Designed as a standard set of codes between Designed as a standard set of codes between various MIDI devicesvarious MIDI devices
Defines 128 “program numbers” which each Defines 128 “program numbers” which each describe a specific instrumentdescribe a specific instrument– e.g., 1 to 8 are pianos, 57 to 64 are brasse.g., 1 to 8 are pianos, 57 to 64 are brass
Specifies which instrument is on which of the Specifies which instrument is on which of the 16 MIDI 16 MIDI channelschannels, one per channel, one per channel
General MIDI device must play up to 24 notes General MIDI device must play up to 24 notes simultaneously (24-voice polyphony)simultaneously (24-voice polyphony)
MIDI – The MIDI – The Trade-offTrade-off
File size is very smallFile size is very small
No compression necessaryNo compression necessary
File size is not directly related to length of the music File size is not directly related to length of the music but to the complexity of the music, e.g., how many but to the complexity of the music, e.g., how many notesnotes
Playback quality is entirely dependent on the system Playback quality is entirely dependent on the system usedused– Poor sound card gives poor MIDI playbackPoor sound card gives poor MIDI playback
Cannot be used for speech or noisesCannot be used for speech or noises
Can be captured from real synthesisersCan be captured from real synthesisers
MIDI – File MIDI – File FormatsFormats
One main one - .MIDOne main one - .MID
Some older ones - .SNG (Voyetra’s Sequencer Some older ones - .SNG (Voyetra’s Sequencer Plus Pro - DOS), .ROL (Roland’s Adlib)Plus Pro - DOS), .ROL (Roland’s Adlib)– MIDI’s origins lie in the music industryMIDI’s origins lie in the music industry
May contain more than one representation of May contain more than one representation of the musicthe music– BaseBase-level MIDI-level MIDI– ExtendedExtended-level MIDI-level MIDI
May or may not be intended for WindowsMay or may not be intended for Windows
MIDI – File MIDI – File Formats 2Formats 2
A new one - .RMF (Rich Music Format)A new one - .RMF (Rich Music Format)– RMF files can encapsulate compressed MIDI RMF files can encapsulate compressed MIDI
data along with custom instrument samples data along with custom instrument samples and encrypted copyright informationand encrypted copyright information
– gives consistent playback fidelity across all of gives consistent playback fidelity across all of supported platforms, because the player uses supported platforms, because the player uses its own software synthesiser instead of using its own software synthesiser instead of using the synthesiser provided on the computer's the synthesiser provided on the computer's soundcardsoundcard
MIDI – Base MIDI – Base Level Level
Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel definitiondefinition– Base-level MIDI – Channels 13 to 16Base-level MIDI – Channels 13 to 16
Channels 13 to 15 are for melodic instrumentsChannels 13 to 15 are for melodic instruments
Channel 16 is for percussionChannel 16 is for percussion
A Base-level MIDI file may specify:A Base-level MIDI file may specify:– Six notes in total on the three melodic Six notes in total on the three melodic
instruments instruments andand– Three percussion “Three percussion “notesnotes” played ” played
simultaneously, i.e., 9-voice polyphonysimultaneously, i.e., 9-voice polyphony
MIDI – Extended MIDI – Extended Level Level
Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel Microsoft's handling of MIDI uses a 16 channel definitiondefinition– Extended-level MIDI – Channels 1to 10Extended-level MIDI – Channels 1to 10
Channels 1 to 9 are for melodic instrumentsChannels 1 to 9 are for melodic instruments
Channel 10 is for percussionChannel 10 is for percussion
An Extended-level MIDI file may specify :An Extended-level MIDI file may specify :– Sixteen notes in total on the nine melodic Sixteen notes in total on the nine melodic
instrumentsinstruments andand– Sixteen percussion “Sixteen percussion “notesnotes” simultaneously, i.e., 32-” simultaneously, i.e., 32-
voice polyphonyvoice polyphony
Windows’ MIDI Windows’ MIDI FilesFiles
Microsoft's guidelines specify device-Microsoft's guidelines specify device-independent MIDI filesindependent MIDI files
Two arrangements of each pieceTwo arrangements of each piece
MIDI devices are assigned to channels by MIDI devices are assigned to channels by the Midi Mapperthe Midi Mapper– Base-level device will turn off channels 1 to Base-level device will turn off channels 1 to
1010– Extended-level device will turn off channels Extended-level device will turn off channels
13 to 1613 to 16
Windows’ MIDI Windows’ MIDI Files 2Files 2
Instruments are allocated to channels by Instruments are allocated to channels by patch-mappingpatch-mapping– 128 melodic instruments128 melodic instruments– 47 percussion instruments47 percussion instruments
Conform to General MIDI standardConform to General MIDI standard– Minimum 24-voice polyphonyMinimum 24-voice polyphony– Standardised percussion and instrument Standardised percussion and instrument
channel assignments and patch mappingchannel assignments and patch mapping
Using MIDIUsing MIDI
Creation & ModificationCreation & Modification– AppleApple
Pro toolsPro tools
Many othersMany others
– Windows pcWindows pcCakewalkCakewalk
Cubasis AudioCubasis Audio
Many othersMany others
Musitek’s Midiscan – can scan sheet music!Musitek’s Midiscan – can scan sheet music!
Using MIDI - Using MIDI - PlaybackPlayback
Playback through Playback through – Any MIDI editorAny MIDI editor– Apple QuickTimeApple QuickTime– Windows’ Media PlayerWindows’ Media Player– Most MM authoring packagesMost MM authoring packages
MIDI – MIDI – ReproductionReproduction
Sound Card FM SynthesiserSound Card FM Synthesiser– Mimics musical instruments by manipulating Mimics musical instruments by manipulating
sine wavessine waves– Creative Labs’ Sound Blaster seriesCreative Labs’ Sound Blaster series
External SynthesiserExternal Synthesiser– Roland SC-55 Sound CanvasRoland SC-55 Sound Canvas
General MIDI device considered to be extended-General MIDI device considered to be extended-level devicelevel device
MIDI – MIDI – Reproduction 2Reproduction 2
Sound Card Wave Sample SynthesisSound Card Wave Sample Synthesis– Uses samples of actual musical instrumentsUses samples of actual musical instruments– Roland SCC-1 & Audio Production Card: Roland SCC-1 & Audio Production Card:
RAP-10/ATRAP-10/AT– Creative Labs’ AudigyCreative Labs’ Audigy
MIDI – MIDI – ConsiderationsConsiderations
Cannot record complex noisesCannot record complex noises
Quality dependent on playback deviceQuality dependent on playback device
Can be used to create original musicCan be used to create original music
High quality – High quality – nono storage penalty storage penalty
Easily manipulated – if you are a musicianEasily manipulated – if you are a musician
Easy to change inherent soundEasy to change inherent sound
MIDIMIDI
MIDI is great for background music and MIDI is great for background music and other “mood” pieces other “mood” pieces
Beware the MIDI Mapper!Beware the MIDI Mapper!– Be sure your MIDI set-up includes the proper Be sure your MIDI set-up includes the proper
instrumentsinstruments
Stick to General MIDI unless composing Stick to General MIDI unless composing music for other devicesmusic for other devices
Adding MIDI to Adding MIDI to Macromedia FlashMacromedia Flash
Cannot be imported but can be played Cannot be imported but can be played through plug-ins within webpage'sthrough plug-ins within webpage's
Can play midi through mobile phones on the Can play midi through mobile phones on the Mobile Flash PlayerMobile Flash Player
Adding MIDI to a Adding MIDI to a Web PageWeb Page
There are four ways to do this:There are four ways to do this:– Use a normal link:Use a normal link:
<A HREF=”midi/music.mid”>Play the <A HREF=”midi/music.mid”>Play the music.</A>music.</A>
the result may be the sound just plays when the the result may be the sound just plays when the page is openedpage is opened
a plug-in player may open as a Web pagea plug-in player may open as a Web page
a helper application may open in a separate a helper application may open in a separate windowwindow
Adding MIDI to a Adding MIDI to a Web Page 2Web Page 2
– Use a BGSOUND in IE:Use a BGSOUND in IE: <BGSOUND SRC=”midi/music.mid” LOOP=infinite> <BGSOUND SRC=”midi/music.mid” LOOP=infinite>
the result will be the sound plays when the page is openedthe result will be the sound plays when the page is opened
– Use the Use the OBJECTOBJECT in IE tag to use an Active-X control to in IE tag to use an Active-X control to play the sound, e.g.:play the sound, e.g.:<OBJECT ID=rock CLASSID=”clsid:0FC6BF2B-E16A-<OBJECT ID=rock CLASSID=”clsid:0FC6BF2B-E16A-11CF-AB2E-0080AD08A326” HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145>11CF-AB2E-0080AD08A326” HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145><PARAM NANE=”song” VALUE=”midi/music.mid”><PARAM NANE=”song” VALUE=”midi/music.mid”></OBJECT></OBJECT>
the result will be an Active-X control opens at the specified size in-the result will be an Active-X control opens at the specified size in-line in the Web pageline in the Web page
Adding MIDI to a Adding MIDI to a Web Page 3Web Page 3
– Use the Use the EMBEDEMBED tag in NN to use a plug-in to tag in NN to use a plug-in to play the sound, e.g.:play the sound, e.g.:<EMBED SRC=”midi/music.mid” <EMBED SRC=”midi/music.mid” CONTROLS=”console” CONTROLS=”console”
HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145 HEIGHT=60 WIDTH=145 AUTOSTART=”false” AUTOSTART=”false”
LOOP =”false”>LOOP =”false”></EMBED></EMBED>
the result will be a plug-in player opens at the the result will be a plug-in player opens at the specified size in-line in the Web pagespecified size in-line in the Web page
Lecture 6 – HTMLLecture 6 – HTML
Digital Media ModuleDigital Media Module
Production tools Production tools for HTMLfor HTML
We will use Macromedia Dreamweaver MXWe will use Macromedia Dreamweaver MX– Available on most University machines Available on most University machines – Other tools can be used by you at home but Other tools can be used by you at home but
tuition and support are not supplied!tuition and support are not supplied!
If not Dreamweaver I would recommend nvu If not Dreamweaver I would recommend nvu (from (from www.nvu.comwww.nvu.com))
– – Basic but competent and freeBasic but competent and free
Dreamweaver MX Dreamweaver MX and HTMLand HTML
Primary aimPrimary aim– To learn HTML To learn HTML
Secondary Aim Secondary Aim – Learn how to use Dreamweaver MXLearn how to use Dreamweaver MX
In that order! In that order!
HTML – HyperText HTML – HyperText Mark Up LanguageMark Up Language
Developed in early 90’s Developed in early 90’s to allow authors to to allow authors to publish documents that could be shared and publish documents that could be shared and viewed from a central locationviewed from a central location
Based around the idea of sharing information Based around the idea of sharing information across the internet and different platformsacross the internet and different platforms
Developed from SGML (Standard Generalized Developed from SGML (Standard Generalized Mark-up Language)Mark-up Language)
Based around the use of tags to mark areas Based around the use of tags to mark areas and link document (hyperlinking)and link document (hyperlinking)
To Start A To Start A WebpageWebpage
The ‘doctype’ declaration references a The ‘doctype’ declaration references a Document Type Definition (DTD) and Document Type Definition (DTD) and declares a page as a HTML pagedeclares a page as a HTML page
<! Doctype html public “-//w3c//dtd html 3.2//en”><! Doctype html public “-//w3c//dtd html 3.2//en”>
Without it the browser has to “guess” what Without it the browser has to “guess” what type of page it istype of page it is
<html><html>
<head><head>
<title>Page Title</title><title>Page Title</title>
</head></head>
<body><body>
Example TextExample Text
</body></body>
</html></html>
HTML StructureHTML Structure
Start a HTML page
Start the Header section of the page
End the Header section of the page
Start the Body of the page
End the Body of the page
Ends the HTML page
The content of the page
The page title (and more….)
The content of the page The content of the page
The page title The page title
Tag StructureTag Structure
With a few exceptions all tags must be With a few exceptions all tags must be paired up e.g.paired up e.g.
<html><html>And thenAnd then</html></html>
In latest version of HTML – HTML 4.0 you In latest version of HTML – HTML 4.0 you should pair tagsshould pair tags– Similarly we haveSimilarly we have
<head> </head><head> </head><body> </body><body> </body>
Common TagsCommon Tags
Formatting of textFormatting of text– <b><b>bold textbold text</b> or <strong></b> or <strong>– <i><i>italics textitalics text</i> or <em> </i> or <em> – <u><u>underlined textunderlined text</u></u>
Placing of textPlacing of text– <p> creates a new paragraph<p> creates a new paragraph– <br> creates a new line<br> creates a new line– <hr> creates a horizontal rule<hr> creates a horizontal rule
Tag AttributesTag Attributes
Some tags can have values attached to Some tags can have values attached to themthem
Body tag can change the background colour Body tag can change the background colour of a pageof a page– <body bgcolor="#FFFFF"><body bgcolor="#FFFFF">– <font size="+1"><font size="+1">
Normal<br> <font size="+1">Font Size 1</font> <br> <font size="+2">Font Size 2</font><br> <font size="+3">Font Size 3</font><br> <font size="+4">Font Size 4</font>
Normal<br> <font size="+1">Font Size 1</font> <br> <font size="+2">Font Size 2</font><br> <font size="+3">Font Size 3</font><br> <font size="+4">Font Size 4</font>
The Hyperlink The Hyperlink TagTag
The most important one of all! The most important one of all!
The Hyperlink tag allows the linking of one The Hyperlink tag allows the linking of one document to another document to another – <a href=“homepage.htm">Homepage <a href=“homepage.htm">Homepage
hyperlink</a> hyperlink</a> – <a href=“http://www.ananova.com">news <a href=“http://www.ananova.com">news
site</a> site</a>
Supplementary Supplementary MaterialsMaterials
Webmonkey guide to HTMLWebmonkey guide to HTML– http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/authoring/html_basics/http://hotwired.lycos.com/webmonkey/authoring/html_basics/
Beginners guide to HTMLBeginners guide to HTML– http://http://www.activejump.comwww.activejump.com//
A Beginners Guide to HTMLA Beginners Guide to HTML– http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Internet/WWW/
DreamweaverDreamweaver – – www.dmxzone.comwww.dmxzone.comMacromedia Developer/Designer zoneMacromedia Developer/Designer zone
– www.macromedia.com/desdevwww.macromedia.com/desdev
Books through NetlibraryBooks through Netlibrary– Dreamweaver MX : The Complete ReferenceDreamweaver MX : The Complete Reference – Dreamweaver MX : A Beginner's GuideDreamweaver MX : A Beginner's Guide
The PracticalsThe Practicals
Over the next few weeks we will develop a Over the next few weeks we will develop a website for a multimedia artistwebsite for a multimedia artist
It will include the artists image, music and It will include the artists image, music and video library as well asvideo library as well as– Flash ContentFlash Content– Video ContentVideo Content
Sitemap for the Sitemap for the Project SiteProject Site
Homepage/About
About NewsPricingForm
Gallery ContactFree Stuff/Download
News 1 News 2 Audio Video Picture Screensaver Flash Movie