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1 Week 4 Day No. Unit No. CD 1 16 Microsoft’s “Applications Barrier to Entry” 301 2 17 Rading the Aid Traders 302 -- 3 18 Bluetooth hopes to deliver “new dimension in wireless technology” 653 4 19 The Growing Importance of International Education 910 5 20 Business Letter 4: A Letter from Embassy 736 -- 6 -- Grammar Review 4: -- -- * Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 * 1 1000

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Page 1: Week 4 - someya-net.com · immensely profitable for the country's giant trading houses. / It's been so lucrative, / in fact, / that many of the firms / have departments devoted just

1

Week 4 �

����������� ���������

DayNo.

Unit No.

������� ��� CD

1 16 Microsoft’s “Applications Barrier to Entry” 301

2 17 Rading the Aid Traders 302 --

3 18 Bluetooth hopes to deliver “new dimension in wireless technology”

653

4 19 The Growing Importance of International Education

910

5 20 Business Letter 4: A Letter from Embassy 736 --

6 -- Grammar Review 4: � �"!�# -- --

��$��%����� &'�)(+*-,.��� �����/��0/1�2

*

Day �������

��� 354�6

1

2

3

4

5

6

* 798;: 1 < 1000 =�>�?

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Week 4 - Day 1 / Unit 16 Date: [ ]-[ ]-[ ]

Task 1: >/@�A-B"#%C�D�E�C�F�GHJILK SG MONJP Q�RJS�TUH V$W'X�Y�Z�[�\wpm ] C_^�` Tba5cJX

Microsoft’s “Applications Barrier to Entry” by Richard McKenzie, (c) 2000 The Cato Institute

udge Thomas Penfield Jackson / bases his ruling against Microsoft / on the claim � that the company’s monopoly in operating systems / is protected by

an “applications barrier to entry” / made up of 70,000 Windows-based software programs. / Without an entry barrier, / any dominant producer � that seeks to restrict sales in order to raise prices above competitive levels / will find its market share eroded / as new entrants capture price-sensitive customers. / But, / according to Judge Jackson, / to enter the operating-system market / a newcomer would need a large and varied base of compatible applications / like those available to consumers � who might otherwise choose Windows. / He concludes / that “the amount it would cost an operating system vendor � to create [70,000] applications / is prohibitively large.” / Judge Jackson seems unaware / that the mere existence of a large number of Windows-based applications / proves that Microsoft has stirred competition among software developers /—leading to better products and falling prices / and raising the value of both hardware and software to consumers. / That said, / there is a fatal flaw in the judge’s argument: / The overwhelming majority of the 70,000 Windows applications / that make up the supposedly impregnable barrier to entry / either never existed as unique products, / no longer exist, / or are totally out of date. / When only unique Windows applications are counted / —setting aside various versions of the same program— / the number of applications is a small fraction of the judge’s count. / Moreover, / survey data indicate / that the needs of active computer users are satisfied by a very small number of applications. / That means / the barrier to

J

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entry into the operating-system market / is nowhere near as impregnable as the judge has claimed, / which in turn � helps explain many of Microsoft’s aggressive business tactics � to preserve its market position. / Because the judge’s most essential finding is clearly erroneous, / it cannot support his conclusions of law. // d

Reading time = ( ) seconds d301 words e ( ) f 60 = ________ wpm

gUhji k9lOm-njo$prq_sbtUu_vxw/y{zj|r}-~ g$�U�O�������x���/��� v �{���r�$�5�b�5���� g$�r�J�{�-��� (�$���{� y

�Words & Phrases

���$ )¡

Task 2: >/@/A�¢�£/¤_¥ ¦�H V$W¨§ª©"«�£�¬%¤�­�W/®/¯�°�¬/#�A"±�² ¤5³´K�T®�µL¶$·"¸º¹»�¼�½ ¾"¶�A�CU¿"À/Á�X 1. “One that enters, especially one that enters a competition” is a definition of:

a. producer b. entrant c. customer d. vendor

2. “Strong enough to be secure against attack” is a possible definition of: a. barrier b. dominant c. eroded d. impregnable

3. What is the “applications barrier to entry”? a. Microsoft as a dominant software company. b. the 70,000 Windows-based software programs. c. Widows as the major operating system. d. operating system vendors that hope to enter the OS market.

4. Judge Jackson concludes that:

a. Microsoft is protected by an “applications barrier to entry.” b. Microsoft’s market share has been eroded as new entrants capture

price-sensitive customers. c. Microsoft has stirred competition among software developers. d. the 70,000 Windows applications are totally out of date.

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5. The author asserts that: a. Judge Thomas Jacson’s argument is clear and reasonable. b. Microsoft will continue to preserve its market position. c. active computer users need more applications than are currently available. d. the alleged “barrier” to enter the operating-system market is not impregnable.

Task 3: °/¬�# ¤J­�W�®�>�@�A�Â�ÃÄC�Å�W�HLV_W"X9Æ�Ç�A�¼/ȺK�H"W�=�É ¤­�W�®�¯JÊ�Ë ¤ Words & Phrases C�Ì�³ºT-®5Í�ÎÏT�®�Ð ÑJaJc�X Ò�Ó�Ô

CD CJÕ�Ñ�H/IÖK°�¬�#ÄC�×�Y/X Ø °�¬�#´C 2 Ù"Ú�Y/X ÛÝÜ�Þ A�ß�à á

1 Ùº7 2 Ùº7 â�¹"ã�¹�ä�å�RÏæ

Õ Ñ�Y�ç

Ú�Y

� Words & Phrases d

monopoly [-----------] è é dapplications barrier to entry => êÝë�ì�í-î�ïUð�ñ-ò�óõô÷ö'ø�ù_ú û�übý'þ5ÿ dentry barrier [----- ------] í-î"übý => ê���������� �������ÿ�í ��� derode [-----------] ������������� �"!�ï�#�$ %���&�'5ò�ó !)(+*�ó dentrant [-----------] � ë�ì,��� �"-�. /0�1#-í-î�2 dprice-sensitive [ 3 ] 4 5687�9� dcompatible [-----------] � ù_ú û+:8;=<���� �1#�>�?�@���A�ó dprohibitively [-----------] �CB�D1EGF1��DIH�J K L�M0��NG�86"#�O)��P8B�Q dThat said => J0� �"3�R That being said �S�+T�U=V��1W�X1Q�Y�(8H [ Z,R ] #,�\[]F^�_�`�a � being ��b,c�(\d=V13�#�� that R"e a ï8fGg5ó � dthe mere existence of B��"h�i,j �,J"��� => ê���������� �������ÿ�í ��� dstir [---------] k�ó dsupposedly [-----------] ��l�m�#0B��on=p1d�óqY B��on=p1d=H�[�ó,�1W�Xr� dfatal flaw [------- ------] srt�u��qv,w dimpregnable [-----------] x y�K�z0� dpreserve [-----------] {0| dtactics [----------] }�~ => ê ( ���=u�� ) } c-ÿ,R strategy [-----------]

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5

Week 4 - Day 2 / Unit 17 Date: [ ]-[ ]-[ ]

Task 1: >�@�A'B�#ÄC�D�E�C'F GUH�IÖK SG M$N/PÄQ�R�S%T-HÄV_W�X Y�ZJ[�\wpm ]ÖC5^ `LT�a"c/X

Raiding the Aid Traders

Japan: a new scandal hits Tokyo's foreign aid Newsweek

oreign aid to poor countries by the world's richest nations / has never been solely based on altruism. / Japan's aid program /—the largest in the world

measured in dollars— / has not only been sound foreign policy, / but also immensely profitable � for the country's giant trading houses. / It's been so lucrative, / in fact, / that many of the firms / have departments devoted just to winning foreign-aid contracts. / Last week that cozy relationship was shattered when government anti-monopoly investigators raided 37 trading firms, including Mitsubishi, Mitsui and Marubeni. Investigators carted off thousands of pages of sensitive documents as part of a widening investigation into whether the firms have been engaged in a massive bid-rigging scheme, much as Japanese construction firms colluded over bidding for big domestic contracts. Fair Trade Commission investigators are focusing on equipment tenders for a relatively obscure technical aid programs run by a Foreign Ministry off-shoot, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). No one is sure why the government decided to investigate this widely abused practice. Bid-rigging, defenders say, was just one "necessary evil" winked at by sympathetic government officials in order to implement Japan's aid programs. But for Japan's more reform-minded bureaucrats—and foreign governments who want contracts for their own nation's companies—that kind of collusion is no longer acceptable. The latest scandal follows a Washington-inspired crackdown on bid-rigging in the construction industry.

F

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It is also a blow to Japan's efforts to shed its reputation for tied aid, which is no longer warranted. By world standards, Japan's ODA program has become relatively open. More than 80 percent of Japan's aid-supported projects are open to bidding by all comers, and less than 35 percent of these untied projects end up being won by Japanese by Japanese firms. But for those that do, the old habits apparently die hard. d

Reading time = ( ) seconds d302 words e ( ) f 60 = ________ wpm

�1�o� ���I�r�o���I�1���q�1���,���o� �r� �q��� ��������� �,¡�¢ � ¡�£¥¤ ¦�§��q¨�© ªI«�q�8¬ ¡�­�® ¯ ( °q±1²´³ �

£Words & Phrases

�´µq¶) ·­\¸ ��¹ �+¤ ¦�§ ² � CD º�» �8�¼¾½+¿rÀ ·

Task 2: >�@�A�¢ £�¤�¥Ö¦"HÄV_W § ©�« £5¬´¤�­�W�®�¯'°�¬�# A�±5²Ä¤J³�KT-®�µÖ¶�·�¸.¹_»�¼�½Ö¾�¶�A�C-¿�À�Á�X 1. In the first paragraph, the adjective “lucrative” means:

a. easy b. dirty c. good d. profitable

2. In the last paragraph, the adverb “apparently” is the closest in meaning to:

a. seemingly b. obviously c. clearly d. evidently

3. According to the author, Japan’s aid program has been:

a. solely based on altruism. b. the smallest in the world in dollar terms. c. profitable for the country. d. so lucrative for Japanese trading firms.

4. In the second paragraph, “the cozy relationship” exists between:

a. Japanese government and Japanese giant trading firms. b. foreign governments and Japanese companies. c. Japanese and foreign governments. d. foreign governments and JICA.

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5. The author asserts that: a. Japan’s efforts to shed its reputation for tied aid will be successful. b. Bid-rigging is just one “necessary evil” and should be tolerated as such. c. the old habits of bid-rigging is not likely to fade away anytime soon. d. Japan should stop aid-supported projects.

Task 3: >�@�A Á´C-Ì� ¤J\�°�¬�#%A Ã�#ÄCÅÄÇÆ�È æ=Éræ�Ê�R ËÍÌUNÏÎÑÐ�R ÒT�HLV_W §�Ó�Ô%¤�Õ×Ö-®"Ê�Ë%¤ Words & Phrases C�Ì�³�Á�X ØÚÙÜÛÞÝ0ß�à�ß�á+â"ã�ä

*

Foreign aid to poor countries by the world's richest nations / (has...)

å�æ ç0è�é�ê�ëìD\[ è1/0��í�î�ï�ðR /

has never been solely based on altruism. /

ñ�òóD1J ô�õ,u��"ö�÷Gø�éÏùoQ"ú�p1d=H0û1V�p=g1Q R���[ /

Japan's aid program ü / (the...) ý¾þ �"ÿ�î�ï�ð����������B /

the largest in the world measured in dollars ü / (has...)

R� ��?��=Q R���� l=������Q A�ó1� /

has not only been sound foreign policy, / (but...)

< W d,R > ���,�"ÿ�î����]��DIH"ú�p1d=H0û1V��0g1Q��GP /

but also immensely profitable for the country's giant trading houses. / � è�������� �6G�"!�H�J#� [=68ô�$��%=�Jó"&�'0����Q A�ó /

It's been so lucrative, / in fact, / (that...)

W d,RrY=A�(ÏùI6")éJó"*,+�&0��- ��Q / Z/.����1W�X /

that many of the firms / (have...) 0 P8��� �,Q R /

[have]i departments devoted just to winning foreign-aid contracts. /

í�î�ï�ð�&�'�1�2��43�5�ï�6�l=�87\u 6GDIV9;:'ï=<?>�!�H�[�ó4@ i NG�IQ A�ó8� * A#B

�DC4E �GF��"¹ �IHq�KJ L"M ¤ ¦r� �GF0���GN4O (p.??)

µq¶·

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� Words & Phrases daltruism [---------] ô�õ�P�Q => egoism �4R�S�T dimmensely [---------] �\H0J dlucrative [---------] [ 3 ] )�é'ó (= producing wealth, profitable) dcozy [---------] [ 3 ] U VGE [ danti-monopoly investigators è éDW�X �ZY�[�\,�1#]�^�[ => W d0� êZ_/`�a/b4Y

[�\'ÿ=��]�^�[�ï"c5ò�W0�8RrYW"��d,� “Fair Trade Commission” investigators �\[Fr�1W�X1Q�e�ê é 6��"ó � ý¾þ 6f�g5ójè%éDW�X�g�ïGh-ø5ò�ó"V�i�64j�kÏ(Id=Vq÷l R ê?_/`�a�b4Y�[�\�ÿ�����YGW d,�m�n�� ê è éIW�X�Y�[�\'ÿ,6Goqpbò�ó J"��QA�ó�W0�$ïsr8t5ó"V/i�6rY�(1ò “anti-monopoly” investigators �Du�[�H�j �q@�5�ïev DIV�J"�"� d

shatter [---------] �Zwx�Gy���rï8#z�{�6s|�PoY �?}~�����G�rï #����I|óP draid [---------] [ ö ] � ì��~��/ï # ���-ò/ó8Y � ��� �G�\�4����#��bî�d"ïOò/ó8Y4����� � => D øDIøs� _ Q make a raid on/upon � B5ïs����!��Uî�d�ò/óI#0�+[óF�����4� �1QG�ÜF dcart off �?���06q#�h����ó => cart R ê���ÏD���Y��� �¡ 4¢£Öû�#-ÿ �4S�¤"� dsensitive [---------] �¥a)ù�¦ [�6q#¨§�©�ï"ª_ò/ó => “sensitive documents” R�«�¬=YÄê�÷­ u®�ÿ (documents containing highly classified government information) � S/¤1� dbid-rigging [----- -------] => bid R êªî�¯5ÿ�Y rigging R ê K�`°�±-ÿ1� dcollude [---------] ² ³�ò/ó dtender [-------] [� ] î�¯ (= bid) dobscure [-------] K�e´=� doff-shoot [� ] î�µ�¶"� dabuse [---------] ·�ø¹¸º��ø-ò�ó dwink at �?·�&=��´#�ï8m�»�ò dcollusion [---------] ²�³=Y��qd³ [ dcrackdown [---------] [� ] a)ù�¼�(�ù dshed [---------] �Z½ Y�¾�¿0��rï8#À�[��ó�Y�Á�ùÃÂìF d(be) warranted [---------] {�Ä�(od�ó8Y � B�Q�A5ó0��P�Å_ò�ó"Æ/p1�"# Ç�È=��A'ó dapparently [---------] �=FÉ~)êIB��=EFÊ� => êËeGê\é�6rB��Uÿ� ê1�ÚZ�.�R�qJ�éP¥#Þl�m�D\VG�qWrX"B��=E�FÌ�ÎÍ �=FÉ~)êIB��=EFÊ�Uÿ���Ï�VG�DfÏù+��S�¤���A5ó"�1YZ�.��ø�¬)��DoH�RGd12,��S�¤�Q"��!rHr["ójì³,� 0 [1�)�G�0ê\��S�¤�Q"��!rHr[Jóé�R�Ð Ñ4Ò/Ó4y´û 6=E4!1H�¿�Ô_ò�ó=DIé��r[��rYSA"[�(1[�6r��óq�5ïsÕg�ó�V�i�6�R1Yer2� S/¤�Q R obviously, clearly, evidently ��� �Ö _ ïI�,[�Yd�2�� S/¤�Q R It

appears that ~ It seems that A'ó8[ R seemingly �G�ïI�ÜF �

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Week 4 - Day 3 / Unit 18 Date: [ ]-[ ]-[ ]

Task 1: >/@/A-B"#�I Ó�Ô CD ¤�×JàºVr½�®�W/a5cJX´ãb½ C5Õ�Ñ'HJILK\Ã"#%C×"YÖTUH V$W'X

Bluetooth hopes to deliver "new dimension in wireless technology" By Matt Twomey, Japan Times Online

an't get enough of the Internet at your home and office? Well, now connectivity is coming after you in

those places you live in between — your car, the train station, the airport, the hotel and the coffee shop, to name a few. Of course, i-mode enthusiasts already enjoy the mobile Internet to some degree. But Bluetooth, billed as "a new dimension in wireless technology," is angling to deliver more and faster Internet on-the-go than DoCoMo's prodigy can. The First International Bluetooth Asia Pacific Summit was held in Tokyo this week to share development information and fuel the momentum of the technology's adoption in the region. Several industry giants—Toshiba, Ericsson, Intel, IBM and Microsoft, and Nokia, to name a handful—are already members of the Bluetooth special interest group. One scenario for employing the technology has users e-shopping, checking stock prices, and sending e-mails from their PDAs, laptops, or cellphones over their lattes at the local cafe. The Internet connection is served by a hot spot, or access point—a broadband-connected device about the size of a smoke detector —somewhere in or near the shop. Bluetooth's marketers stress that it's all about getting rid of the tangle of cables that tether us. Bluetooth SIG member Motorola envisions a day when people will have ready access to weather, navigation help, phone calls and personalized news from the driver's seat. "Of course, it's (already) possible to do all these things," admits

C

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program manager Yunxin Li. But with a cellphone in one hand, a laptop in the passenger's seat and a global positioning system sliding across the dashboard, "I don't think you'll find the experience very pleasant," he says. Or safe, for that matter. In the Bluetooth-equipped car, however, the driver will have two hands free to steer, Li says. What's more, should an accident occur, the air bag's release could trigger a call for a tow truck, while data flies to the service center to tally up the damage. While such visions proliferate, hurdles remain, and Bluetooth SIG Marketing Co-Chairman Anders Edlund admits that after the long-building hype, it's time to "deliver now and make sure that all expectations are met." Among the obstacles are dealing with competing standards and obtaining spectrum authorization in 79 target countries. So far, says Bluetooth Approval Manager Waldemar Hontscha, spectrum limitation issues have been resolved in France, Spain and Japan. Meanwhile, the frightfully named network protocol I.E.E.E. 802 11b is making strides in the United States, and one company aims to have access points in 5,000 Starbucks shops there by the end of 2002, The New York Times reported. Bluetooth has embraced wireless personal access networking (WPAN), which is better than wireless local area networking (WLAN) for short-range data transmission, but inferior at handling the kind of mass data-flow needed for video streaming. Yoshiaki Nezu, vice president of Axis Communications, a developer of access point devices, sees WPAN as serving Japan's present needs best. With its legions of i-mode devotees, some of whom spend hours a day on the devices, he says Japan is "the most mature market in the world" for the technology. "WLAN is fast, but in Japan people don't want to lug around PCs," he said. "(They're) already used to smaller devices." Therefore, the need for wireless ultrarich data flow has not yet arrived.

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Motorola's Li also endorses WPAN, saying the always-connected car of the more distant future may indeed include streaming video for the kids in the back seat, but today's needs are e-mail and voice-communication technology, which Bluetooth's WPAN supports. Hontscha says Bluetooth's process of qualification is key to ensuring both the ubiquity and interoperability that will accelerate the technology's spread—and thus secure its place in the marketplace. The license to use Bluetooth technology and the brand logo are free to those whose products are deemed to meet compliance standards as spelled out on Bluetooth's Web site, www.bluetooth.com.

dReading time Ø ( 320 ) seconds d653 words e ( 320 ) f 60 ÙÙ ÙÙ 120 wpm

Ú ÛDÜÝIÞsßàDáGâsã äGå4æ çéè;êÊëDì#íîðï#ñ"ò�ó4ô�õ ös÷

Ú4ø#ù�úÌû�ü�ý ( þ4ÿ���� ê��

Words & Phrases �� )

Task 2: ��� ������������������! #"��%$&��'#��(�)+*,$�-. 0/%1��32546 (�7�8:90;=<�>�?�@�A08� CBED0F�G,H 1. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the verb angle?

a. to become angry b. to go fishing c. to try to attain an objective d. to see from a different angle

2. “ To imagine something not yet in existence” is a possible definition of:

a. envision b. envelop c. endeavor d. envy

3. WLAN is better than WPAN for:

a. short-range data transmission. b. handling mass data-flow needed for video-streaming. c. obtaining spectrum authorization. d. getting rid of the tangle of cables.

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4. According to Yoshiaki Nezu, WPAN serves Japan’ s present needs best, because: a. the Japanese market is mature for WPAN technology with so many i-mode

users. b. Japanese people like to carry around a personal computer when they go out. c. there is a strong need for wireless, ultrarich data transmission technology

among Japanese. d. Video-streaming is mainly supported by WPAN.

5. According to this article:

a. i-mode users are already enjoying the mobile Internet to its fullest extent. b. Bluetooth aims to deliver more and faster Internet services than DoCoMo’ s

i-mode can. c. Bluetooth requires WLAN system for data transmission. d. Bluetooth technology is known as the “ I.E.E.E. 802 11b” protocol in the U.S.

Task 3: *I$�-�B�8�JLKIM�N0O 6�P�Q�R 3S&T,B 200 UCV�4 250 U�W�MX +Y-XZ0[&<+\,�]�:�^�`_�a� +b.?dc���egf�SIh�ZX8�iE�IGIH

� Words & Phrases j

Bluetooth k�l3monqprm+s => t:u,v�w�x0y{z#|0}r~3�E�I���]�L�E�E���+m,�g��%�:�,���%�%�%�����:� v������E��v:�%�3�������%�+s,�� %¡��:�E�%m��{¢E£#�q¤t%¥0�g� � �{mI¦�§��+s�¨%�L��©�ª�«L~��E�I� �+�:� w�x �3¬{­�® �%¯:���,� �%°°q±�² v{³�´qµ ��� v�� �{¶ l3v IBM v+·:¸:¹ � 5 º ®3» ¯:� 1998 ¼ ®�½E¾ «¿~�À

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Á+ÂIÃ�ÄBluetooth SIG Å => Æ��+Ç ° hhttp://www.bluetooth.com/ È�É+Ê � �%Ë�v

“ Bluetooth” ¨¿�.Ì �%�I° 10 Í�Î�Ï ® � �{Ð m,µ��qÑ%ÒC�LÀ��%�,¸ ��Ó{ÔÖÕ`× mIØl+Ù�Ú ÔEÛ Å u�Ü 935 ¼�ÏEÝ 985 ¼�Ï�Ê ®+Þqß �L�E�,� � j

angle [--------] [ à ] á��,��â,ã%��v (ä%å,�#��� ) æ » Ì�¨�¥0� => “ to fish with a

hook” ��ç�è%é } “ to use artful means to attain an objective”

��ç�è+®�ê�ë «¿~�À,ì ��� jprodigy [--------][

�] í0îC~�À�ì � v,ïCð => ñ�ñ3ò ° NTT DoCoMo

“ i-mode” ó3m�ô�sõÅö�0�����0òEä,÷0ò0ø�� wireless Web service ÊC��ù,¥ � jfuel the momentum of ú �{û � ®qü�ý � é ã%� jlatte [--------] þ caffelatte ÿ ���,´r¹ � caffè e latte = coffee and milk)

�������E���� ¡ é¿® Ç¿��y�v�� � �3� “ at the local cafe”

é }���� ®����3°������ jSIG = Special Interest Group => ��� �:¶ m Ð ���,¯:� ç�� ¢E£%¥0� Ó l�m � � jPDA = Personal Data Assistance !�"�÷E����#�$ jbroadband k&%�m(' � � ' => )�*%¥#�,¨ Õ,+ ��- Û:� �+m,� .&/,�1032 � ð���q��- ®�45�6 �Ev 7�8 ®{� .+¥0�193: ��;�< = �%m�� ����> .#� ����® ¥0� � j

tangle of cable ?�@&A:m�k�l ��B Å ìgâE~�Ê jtether [--------] Å,C0ì ��D ò�Ê%â��FELvHG â,ã%��v�IKJ Þ:® ¥0� jenvision [--------] ú��1L���M�Ç (= to picture to oneself) jtally [--------] [ à ] N�O�¥0��v�P N�¥0� (= to make a count of) jproliferate [--------] Å + ÇrÊ�Q�R+¥0��v�S3T%¥0��v�U�V+¥0� jhype [--------] [ W ] X�YFZ{v�[�\3v�] ;�+�^ jdeliver [ W ] _ B �#����`�À�¥+v:¤�a ®�b ¥+v Å`¤�a.�L��Ê:©�ª ®Hc Ì jspectrum [--------] d�e�2�- jI.E.E.E. 802 11b => fhg��i��kjklFm (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers) � ��|+�g�:� LAN (Local Area Network) n�o � CC¨râ+òEv 1999 ¼ 11 p ®q :�r ^ «¿~�À � Apple Computer

� ÕiBook

Û �#� ® s�t «¿~��E�,� Õ AirPort ( uwvò ° AirMac)

Û3° ñ � 93:I��x%÷X�L�E�,� � jembrace [--------] =>

Õzy0®�{ Ç Û%��|�}�é } Õz~ � ¥0��v (~ � �L�������Eò ) x%÷

¥0��v�� �� ~0��v > ã � ~0� Û �#� ��ç�è yH��� � jvideo-streaming ô�� ��� sdnq´�m�� ��Ó Å`à�� > .�7�8���� �:� Ê => sdnq´�m���%Ó ¨ ° v���� ���3� �%m,� ���&�:� %qm�'���ª,À�� ®�> .]¨����0�����37�8�z�aò�a�Ìgñ3¨�yEò3ø%� �:� �gù%¥ � j

legion [--------] ;�� v���23v ;�� => legions of ò Õ ú �H;�� v���2 � ú ÛL��ç�è�� j

lug around Å, �¡&�.Ì ® Ê��F¢ £�¤ (= to carry around laboriously) jubiquity [--------] 7�8H¥:u�¦ (= presence everywhere or in many places) jinteroperability [-------------] §3¨�£E÷ ��� ¦ => inter © opera(tion) © (a)bility

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14

Week 4 - Day 4 / Unit 19 Date: [ ]-[ ]-[ ]

Task 1: I�I �ª�-k«�¬�­ CD ��®�¯d�g@#(��I[�°3H²±{@�B�³´+��«]4 Q -XBµ O 6 �����+H

The Growing Importance of International Education by Richard W. Riley, U.S. Secretary of Education

ood morning. Thank you Ambassador for your gracious introduction. And may I ask you to stay

here for a moment. I want to extend my thanks to the French Ambassador and his wife Anne for their graciousness in hosting this occasion. I would also like to thank Daimler-Chrysler, the corporate sponsor as well for their generosity. /� Now, let me share with you my thoughts on the importance of international education. I begin by stating the obvious— in this new global environment when you can e-mail a colleague in Japan or download a chapter of a book from Paris — we have many more opportunities to learn from each other. This new education era is defined by the freedom of information, a freedom that will surely enhance the power of individuals to make choices about their lives. /� [...] I strongly believe that the growth of democracy, economic prosperity and economic stability throughout the world is linked to the advance of education. This is one of the strongest reasons why the United States should have an active and strong international education agenda. Education and democracy go hand in hand. /� As a great democracy, the United States has a vested interest in promoting democracy and economic stability throughout the world. When we help democracy and economic prosperity in the rest of the world, we are also helping ourselves beyond the fact that it is right thing to do. /�

G (c) U.S

. Ministry of E

ducation

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15

All throughout the world there are thousands of leaders in other nations— political, economic and social leaders— who got a taste of democracy in all of its complexity when they came to study here in the United States. They saw America, in all our goodness and in some of our excesses, too. But more than anything, they were able to get in touch with the American people and understand why the American people care so deeply about freedom and democracy. People matter, democracy matters and advancing education throughout the world makes a powerful difference. /� [...] Several years ago, I visited a school in Knollwood, Maryland, with Vice President Gore. The two students were connected through the Internet with two students in Ethiopia. I asked them what had they learned through this exchange. One of the students looked up and said, " We have learned to be friends." /� It would be my hope that every elementary and secondary school in the United States, public and private, would establish a relationship with a school from another country to build these types of classroom-to-classroom connections. This would give all children a broader worldview, and I hope that it would encourage many more American children to learn a foreign language. /� This is something I care about: What I call “ English + One,” or bi-literacy. I can tell you that when Michelin came to South Carolina to build a new plant when I was governor there, the people in my state who spoke French were put at the front of the line when it came to good jobs. /� In countries from Spain to Singapore, all children are studying a second and often a third language. And because English is increasingly the language of commerce and the Internet, there is very strong demand for English language learning almost everywhere. Others want to learn English, and we can learn their languages. /� I am a strong supporter of high-quality dual-immersion schools that help children to learn English and another language. We currently have 260 of these types of schools in the United States. I believe we should raise that number to at least 1,000. Currently, we are requesting $310 million in bilingual education

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16

programs that could support these types of schools. This is a $54 million increase over last year. /� This also leads me to make this last suggestion. Many nations would like additional help in teaching their children English. The Peace Corps for generations has done a wonderful job in this regard but the Peace Corps cannot do it alone. I believe retired American teachers and, indeed, the many baby boomers nearing retirement and thinking about a second career would find great satisfaction in participating in such an endeavor. With proper training, I believe these Americans could make a contribution. I look forward to a discussion with interested groups around such a proposal. /� Throughout my address I have spoken about the growing importance of international education and the need for America to engage the world. Yes, we are fortunate to be a great super power. But with that power comes a responsibility to work with other nations, to respect their points of view, and to work with educators throughout the world to help every child and adult to reach her or his full potential. /� This is in America's larger interests and it is also the right thing to do. We can learn from each other, and with each other, and we can learn in so many different ways in this new information era. For it is my sincere belief that by advancing education at all levels— from teaching a child to read in Africa or sending a young American off to Paris on a Fulbright scholarship— we enrich our world. /� The freedom to learn is, to my way of thinking, a basic human right. And by expanding this freedom to learn we strengthen democracy, encourage prosperity and inspire new intellectual thought and inquiry. This is why international education is so important and why I have spoken about it at some length today. Thank you. //� j

Reading time ¶ ( 364 ) seconds j910 words · ( 364 ) ¸ 60 ¹¹ ¹¹ 150 wpm

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17

Ú ÛDÜÝIÞsßàDáGâsã äGå4æ çéè;êÊëDì#íîðï#ñ"ò�ó4ô�õ ös÷

Ú4ø#ù�úÌû�ü�ý ( þ4ÿ���� ê��

Words & Phrases ó���� ) û»ºÝ�¼ ½�¾1¿ ¾�À�Á1 � å4æ � Ã�Ä îDÝ�Å»Æ�Ç»Æ�È�É�Ê�Ë ��Ì�ÄÍ à�Î�ÏL�

ýæ�È�ç�ó�Ð

úÒÑ�Ó È�ÆîIÝHÈ�Éðï#ñGò�ó�Ô�ÏsëÖÕ × Ø�Ù�Ú�Û�ÜHÉ ô�É"ä

Ó�Ýú�Þ

îHÈ�É1ß�à�á�âãÉäÕzÙ�Úsï#ñ�Éðß å;ç ß æ�Û (p. ??) ó����ú�Þ�ç�üÃý

Task 2: I�I ��#�I���.������� � �"��:$X��',�I(I):*�$I-� �/:1��%2&4 6(�7]8�9�;d<q>0?�@.A�8� 0B�D�FIG�H 1. “ Marked by kindness and courtesy” is a possible definition of:

a. honorable b. prosperous c. gracious d. obvious

2. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the noun agenda? a. a strong initiative or leadership b. a list or program of things to be done or considered. c. an open forum of discussion d. a comprehensive policy statement

3. According to the speaker, the new education era is defined by:

a. the freedom of information. b. the importance of international education. c. the growth of democracy. d. economic prosperity.

4. The speaker hopes that:

a. U.S. schools would establish a direct classroom-to-classroom relationship with foreign schools via the Internet.

b. America should invite more people to the U.S. to learn about democracy. c. American schools would encourage children to learn proper English before

they begin to learn a second language. d. English be officially recognized as the common language of international

communication. 5. The speaker concludes his speech by saying that:

a. as a great superpower, the U.S. has the right and responsibility to spread English to the entire world.

b. the freedom to learn is a basic human right. c. children in Africa should be taught by American teachers. d. the quality of current dual-emersion, bilingual education programs need to

be improved.

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18

Task 3: *�$I-� �J�è P3é&ê °.A�ëFì� 5 íhî�ï�î�ð�B�DFñóò�ô õäök÷�ö»î�øù(ú�û�üþý ø3ÿ 6 ���E� ��ì��C #?#V54E�I�������3'��C(C)���.�3C�C Words & Phrases B�02 6 ( ���0G�H

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19

� Words & Phrases j

gracious [----------] Å�� �k�������#��y�Ê���� é â������ (marked by kindness and courtesy)

P ���! ® �X�L��Ê � «+�¿� => ��"��

°

graciousness [----------] jgenerosity [----------] # ; « =>

��<�"I°generous [----------] # ; � (characterized

by a noble or forbearing spirit; liberal in giving) jthe obvious [----------]

� ��¥�E�� é �%ñ3¨¿v ( $�y � �,ì ) %#} é ��ì � jenhance [----------] Å &�')(+*,(+-�.)(0/�-�1�2�354�687�9�:<;>=�?@5A: Bfreedom of information C�D�E�F ;�C�DHGJI�K�L>M8N�O�4PK�Q8R => Freedom of

Information Act SJC�D�E�F�T�UVGXWPY 1966 4 Bprosperity [----------] Z�[P;�\�] (= the condition of being successful or thriving;

especially, economic well-being) Bstability [----------] ^�_�1 Bagenda [----------] GX` a�K�4�a�bdcea fP;�g h�2�ikj5l m�n�oqpsr�t�KduvOxwy;�z{�|�} K�~�� ����� (= a list or program of things to be done or considered) Bexcess [----------] [ � ] � ��G�K8����z {�|<� 4 => � 5 ��� ��� ��K [...] in all our

goodness and in some of our excesses, too. | S�L���uv��KP�si��P������2q��;�i�!�� K<h�p���� { ��� z { Uk�!i �¢¡>£�¤ B

more than anything 2�¥���¦ � Bcare about §�¥�¨�©P6«ª���;�§>6«¬�¥8nq: (to be concerned about) Bmatter [ ­ ] ®sb���¯>:<;�®sb°��2�:<;�§�±�²�³���¯>: Bbi-literacy [ � ] 2 ´ µPK�¶�· ¸�p�± ��p�:�¹�� BMichelin [----------] º�»>¼�� ½¾G¿��� ½8O�K�À<Á�Â>��Ã�� à 4 Bdual-immersion school 2 ´ µ�Ä�Å�Æ�ÇÉÈËÊ˨<Ì�Í�Î | ¹8K�Ï�Ð�ÑwÒK¾SJÓ�Ô Õ�b�K

Í�ÎÖ�×Í�Ø>U�Ù�Ú�¤BPeace Corps [------- --------] Û�Ü�Ý�Þ => ß�à�á�?>Y�¥<â�nq:�WPY8ã�ä>å æPK�ç�èé�ê ¤ 1960 ë�ì�¥�;�í�î�ï ­qð�K ñ�ò�ó�Á�ô�õ�±�ö�÷�øqj { Á>Ð�»�L�ù�ú8¤ Bengage [---------] GXûq6�ü�r�2�3«¥ [ ý�þPÿ�(�� ê ÿ�¥ ] 4 ¨��q(�Ù��Ö@5A: (to induce

to participate) ;>¨�©P6��>p<����: (to hold the attention of) Binspire [----------] ��nq: BFulbright scholarship ����ú��«Á w� �Æ�� => WPY�K8ã���� James W. Fulbrigh K��� ������@�� {������� "! K { 9�K� �Æ���#$ (Fulbright Act , 1946) Bintellectual thought and inquiry %�ÿ�2�& l��('") Bat some length id�"* ��+ j ��;-,/.� => g�0�¥ | at greater length G � 2d¦ + j�v4>��¯�1�2 � ;dj�3qj�35476 9 ¥ as some length �5´ �Ò¤

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20

Week 4 - Day 5 / Unit 20 Date: [ ]-[ ]-[ ]

Task 1: 8"9;:/</=;>7?A@ 1 BDC 5 @�EGF;HJI�K�LNM�OQP5R�S;<TH":/U;V;@�WX;Y K�ZG[]\"^T_/`aMb:�c�d7e�dT@/F�RGH�fJg�OQP5R�S�h]fQH]i�j;k�l;m�n;oH�prq�lJst�H�W X;Y Huak�lABA8�R;8�vTw�S

��������������

Visa Section 5-25, Akasaka 8-chome Minato-ku, Tokyo 107

Mr. Taro Yamada **-** Eifuku Suginami-ku, Tokyo 168 01 April 2000 Dear Mr. Yamada: This refers to your recently received pre-application questionnaire. In order that we may accurately assess your ability to meet Canadian Immigration requirements, you are requested to complete the attached "Application for Permanent Residence," and to provide us with the documents listed on the attached form (A6). Please be advised that there is now a charge for the processing of immigration applications: $125 Cdn. or Japanese yen ¥12,500. As this fee is for processing it will not be refunded regardless of the outcome of your application. If you wish to undertake a new business venture in Canada, either as an entrepreneur or an investor, a detailed business proposal is required which will then be sent to the province concerned for assessment. All parties must be satisfied that the proposal has a reasonable chance of success and will have a positive impact on the Canadian economy. You should not give up your present employment or dispose of any property or possessions until you have received your visa from this office. Should your marital status or the composition of your family change during the processing of your application, this office must be

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21

advised immediately. Failure to do so may result in unnecessary and possibly lengthy delays in the finalizing of your application.

Upon receipt of the completed "Application for Permanent Residence" and the processing fee, we shall again correspond with you. Yours truly,

���������First Secretary A5 (1/98)

1. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to “ the price asked for something or for the service rendered” ?

a. charge b. process c. refund d. disposition

2. The noun entrepreneur refers to:

a. a person who undertakes a business venture. b. an employee of a business enterprise. c. a person investing or possessing capital. d. a person who supervises corporate activities.

3. Mr. Yamada is applying for:

a. investment authorization. b. a student visa. c. a job with a Canadian firm. d. business immigration.

4. How much is the document processing fee?

a. 125 U.S. dollars. b. 125 Japanese yen. c. 125 Canadian dollars. d. No fee is being asked for.

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22

5. What Mr. Yamada should do now? a. Notice his marital status immediately. b. Fill out the questionnaire and send it back. c. Send back the attached application form together with the processing fee. d. Do nothing. Just wait for further instruction.

� Words & Phrases B

assess [-------] x>_ nq:<;�y�z>nq: Bimmigration {�|�;�{Pç Brequirement G�§�K { 9�K�4}�³ r�~ Byou are requested to §j�2���p { i => Please... K����Pÿ (��"�>ÿ�25��� ¤����@ | ¡���@���2�a*���;�g�*>ÿ�¥ |��"� (������� ¤ B

Application for Permanent Residence �|��T����¸ BPlease be advised that §P¥ �pA�sÌ��Q�qj�?;�>z n => ¹�� � ?��qK you are

requested ���7� ��;;�>���"�>ÿ�2����"��¤ Bcharge [-------]  �¡�¢ Bprocessing [-------] £¤ Brefund [-------] ¥���nq: Bregardless of §�¥ ����¦ *�� Bundertake a new business venture §°j!i�¨q½8ùA©<à r�ª�6��P÷<?/�>: Bentrepreneur [-----------] G¬«P¥5¨q½8ùA©<ÃG­5®8ò>O�K�4�¯�ª� Binvestor [-------] °�±� Bthe province concerned ²b³PK�´ => �µ�¶�K�·¸ | S¬´�U«��¯>:�±�; province

|Sº¹�Uk��»d@��q:�¹�� � ¯>:�¤ Ball parties ¼�¨�½�¾ Bdispose of §>6b£¤c¿£�À�nq: Bproperty or possessions Á�Â�¯>:<i | �"Ã�Ä BShould your marital status or the composition of your family change... S � j«¯ 2 { K5ÅÆ ¨�½�Ç��È�É�\�±�Ê ¦ :�¹���±�¯��A3�U => If your marital status or the composition of

your family (should) change,... K � µ�ÿ5Ë�À���� Bmarital status [----- ------] ÌÅÍP;�Å Æ ¨�½ => Î�Å �bÏ Å � K�Ð�Ñ BFailure to do so may result in

} ��j�2�i G = ���¥bÒ ¦ 2�i�4·¸ | §���2�:�¹��±�¯>: B

correspond with §�� Ì���6��8:

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23

Week 4 / Answers to Exercises ÓJÔaÕ×ÖDØ7ÙJÚÜÛ�ÙÞÝ

Unit 16. Microsoft’s “Applications Barrier to Entry” Task 1 ¹8K8Õ�b � K�ß�µ¡ | 301 µ�¤Öj { ±"1�2 ;�à�¥8¶/á�¥ 2 â (120 ã )

���1 { �5nq:P� 301 words ä 120 å 60 ææ ææ 150 wpm � ; ÷AçP��3(èéDê-ë"ì 140 í 10 wpm

K�?�î�K�ï$Ö�!i �«¹��«¥ 2�:�¤ 2 â�ð��� 301 words ä 150 å 60 ææ ææ 120 wpm �!i �¹��«¥ 2d¦5;×ê-ë"ì�6�Ç�Ç/ñ�òP:�¤ ó�ô ÿ�¥ | ;�õ�ÁM>�Aö � wø÷qK�ùJú�û�üaý�þ�ÿ���������� ����� (landmark

ruling) ��������� 1999 � 11 � 5 �����! #"%$'&)(�*%+�,.-/�%�]ý10"ÿ2�43%�657�8294:�;�<%=?> ��@BA�4C 1) " D'+#E�,.FG�IH�bùQú5ûbü7ý�J#A#@�KL�NM�OPRQ'ST2U.V O W'X�Y[Z]\�^�_ > ���'`��4a >Rb�c �4d�e4�gf ;#h �[i#j�gkBl�m/n'o @A�#Pg�p��q����2�4C �%r�s b `g�gt�ü�uK b/v.w �1x;ýgyBz��{�|(�*%+�,.-/�%�����}�~#������û5ü��/ý�J#A�@ h �[i#j�gkBl ;#h �#`��gm�y%�]ý���a���@%�?\ b �� O# A �B��5�J���\ b ��(�*#+�,.-��%���?���o @P[��`��[r�a���Y��%a > A��RA � �B� : K b �%�%�aL\�ý'Y/a�o �#�%O�K% A�a���q����2�/C�� j v d%r%r� O�K���Y�� �'O�X %a#oB���[A � �%�'K b � �'O�X#�.�BO����%O'P v��#� s4@BA�%r�X��BA.C#��� 2 J����/û"ý��%�;ý��p�#�#`�� ; O�X���� b.�#  � 829 m%X%¡.d�£¢%¤�O�X�����¥'��@��A.C

1. �7(#*B+#,g-4�%����K2e4��� � �`��1m4¦#§]ý2s[�Pg�BO h o �#agC

2. ¨ w K�`4�'me4��� � g�2©�O�3%�]s[@BA��agC

� b«ª 2 ¬p­B®#­BF ª 1 u�� Without an entry barrier... K]��¯B°�±g² ; � ������4A �£³�´ O b If there is no entry barrier... �[�2X1µp����`� ; O�X��¶5 If �.·

---------------------

1) ¸º¹º»[¼¾½ ¿ 1 À4»[¼4ÁRÂ4Ã�ÄRÅ Æ1Ç1È�É�ÊÌË�¹�Í4Î[Ï�Ð.Ñ/Ò ÓÕÔ�Ö[×�Ø!Ù1¸ÚÔgÑ�Û1Ü[Æ�ÈÝ »4¼1ÑßÞ à1á�â/ã%ä!å�æ�ÔBçÚè�égÂ�êgçÚëgì4í%îNÙ.¸º¹�»/¼�ÃßÞðï4Í.ñºÀ/ò�Ñ�ó�ô/ÓõÔgÖ[öñRö/ãBä4î÷Ö�ø/ù�ú�û.¹�¿ 2 Àgºü�îÕý�ÓÕÔ�Ö[×�ØÕÙ�þgÿ���� Ã������/ÙRÄ�Ë.¹�Í[Î��� �îÖ[ö çÚë��4ì[Ù OS ����������� ½ Å Ý�� �����#Ê����#ÈRÉ�Ê Á! /¹�".¹ ÈRÉ�Ê#%$&�%Ê÷î÷Ö'!(�) ç£ö1æ�*1ç Þ,+�-�..æ%/102��ã[¹�3��245��6�ö1Ö�798�:���� ) ç���;1<4ÖRö ç ½ =?>@�A

2001 B 9 C 7 >!ÁRë

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24

�L\�ý When �%s[@P%��A : C�A��ED���F!GEH5I (open condition) m�J�ÿKH5I�uG��A� �5L�O h �RCLs�� ; o�@ b ` `�O%K �NM >�b�O O h �4�p��A � `���m/�1PKQ]�%s@ <%= @BA�#`���ýB�� 5 `g� Without m “ If it were not for” �RA �Ú³�´ �!R�SKTU T�r���ÿ2��� bV uWKXLP%`4�Aý105Y s[@ would find 57�B��K would have found

:� �LK[Z O h � : CG¯G¥ �]ODý b `��pu � S G \^] m`_baDý`JDÿ]C

Without an entry barrier, / any dominant producer that seeks to restrict sales in order to raise

prices above competitive levels / will find its market share eroded / as new entrants capture

price-sensitive customers. // cSG dKe&f ( g �&h�� ) ¯%°�±�² ; � ��� / iEj�m�k&lnm�oKpq_%^Aý�r'\�^�_��`�gm`s4��ý�tqu&v?w�m2s.� � � ÿp��ùÞú1�Kx w K / ( yEz��ý ) ���KgB�|{?} Vm�~ \����R�2�#`���ýB��4C / ( ����� � �`��1mbÿ%��� ) ����ý�g �]ý1¯B°�ÿ2��xw'; b iEj;ý���'��5� w m���o @�s4� � a > O h �4C //

`g� c a b ª 3 ¬p­B®#­BF ª 1 u]ý h � the mere existence of �RA ���&� P�� ³; y 8 O h �4C.`g� mere K��5���1�B~X�O b��&� K¾� c dB� b�� �� b �#a ; 5NMý�ÿ��. A : �£�RA ��� S��#guK��O U A > �2� ; b `%`1O�K the very existence of �A �Ú³�´ O!�'����@BA�4C�`4�pP b ¯#¥��BO�ý�_&a�ý SG \'m�JGs[@B��Y 5����5�K��?� : C

Judge Jackson seems unaware / that the mere existence of a large number of

Windows-based applications / proves that Microsoft has stirred competition among software

developers /—leading to better products and falling prices / and raising the value of both

hardware and software to consumers. / cSG d5e&f�( *1+ ,4-º�1�BK2_�a��B` �(ý�� ;!  A#@BA� A� � ý�q����2�4C / ÿ���¡ b WE¡��?¢ U -^£�¢�¤.05Y?,.FG�N�1¥5¦�����Pg� ; / `4���BOB" D'+#E�,.FG�H ; , F ��F!§qx w`¨ ��©ª�m�«&¬ s4@�X.�'`��gm�J s / ����­® �#s4@&M ( _�a� ) C //

� b `g�gt�ü�uK Cato Policy Analysis, No. 380, August 31, 2000. ((c) 2000 The Cato

Institute) � Executive Summary a > �¯ U C�m�° �N� � uK�_&a#� URL O�¯&±ÿ�#`�� ; O�X#�4C

http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-380es.html

('*�+',#-g���2� � upK5_qa�� URL O%¯?±q²³ 5 2001 � 9 �&´ � � ¦ : Chttp://www.albion.com/microsoft/findings.html

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25

`g� c a b `g��µK¶]ý�þ�ÿ2��·�T5�#x��¸�¹%zKº b �'��»#" D2+#E�,.FG� H%x���A.�]ý�J#A#@�K.� �&¼ �E_&a#�5½ D � ¯&± C

• U.S. Department of Justice Antitrust Case Filings: US vs. Microsoft

Κhttp://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/ms_index.htm

• MSNBC.COM: Microsoft Trial FAQ

Κhttp://www.msnbc.com/news/205641.asp

Task 2 �#�'Kg���p�R�?\÷C 1=b, 2 = d, 3 = b, 4 = a, 5 = d

û 1 K2� ( ��Y�ý5©qª|h2� ) ¯�° w �I��A � S&¾2O h �%a > b � entrant; l#�C

entrant K entrar (= enter) ¿ -ant �RA ��À&Á O b -ant K �ÂM�ÿ2�4f��#�RA �Ú³�´ ��ÃEXÄ�ÅqÆEÇ C7û 2 K6�ÉÈ�×ýÊ`Ë×ý&Ì]� > �G�%� �gA � S?¾LO h ��a >�b d �

impregnable ; l#�CG`B� �EÍ K im- (= not)= ¿ pren (> prendre (= to take) ¿ able

��A ��À|Á O b �,Î&ÊEÏÐ��.� (incapable of being taken by assault) � ³'´ Cpa�\�Î�Ñ�jp��Ò�A �&Í O h � ;�b � U uq�La > �'�����.�'� ³2´ KÈ��Tý5Ó|Ô�²³'O h �gC c � erode K � [ Õ%z �5Ö ý���o @ ] ×5Ø ;�ÙÚ �R�2��� ;!Û ¾�O b ``ga > �.5,Ü�&ÞÝÜpe ;�:!ß&à ÿ2� b�ß �#���B� ³�´ ;�áâ s[�Pg�gC"û 3 K1t�üu��&ã1D �äpG��Pg#o @BA� “ applications barrier to entry” �RA � F?mR E¤�� ³�´ mû � ûbü�C ª 1 ¬p­B®#­BF�ý h �4z < a > b

; l.��C�û 4 K 4 J��1åæç���è.a >(�*%+�,.-��E��� VEé �º�&ê?s4@BA'�4z < m�åEë�Pg�%O b a

; l.��C�`/�pP�ì`íBYª1 ¬p­B®#­BF�ý!î�ï5ÿ2�4z <�;#h �4CAû 5 K b `g�gt�ü�u��1¨ w � Vé �%s[@�l

sRA'Pg��m�åæ%C ª 4 ¬p­B®#­BF ª 2 u]ý “ That means the barrier to entry into the

operating-system market is nowhere near as impregnable as the judge has claimed,...” � h�#`��4a >Rb d

; l.��C� � b ûbü�u�� alleged K � ( MBO h ��� ) ðs�ñ#@ > ��@BA� ( ��`Kò.� ) ��� ³�´ C

Task 3 ó v�ô?õ ��°#DL- ��ý%JA�@K Unit 1, Task 3 (Week 1) �'��» Unit 6, Task

3 (Week 2) ���&ö2m/¯&± C� � b `B�Bt�üup�E÷ T p�ó?ø'�^ù/ TLU -�®B$�úg £�K��L�.� 140 wpm O h �gC

Unit 17. Rading the Aid Traders

Task 1 `g�gt�ü�u��1û ÍKü K Unit 16 � cKý ì`í[O b 302Í C]s[� ; o @ b vqþ ý

2 � (120 ÿ ) a%a�o ����ÿ2��� 302 words � 120 � 60 �� �� 150 wpm O b���� s�� 140�10 wpm ��¡ � � e�^�w%���Bj]�RA � `���ýB��4C 2 ���#r�� 302 words � 150 � 60

�� �� 120 wpm O b s��pm/�%�qa%���4C

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26

}�~���ý%K b �NM�g0���������EB®#­�� (forein aid program) ý%a%a%���/W���Hýg0"ÿ2�2¸�l#Zq¯��������! ]ý�J#A�@�"�í/ ;�>Rb ����#!$Aý h �&%(' �*)�x��+�,   �Aý�J#A#@�Q^í[�Pg�BO h �4C.-�ü �%s[@�K�/Aý s9�GsRA'Pg�BO�KB A#�10 b2 a% ��K43G�#s[@ b � v O.W ³ K�¢#¤�O�X.�#�%O�KBBA�a���q��.�2�4C � b `�gt�ü7ý%K ª65 ¬p­B®#­BF�ýB� � $­87�{19%m4°���@B�%A#��C CD óEø ; A#�10ý b: D!; U1< ��= v m(> A�@�?@�ÿ2��`�� ; O�X.BA ;Bb `g� h �/� Task 3 �K½ D��Ag�º­%-g$[m[ �{CB/-.��D õ m � í4@ b e/��� � (E*%-�F#-%®#mbÿ2�.� ; k�ïa b P � � j�G õ s[@B�%A#@BA#�%r�X��BA.C

Task 2 �#�'Kg���p�R�?\÷C 1=d, 2 = a, 3 = d, 4 = a, 5 = c

û 1 K lucrative �&ì!¾ Í m�åEë/ûbüO b l.�2K d � profitable H2a�� : CAû 2 K

apparently �Eì!¾ Í m�åEë/ûbü�C Words & Phrases ý�P��&ö]s[���R�?\ b `g� ��Í Kobviously, clearly, evidently 5JI > aý�M r : ��A �õ³�´ � seemingly 5 e � � > M ���� r : ��A �N³#´ ;%h � ;.b `1��t�ü#u�O#K�� w � ³#´ O���1�#@ A��[C�s�� ; o�@a; l��%C�û 3 K ª 1 ¬p­B®#­BF�ý105Y�ÿ2�4z <�;#h \ b d

; l.��C�û 4 K ª 2 ¬p­®#­BF�K&L;ý�M @pY�� “ cozy relationship”

;�N ý2�/o @#� �JO5Øp��A�þQP���O h �� <%= @BA���%a�m�û � ûbü�C%uK�a >Rb a

; l.�O h �#`��/K�I > agCAû 5 K bRS ¬p­B®#­BF.� “ But for those that do, the old habits apparently die hard.” 5 s4aps b� � s[@BA� [=> bid-rigging ms[@BA� ]

w ��¡�ý2�/o @ b `g��T#A õ(U KB%a%a�V�@ > �� A'Pg�%��� � O h � : �RA � z < a >[b c

; l.��C � b `g� die hardK��#5ðf%� õ(U pe ;�: s�ë?�RA b s�ë?�BY â X&W������ ³�´ C

Task 3 ¯#¥��BO�ý b ª 2 ¬p­B®#­BF.� � ½ D �º­����1]2m!_&a�ý�J�ÿBC� � b ÿO�ý <%= ���R�]\ b ½ D ��­.K Û u�� �XKÀ�Á 5ZY1[�ý��'�.��@BA'� Í�\ � À u :O�KB2Y b ��� �^]1_�` a]1_�` a]1_�` a]1_�` a � (communicative intention) ý1�^sBs b `4�'m|Õº�����(bO%A�a"ý1kK~;ý �&� ÿ2��a b �[A � `��1m�s[���#s[��c!d�O h �4CGs[� ; o @ b \M�ýEï.��o @�K!y 8 ý�Y í[@[Õ1©�ý Û u657� �XKÀ&Á : a >fe ��@#a%�%�% A.C 2)

---------------------

2) g�hg¹ Þ i�j1ã�ä Þ^k4Å�Ê��ºã�ä÷¹mlonB¹�3gögÃ[Ùmp&qBÃolQrg¹&s�t4âmuQv(w/ ½yx�61Ùî*zBî*z�Ù{j�Ò4¹/ì4|[¹Rï[Í.ñf}&~�Ñ�ñRöo���1Â�Á1¸NÔK{��æ�ñ4�£Ô�z/ñ��÷ñRö�äõö�����Â�êçÚëB¸ÚÔ.ÃRÙRö�æ�*gç Þ��÷ömj1ã�*�%ç�ì4|��/Ã��m�Bñ��m�ä÷ñgç�Ñ[Ù.¸º¹�u&v#¸% �Ñok[Å�Ê���lm�1âgñ�å&�Q�Q�&�&���o�.¹4ì�|[¹f�&�gâgñ��m�&����ä/îÚÖ[ö.çÚè1égÂ/êgçÚë

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27

� ���¡ �¢*£�¢*¤*¥�¦�§

Last week / (that cozy...) ¨© /

that cozy relationship was shattered / (when...)

`g� < ª w � > O5Øp��A�þQP2K < «(W;ý�P > ¬¡m­'a��2�#`���ýB#o ��C /

when government anti-monopoly investigators / (raided...)

¸�l#Z�¯�����?M / 3 ®

[raided] 37 trading firms, / (including...) ; b37 �(��H;ý10]s[@ < ¯z�� >�! 'm&c'o �#�BO h �4C /

including Mitsubishi, Mitsui and Marubeni. /

`g��è�ý%K b�°(±�b�°�²�b(³�´�;4µ ����@BA#��C /

Investigators carted off thousands of pages of sensitive documents / (as part of...)

�! �¶�KgWE¡��"þQP���·pm4¸�¹]s�M / 4 ®

[as part of a widening investigation] i in to whether the firms have been engaged in a

massive bid-rigging scheme, / (much as...)

� ; b `4��KKM [...]i `4� > ��)&x ;�º�» �#�Ïl�¼½Aý�þ�¾�s[@BA#�#ape � a"ý�JA#@#� [ W�¿(À'�Á���.�K���%s[@ ]i c�����Pg�BOEM /

much as Japanese construction firms / (colluded...)

ì(Â�ý b �NM��ÃÄ��BH ; /

colluded over bidding for big domestic contracts. /

W2X.�Å#}�Æ(Ç�1°!È]ý�þps[@�É.�Gs[@%A#�#ape � a < ý�J�A#@PmÁ�� ; c�.��@A� > C /

---------------------

3 ÁËÊmj ) Ô�zpÞ ÌmÍ ¹*Î1ÏÑÐQÒG½ ÓQÔQÕ.¹�Á×Ö&Ø4Ù�ãÕä£ñgç�Ñ[Ù ¸º¹oÚ�ÛK�#Ê ¹ Words & Phrases

Â�7ÝÜ4Þ�î÷ì%äõ×�ØÕÙ.¸4¸�ÃßÞ ß�àQá�â�Ó&ÔQÕ.¹fÖ&Ø�Ù�ãBä ) ç�¹4Ñfã�ä£ë�ñ�×/Ù�j�Â/ÃßÞåÌÍ ¹[ã�äõö��.Þ�æ�Ãf�Qç[ë

4 Á carte off Ã�Þ ( èmé�î¡ê�ñ�ëN [ ì&í�� ]) ��î&ï çºã[äõö��ñð�ò�ÂRÙ�¸/¸�Â/ÃfóQôQõmöGÞåé÷ ) ç (to confiscate) ã¡ø4ùK�Ù9 /¹�}Qú�Ñ�û9��ü�x�ý�(�õñ�þ4ÿgÂ�����î÷ì�7�¹�ë�j��4äRì�<Ö�Ã Þ õmöK*��îmïBçºã4¹��(����Ù�����â1ÂoÊ�� ��Â!-�ç����K� �¹�������� ) ç�x[Ù/ê1çögà Þåõmö{é ÷ ) ç£ã4¹��(����Ù2 �¹����.¹fð�ò��þ�ÿ ) ç�x%äõö�� 2 61¹�������� Ý Ñ�êçÚë sensitive documents Ã�g�� Þ � ��õmö1ã�äNö �ñð�ò��/ñgç�Ñ[Ù ¸ÚÔ.ÃR×57��fÌoÍ ��õ1��6ö1Ö[ö��÷¸gä{x��NÙ.¸/¸�Â/ÃßÞ�����õmö1ã#ä/îÚìºë#¸�¹ Þ�����õmö1ã�Ñ Þ á�Ø! gö!�#"&ð5�ç) çºã “ sensitive” ñ%4 $�¹�7�¹/Â/êgç�¸gä÷Ã���%�x��{æ��{x/Â/êgçNë

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28

Fair Trade Commission investigators / (are...)

Κ̧�l#Zq¯�����K /

are [focusing on]j equipment tenders for a relatively obscure technical aid programs / (run

by...)

[...]j &('���Ï I*)�,+.-������EB®�­��"ý.� � ��/(0�°È [ ý�1���mï.@#��Á��pmc'o @BA� ]j

; M /

[run by] k a Foreign Ministry off-shoot, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). //

[...]k < `/� > �1°!ÈEx.2'K > ��2K�2���4345   O h ��Å�[*6KÜ&�Ex45 ; [ Z]\87~o @BA� ]k Pg�BO h �4C //

=> k[Å�Ê#�9��:fÜ4Þ.à Week-1, Unit-4 ¹ Þ<;�=�>�?.¹�Ü4Þ�ä�Ü @1ã (p. ??) A�BRë

Unit 18. Bluetooth hopes to deliver “new dimension in wireless technology”

Task 1 `g�gt�ü�u��1û ÍKü K 653

Í C#CEDEFHGHIKJML�NODQPHRES(TOUWVYX[Z(\120 wpm ]E^E_a`cbYXdZ(\ 5 e 20 fEgOh�i(iYj�k(lnm.oYj�prq�s,t.uYvrw�x.yz8{�|

140 } 10 wpm ~ �(�Y�(�nj,����q�s��a� s����O~����a����q�s,t.uY�*���Oqw��.�Y�,��i*�n� �E�,�.eEm ���n�Y�*�.�����*�.t.u4�4sn�,s�m(���. c¡�q�v�¢Yj£�¤ �.o��*p4¥(vr��� Task 3 ���O¦9§�u����aw���m(�*��¨�oO©�w,� 140 } 10 wpm sª4«

(150 wpm)  .¥��Yq��E~�¬H­�j�t.uY�*���O®O¦#mO��¥.�*p

�,�H¯nmY�(� “ Bluetooth” w�°n�.�cj�±[� ��²�³n´nµO¶�·E¸4¹�º (wireless data

transmission technology) s�»n¼*½.¾H~*i�¿��(�(��s(À ÁEs,Â(Ã��*Ä�ÅnÆE® Ç�È�É4oh�m,������Ê4©§*Ën¯�o�Ì�Â4��Í�ÎÏ��¥���s.���4j�p�§.Ð.�(�4Ñ4Ò�¯�o�Ó(Ôr�,Õ��©,j,���*Ö�×Kw(�����,§*ËYØ,Ù�s�Ú�Û����*�.e�m�Ü�Í��Y��j*� �Em.o�Ý��.��j�p

��ÞO��ß(à4¯�á4â*ã�äEm.o�Ý��.��j,����å 4 æHç.è�ç.é(ê�ë�s*ì�â�ínâ�î4���(�n¢ic¡�mE©���in��ï��Yo��*prq��n��ðYsn®O¦#m “ have NP V-ing” s�ñ��Y���4j�p

[One scenario for employing the technology

[HAVE has] [NP users] [V-img e-shopping, checking stock prices, and sending e-mails [PP

from their PDAs, laptops, or cellphones over their lattes at the local cafe]]].

[ q�s,¹�ºH~ ò�ó�ôOjöõ÷qYw��.ø�ùnm.oYj�qYw�s,ú�ûaw#�4s(á*üKý#þ4�

[HAVE [NP ÿ(µ���� [PP ��µ���µ4á�����ã.�né���ç�ín~� ���o(���� PDA �Hç��

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29

ã�����ã��Y�4j��4�������ni�� ] [V-img ���Yá������*â(è(~���¥a¡#� ��!r~ "��� #���¥a¡���$,µ*äH~ ¸nÝ�¥a¡�ôOj ] w�W¦���s.���4j ]] p

q�s�g.i�� å 6 æHç.è�ç.é å 2 �ns What's more, should an accident occur,... � What's

more, if an accident should occur,... s&%�'(�.� ��¢�(4j�)4�*Ys�+�,�ñ��ns -Y���4j�p. o��4m*�/)4�*Ys�+�,�ñ���m(�Yq�s “ if S (should) V” 021 “ Should S 3 V” s�g.i�m*�

“ if S had V-en” 021 “ Had S V-en” (e.g. Had we received your request earlier we should have

been glad to help you. [BLC2:23:01790]) ÆE®�Ç “ if S were” 021 “ Were S V” (e.g. Were I

you, I should not do so.) w�W¦54n���4j�pno�Æ(� “ V-en” �768�s79;:.e8�4O~=<�ô(pq�sK¦ . ��>�?O� Time � Newsweek orh�s����Y���Y���O���A@E¢,�Oj,����B�?Es-��YÊ4©� ,�nmO��i�CD���Yo��*p

Task 2 Í�EE��ðYsHwÆK¡9p 1= c, 2 = a, 3 = b, 4 = a, 5 = b F

1 � angle w�W¦568�s&%�'Y~ F ¦ F Å�prq�s�G*Ó���å 2 æHç.è�ç.é�m(Õ��H©,j��� Bluetooth... is angling to deliver more and faster Internet on-the-go than DoCoMo's

prodigy can. w�W¦ �H�i��(��� c I�JEm7KML�o N�O�P��.o��*pQ%�'���Ó(Ô�Í�Î�R;S.po�Æ(��q�s���m(Õ��H©,j on the go �UT Ø4m�V.Á��.��Ø�W7X;6 õZY6�ú�s���[�ÝOw(��.��o�����\ (constantly or restlessly active) s&%�'*p F 2 �]T  .v�^(ÂK���.��o��Eqw�~�_;`�ôOj�\aw�W¦�s.���4j,i��� a s envision (=> en 3 vision (=to image)) ��aÍ�p�å 5 æHç.è�ç.é,��� envisions a day when people will have... w�W¦ �Hn��Õ��H©j,���bTdcHw�W¦e#�O©,j,s4~ envision ôOj�\rw�W¦�s.���4j,i���nq��Y�fTgcE~_H�;hd© (= to picture to oneself) \dw �M¦i%M'Y���EjnqHw,�*�kjrm&_k`H���Q©*�l �E�Ej�p F 3 � WLAN � WPAN ®E¡��im4�4�.��jnw���Oj�Üon(~kp#�4s N�O�Ps�q*i��rN�s.p�t7u�v�wn��å 9 æHç.è�ç.é�m(�r¡���a*ÍO� b p F 4 �.  l “ Yoshiaki

Nezu” w#�Ϧyx&zn�(Õ,�E©�j�Ð�e�~�{K��� q s7x�|Y� WPAN m��(�.�Oh4¦8�K¦�q�w�~} Ý,�*�nj�i�~�~�(ô.�4��®��,p.å 10 æOç*è.ç�é�s�v�w�iM� a �7a,Í(p F 5 � 4 �s&N�O�P�s�q*i����Ä�Å���s7�D�,m����K���(��j���s4~�N�s(prq�����Ä�Å4�O~�ô���*���.v&BY��o��cw9Í�En�Y�*o������ b õ => å 2 æHç.è�ç.éAR;S.ú�I�JE��ô��4� ��ns�� �Ww��;�K���.��o��*p

Task 3¤�� �ns&Y�Em�L*¥�Ý��.��  l h�sn®O¦�o�� �r~�q �4m. rw���j,i(s����

��çA�Eâ�~�Y��4ôOj £�¤ ���4j�prq�s,Ä�Å���s ���E�*��ÆE®���ðYs�®O¦�o�� ���� w���j�qYw�m.oYj�v��r¦ p

(1) “ Bluetooth” w�����i�p (2) “ Bluetooth” s,ò�ó��/���EmY®�Ý��rhY¦��W¦�qYw��.�Y�

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30

j�®O¦#m.oYj,s(i�p (3) Bluetooth �OhY¦��W¦�������¼n~A��Ý��.��j,i õ w.© m�e5�Wws�t7uY�*ú.p (4) ���Em�L*¥�Ý���s F Å��4����i�p

q��E~�q �4m*�*Ö�×E~�T 200 �Yi�� 250 ����u;\4s �(�Y� ¤�� ôOjnw�ô(�n�*�(ÆE®��ðYsn®O¦#m.oYjöõ �oq*s7 ;�n� ª vns����¡��çA�Eâ�m7¢�£4ú.p

T (1a) ±Q���.²�³4´�µ�¶�·Y¸(¹.º����Yj Bluetooth � (1b/2a) �Oâ(¶,µ�¤¥����~4®¡�¦�§Yon��s�m�ôOjA¨�±n¯�o,¹�ºn���r¡�� (2b) q��Y�&����ô(�n�*��© +Eoª�µ�«�ä¬�­ oH� m�®�¯����°�±O~=@OÝ.�rh,q,i����E��² n�m ���YáD������â(è��M$,µ�äH~³;´ ôOj�qYw��.�Y��j�®O¦#m.oYj�p (4) ��s&����s.¥��.m(�*�r©�4i�#Eý��H��o�µ ��.o���o�� F ÅE���4j,��� (3) e5�n����ô4��m i-mode �&���W���.ÆK¡�������°�±ns¶· �*~A¸Y�¹eº�;x�s »�¼r~7½O­������ Bluetooth �.�4s7¾��ah�ÆÏ¡�Â�¿Os i-mode

m7Àn¢�Ý������O~=Á�Â�ôOj�qYw,���.e�m ½E­k���Oj�p;\ õ 247 �(ú

o�Æ(�E�O¦ ¨W�Ã�� Em7Ä�ÅE�����n�ÆTÇ®�¯�����°�± (6 � ) \�~�TÇ�����(�Hç��ã�����ã�� PDA oHh�s7®�¯�����°�± (24 � ) \4w(��ÈT �r©#�4i�#Eý��H��o�µ �n�.o��o�� F Å (18 � ) \(~]TZÉ�Ê �s ËQ¡=L*�&Ì����Í��μWw�s ÍÏ�oHh���r©�4i#Eý��H��o�µ �n�.o���o�� F Å (40 � ) \�sn®O¦#m7Ð�Ñ�ôOj�qYw��.��®�¡�Ò�×�»H~AÓôrqYw��(�Y��j�pÔTÕ���YáD����*â(è �k$,µ�ä�\Kw�W¦ Ì�Âr� �&��Ön�ÆTÕ�Eâ(¶�µ¤¡��� á������*â(è�������$,µ*ä�\aw(��¥.�cw,q��,���4j�p

Unit 19. The Growing Importance of International Education

Task 1 q�s�Ä�Å��ns ×(Ó E� 910 Ó(p CD s�Ø.´�ä;Ù�ÚY����Û�m*ÆE® � 6 e õ 364

f�ú�i(i�Ý��.��j�qYw�i���Hý�µ.´MÜ(â(è t.u��*ÆE® � 150 wpm w��W¦�qYw�m.oYj

(910 words Ý 364 Þ 60 = 150 wpm) pW��¥���Ý��.�Ø.´�ä;Ù�ÚYm&ßYÝ���à4� �;�n~���¥��Y��x.y z8{�| 140 } 10 wpm s ª4« s,t.uY�*�;��áE­,¥�qYw�m.oYj�p F ÅO�*�,�Û&Bns�Ü.ÍQw�Q¦�qnw�m.onj,�.�(Æ(�D�.©*q,s��Ym,�������nw.© m&âE�*o F ÅH�.oi�Ý�¥��,sHwiãY¢,�Hj�p����c��Ê4©§�Ën¯�o���s(�.�*Ó�äÈ� ñ��Ïw*���*¢��*�å�jon��s(��@E¢,�4�.��j,i������4j�p . o��4m*� q�s�Ä�Å��ns Flesch Reading Ease Score

� 57 �.�4gæ Standard (60-70) m §���çÃè(än���4jöõ Standard w��7ékê(s�q7ëì

(7-8th grades) ����j�m��;�(��i*��Ü�Í4ôOj�qYw��.�Y��jnw�W¦ çÃè.äH~Aí�ô(ú.pY¥vc����î�xnscý#µ.´oÜ(â�è,�,Ü�Ín��ï*�,e��.�(j�w5ð¡[�¥��&�Y��������q�sAí&<Ym��j�w�Ær¡8��Ä�Å��n~.�Y¦ §�u*����ñO����Æ*������¥*v(� ¥,� p

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� �n¯�m(�*����¢�(4jòTdê�ó ( ô ) õ;ö�\�s £�¤ »Em,�����&÷¥[�¥���s.�.����s*§�øw(����s é�ê�m*Æ�µ�j “ English + One” �4j��4� “ dual-immersion” w�°����Oj�JkêÓ�õ�öYá.î�í�ù�m*�����E� } �Q���(�Ej�p . o�Ym�� immersion w �&úû z9{ w#ôj�Jkê�Ó õZü�Ø4��å 2 Jkê�Ó�úE~�@OÝ��,Ö�õ�ýns í�òE~=þM¦5õ;ö4á�î(í�ù.snqYw�~í�ô.p,q�s�îo��µ�"�� } �W���.��j=é�ê(s dual-immersion � two-way immersion w��°����Oj�pÿ�G4m,����ô(�n� “ school programs, in which native English-speaking and

non-English-speaking students learn together in the same class.” (Education Week on the

Web, March 22, 2000) w�W¦���s.���4j�p

o�Æ(� q�s�Ä�Å��ns�Ö(���&I���s U.S. Department of Education s�����«���� � �&RS.ôOj�qYw��.�Y��j�p

Κhttp:// www.ed.gov/Speeches/04-2000/000419.html

q�s��i�;� #�m,�����O�;��mHý�µ.´MÜ(â(è(~��o�*¥.����E��� I���s URL R;S�p

• Dual Immersion Programs mMt�ôWj�t�uMv�� : “ Riley Endorses 'Dual Immersion'

Programs.” Education Week on the Web, March 22, 2000)

Κhttp://www.edweek.org/ew/ewstory.cfm?slug=28hisp.h19/

• Dual Immersion Programs m�t,ôHj Riley �ns��� 4ík#�î � : “ Excelencia Para

Todos -- Excellence for All: The Progress of Hispanic Education and the Challenges of a

New Century.” A speech given by U.S. Secretary of Education Richard W. Riley. Bell

Multicultural High School, Washington, D.C. March 15, 2000.

Κhttp://www.ed.gov/Speeches/03-2000/000315.html

q,s�g.i.��ékê(s õ�ö F Å�Ö(ËEm�t,ôOj=®�¯����*Á�ÌnÆE® Ç��� ns�ík#�î �9m,������&I���s���� � R;S�p

• Speeches & Testimony, U.S. Department of Education.

Κhttp://www.ed.gov/Speeches/

Task 2 Í�EE��ðYsHwÆK¡9p 1= c, 2 = b, 3 = a, 4 = a, 5 = b F

1 � 4 �4s N�O�Pns�q*i��� T����n������aK��\aw�W¦º%�'Y~�����4.��8H~ANs.p�Í�EE� c s gracious �(�&����å 1 æHç.è�ç.é�m74.��8Ww�z�8�4ns 2 �4��@E¢,��.��j�pHç�ínâ�Ó gratia (= favor, thanks) i���s��(ó�Ó(p F 2 � agenda s�%�'Y~ F¦ F Å�p;ü�Ø(� T��(Å�\aw��W¦�%�'(�*Ü�ÍÏ���4�(��j�qnw��������.�Eq�s.í�#,î �s��H õ å 3 æHç.è�ç.éAR;S.ú4���ÆT ã��.è�ç�ù*��k� õ�ÆE®�Ç���s Ò�×4¯�o7þ�6k� �"!&�(Ì�úÃ\�w�4Ý�¥�%�' �Y���7@E¢,�4�.��j�qYw��(¢(iYj�p(��¥���Ý�� b s “ a

list or program of things to be done or considered” �&a*Í�p*q��O� � ç�ínâ�Ó�68 agere

(= to act) s 6�z�8�4 agendum (program of things to be done) i���s��(ó�Ó(p F3 �.  l “ new education era” w�W¦ Ì�ÂY��Õ��H©,j�#�$H~A{Ï��(��s&>Bns��

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32

�H~ 4 �4s N�O�Pns�� �WwiS���ôOj�p�å 2 æHç.è�ç.é�m(�4j=v�wYi��� a �&a*Í�pF4 � The speaker hopes... w�W¦&% F o(s.�.��w�¡���­ l ���oq,� hope ~=@OÝ�¥�Á} ��Õ��H©,j�#�$H~A{�ô(p('ML�ôOj�#�$E��å 7 æHç.è�ç.é*s It would be my hope that...

w�W¦ �Ïw�� ��s,ô*)ÃBns and I hope that... s 2 #�$n�(�ga*ÍO� a w�W¦�qYw�m.oYj�pF5 ��% F � The speaker concludes... w�o�Ý��.��j�qYw�i��� î�á.æHç.è�ç.é�m�t7u

v�wY���4j�v��r¦,wiC�L�~��kµ�j�qYw��.�Y��j�p The freedom to learn is, to my way of

thinking, a basic human right. w�W¦5î�á.æHç.è�ç.é å 1 �ns v�wYi�� b �&a*Í�p

Task 3 +�%�s 5 æ�ç�è�ç,é,~òT,��� ��ç�\ ôOjnw�W¦ Ä�Ånv�����q(q����7R�½Y .�m�å 2 æHç.è�ç.é�w�å 3 æHç.è�ç.é*s�--O~=<�ô.p

[ . 2 /10�2�0�3 ] 4)

Now, [let me share with you my thoughts]i on the importance of international education. / ���(� <4�e�� > [ ...]i êó&õ;ö4s�5 ¤ »Em,����� [ Æ��Ï���76��.��¥(vY�,¥(�cwiã�� ,ô ]i / I begin by stating the obvious — /

  l ��É(ïns���^nm,������w��4�.Æn�* ,ô / in this new global environment / (when...)

q�s��,±W��nè�� µ�8.ä�o ø�9Em*Æ(����� / when you [can]j e-mail a colleague in Japan / (or...)

ey�Ys�:�;nm7����$�µ�äE~�¸4Ý*¥r¡Ãc / or download a chapter of a book from Paris— /

��j��(�����Es�§�Þ�~ <  nj�ÊYw > æQý�i���<k�.â���µ>= ôOj�qnw�� < ÿ�GYm > [ �n�j ] j < ¢�µ,�*ôY� > / we have many more opportunities to learn from each other. / < q�sn®O¦�o ø�9Em*Æ(����� > ¢,�Y¢,�n�*� Æ�?���i��ië(Ç��M¦A@BO~��,ÝOwC�c©rûj�qYw��.�Y�* ,ô.p / ---------------------

4 DFEHGJI Now KMLCN�IPORQFS�THURVRL�IMW�X�YFZH[�\�]&^�_�VRLC`�aJb�c�dfeMgRhJb�K�ikj�]lnmMo e < prqHK > stkuwvyxFzJbP^1{}|7~������k� 2 ���C���R�7IP����I7���M�J�P��K7e7���b�K individuals ] their b7���F�H����Z�� o u��7��eRg�h�bFK l ��� s ->

l�� j � j�s�tkuwv��� ��{H|7~rq��F��t�{ o KJi7I� ¡vA��¢A£�¤�¥�¦}bFc��H~

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33

This new education era � is defined by the freedom of information, / (a freedom...)

q�s�±W���õ;ö4sW&À�c � J�§©¨ÏV T«ª�¬Ys�²7n7\aw�W¦�qYw����r¡ / a freedom � that will surely enhance the power of individuals / (to make...)

q�s�²7n��c � ­�xns�®H~�~�^nm�¯�ôW� / to make choices about their lives. // ¢,�Y¢,�Ys&ìE��°�s N�Ons�±�~�²w³��H©#�Oj���s.���r¡ ,ô.p //

[ . 3 /10�2�0�3 ] 5) I strongly believe / (that...) ´ ����¯c©�~�µW���.��j,s��c / that the growth of democracy, economic prosperity and economic stability throughout the

world / (is...) ¶�· s7®kê�m*Æ�µ�j�¸�¹�¹��ns7�º���»�¼Ys7���4�(ÆE®�Ç���s����Y�c / is linked to the advance of education. / <  Y��m >õ;ö4s���È�m.i(i�Ý��.��j [ w�W¦�qYw�o(s.���r¡ ,ô ] p /

---------------------

5 DH� 3 ���C���R�H� 1 �Jb�K7ePEHGJI [strongly believe] t&uwvf½C��¾�¿�]PeHÀFÁFIqÂ����I��ÃPÄ�Å ��{}|���� oRÆ IJT�vÇ�}��È�b7É�zR_���T�vÇ��{ oJÊ THu7~

I [strongly believe] / Ë K [...]

that the growth of democracy, economic prosperity and economic stability throughout the world /

Ì�Í�IPÎ�ÏF�CS����MÐ�½�½RÑ�IPÒFÓ�e�Ô�Õ�I7Ò�Ö�e�S�TMUF×�ICØ�Ù�KRe

is linked to the advance of education. /

< Ú m � >ÛJÜ�I7Ý�Þ���¥�¥F� o u���tàß�á�Çâ�ã1{ o u�ÚC_Fäå~

|�¤�{&e�i7I�T�vk��{}|Cæ�ç�eC����bFK l( Ð�½�½�Ñ�I7ÒFÓ�e�Ô�Õ�I7ÒFÖ�S�TMUF×FICØFÙ�K )

< Ú m �èRè�è> Û�Ü�I7Ý�Þ���¥�¥�� o u��èFè�è�èFè�è�è�èFè�è�èFè stHuwvfé��Rê�ëê�ëê�ëê�ë�ìì ìì�íJîíJîíJîíJîJ�Fc��RIF� � {&e�g���bFK�iHj

� lðï tHá��AâJãr{ o u��è�èFè�è�è�è�èFè s�tHu�v�t�i�ñ��Fò��róP{ o {PÚwvRt}u�v&ôCN���c��M~ Week 1/

Grammar Review 1 I7õ�ö 2 b Ê ¾F÷J|�tkS�dAe � j � j��Cø�ù�]�úÇû�{ o u��ýüüüüÿþ��þ��þ��þ������Hì���Hì���Hì���Hì������������ ì ì ì ì��� �� �� �� �����������������������������������������������������tAuwv�� �JKRe�!t#"J��KP����I%$�&(' )Fé�DCWFX�]+*{��-,¦/.F�C|�0�� Ê21�3 Z��54�b�cJ�7��e+6�{7ñ+7�8�YJZ�ôPNwt�{ o KCeFi7I+� ��]:9�;�_��FiJt��TC� o e#<�=��RSJ���?>�@�A�B>�@�A�B>�@�A�B>�@�A�B CJìCJìCJìCJì%D ED ED ED EF'HG�IJI7h�b/J�.�K [strongly believe] IC¿�L�]M���Ú�b+M N�O�I�Ú�Ú+P�Q�{MZF�Mj�K�Z�¦MZRu�iJtM�JT��2R�SFDM]M��T U��/V�.��FiJtH��b WF��tuwvféJ��cJ�H~

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34

This is [one of the strongest reasons]k / (why the...)

q��Y��c [...]k /

why the United States / (should...)

é�ê(� / should have an active and strong international education agenda. / XZY ¯�i*��¯�®�o�êó�õ;ö4ã��(è�ç�ù�~�[���ô��E�*���4j < wi½E­�j > [ ¯���Üon*sûaw#�����r¡ ,ô ]k / Education and democracy / (go...)

õ;öawR¸�¹�¹���� / go hand in hand. // ¯c©/\�Ç(�����.��j,s.���r¡ ,ô.p //

=> g�h�I/I ]%=�^�K Unit 12 (Week 3), Task 3 I+=�^�_�`C~FZRS�e <...> K7g�a���b�|�� o I+cd�e�f ]H^F_��ReFi�i7bFKCePS Ê �7g���]�qÂ�F�JI+g�L¡t�{ o ¢k£�Z Ê IF�P_��C|�0�I/c d ]h .R|7~�u�i�j Ê e}����b�K�j7^�k m j o uJZRuF��e5lR�7�nmC� óy¥�¦�o���¢k£��R×FI�T�vk�< p�q�j��:rns�I/c d bFcJ�&~

tvu�w�xzyz{í}|,î ��~7C l m Unit 19 s�Ä�Å��ns CD ~�à4����æHç.è�ç.é G5~��.�

s�� �H~���ë ¤ -K��oE���*p®�æHç.è�ç.é*s ±�� õ� �������������}���}� ������Z�n� �������5������� CD � �Z� �Z��� �n���

 v¡z¢z£�¤z¥�¦¨§ª©��� �Z� Unit 13 (Week 3) �5«��¬n­¯®�°z®�±5²5��� ³µ´?¶�·�¸¹�ºz»½¼�¾¿%À�Á �� » ��«Äà � ���5��Å���Æ�Ç}È�� �zÉ ��ÊZ� �z� ¹�Ë �Ì ���

��ÍÎ��nÏZÐ�� ÑÓÒÕÔ ¼ �z�}Ö�×�Ø�ÊZ� < Ù�Ú5Û > ����Ü�Ö�Î/Ý�ͽÃ�� ¼ ��Í �nÞzß��à}ánâã��� ¹�Ë �Ì � ¼ ��ä:å� �Ì���æzç}� �Z����è 1 ­¯®�°z®�± ¼ è 2 ­¯®°z®�±�� À�¹�é � êZëZ��ì ���

íè 1 ­¯®�°z®�±�î

Good morning. Thank you Ambassador for your gracious introduction. And may I ask you

to stay here for a moment. I want to extend my thanks to the French Ambassador and his

wife Anne for their graciousness in hosting this occasion. I would also like to thank

Daimler-Chrysler, the corporate sponsor as well for their generosity. /�

ï�}ðÃ�ñZò ���n��� Ü�óô�ë����}ñ�õ�ö�Ín÷�øù� � ¬zú}Ön�5ûZüã� �n��� ��ØýÎ%þ��5ÿ��

ï��Ö�� ����� ×�Ø ¼� ���n��� ±z®����Ü�ó�ô�ë

ïð� ���� � �z���

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35

�n���¯�����n� � ¬zú � ¬�� ¼ ��ûZüã� �n����� ¬��������}®�� �"!z®#�$��®���%�}Å��5��&��')(%�

ï�*�,+��-/. �n���

íè 1 ­¯®�°z®�±�î

Now, let me share with you my thoughts on the importance of international education. I

begin by stating the obvious— in this new global environment when you can e-mail a

colleague in Japan or download a chapter of a book from Paris— we have many more

opportunities to learn from each other. This new education era is defined by the freedom of

information, a freedom that will surely enhance the power of individuals to make choices

about their lives. /�

0´����$1�2�3$4���5 À�6 ��7 � �nþ$8���9 É ��:z¬ � ¼� �Z�n���,; ��<�ð}Î�ñ=,> � ¼

ï(%��?A@���´

0��B�C/D���E�#F���¬�(/��­HGJIùý

0�A�LK��M��ON �Ì ¼ � ��¬�� ¼ � à�²�����Ö Ì ðÃ%��Í�( � ��¬ ��P�Q ��R, ��ÄÃ"S�TùÅ �n���n�U � � ���n��� �5��Vã� � 3�4}����W��

0�X�ZY\[�]}��^�_�`Z��a�(/���n�b^�_��c�d ��e¯��f�âã���Ag�Ö�h���i�j���k��#lL.��¯Î%× Ì Å5����a�( �n���

Unit 20. Business Letter 4: A Letter from Embassy

Task 1 m,n��5·}� ¼ï( � 1= a, 2 = a, 3 = d, 4 = c, 5 = c o

1 �pYrq � ¬Z��s��bt#�Z��u�v���w�����x,y���× Ì{z,| ` ¼ � Ã~}A�}��a Ì I¯ý��4 7���i�j����$�n�Z� a � charge ����m � o 2 � entrepreneur �A}A�� o à o�� ��n��²A����±Z®,��A��� entreprendre (= to undertake) Iùý���'z������� “ one who

organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business enterprise” ���$� � ��¬z�z��� a

����m � o 3 �����n������������� d ��a Ì Mr. Yamada ������� �Ì application

Ô�+�x [ � ] � � Ë ��� ��Ì I ¼ � Ã�� o � è 3 ­¯®�°z®�±����,9����LI¯ý d � business immigration ����m � o 4 �5è 2 ­¯®�°z®�±���a Ì ¼

ï(/� c ����m � o 5 ��� À �Ì �ZY �5�������}��������������ðÃ/Í��$!����#���yL��� ��Ì I�` ¼ � Ã�� o �

è 1

ïð# �è 2 ­¯®�°z®�±����,�$���������,9½����a�(/�b�Zý��������5­¯®�°z®�±

��ÅÃ?� ß ÊZ�,���¯�J�, ã��� ��Ì�� ��m� c�

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36

Week 4 / Grammar Review 4 ¡£¢¥¤~¦£¢¨§H©«ª)¬£­¯®±°³²\´¶µ¨·¹¸HºO¢

»�,¼ (inversion) ���A��½�����¾����¿�������×�À �ZÌ � ¼ ��ð����$a ÌJÁ �Af � � ¬��#ÃL�ZÍ�Ä$?�Å�Æù�Jǯ��¬�Ån�����AÈ�ÉzÐ�Íb����ÊË<���Ì � ý/× ÌJÍ,Î�ϼ���Ð ¼ 7Z��a Ì�� Ån� ¼ Å���Í�<���ÅJÑ�Ò��

»���}Ö Ì ¼ � ÃÔÓ/�n�Z��Í ���

»�}��Õ¯� Ì �z�

ïÅn�5·}� 3 7���ÖA�,�z��a Ì��

• ×$}ïð# �ØA×$}���Ù�Ú ÔÜÛz�}�5Ð�Ý��#Þ�ßp��× Ì ÖA�,�

• à,����Í Ì�á ��Ú � ¬Z� Þzß Ù�Ú��5Ð�Ý��#Þ�ßp��× Ì ÖA�,�

• &�â,ã = @ù��Ä ��ä �AÚ,Û��5Ð�Ý��#Þ�ßp��× Ì ÖA�,�

�5�,å�I���æ$}�¼}� Should, Had, Were Íb���5Ð�Ý��#Þ�ßp��× Ì ÖA�,� Ô Unit 18

��m�É æ�ç �}�,a Ì ������� �Z��-A� 3 7���ÖA�,����7 � ��Ì é ��8Z� � Î �

1) è,é/ê,ëAì�í�è,é£Aî�ïñð\ò�ó�ô�õAö�÷�ø�ù

1] Never before have a kind word and a warm hug and handshake meant so

much to me as in the recent few months. (BLC2000 [PLC2:0587])

1] �5��úbû�ü�å���� d ��ý,þ�ÍnÈAÿ,ã��������$Ò ¼ � ��¬�Å5���Z��<�Íz��a�(��¬ � ¼� ��¬�� ¼ ��Í�Iz��¬ �

2] Seldom do I find a mistake in his work. (BLC2000 [09:06446])

2] ����������å ¼ <b�� �� � ��Í ���

3] He cannot put Isreal in danger by compromising its security. Neither can he

pass up a real opportunity to create a peace that could enhance the nation's safety.

(TIME, Aug. 5, 1991. p. 7)

3] ����������������z����� �Ì � ¼ ������®���E¯���� ���!�× Ì � ¼ ���}ÖÍ ����� �����$1��"�����#�$ �Ì � ¼ ����Ö Ì I�Å}�%×}Í ��%�& ��'�( �Ì ¬$�� � ¬ ¼ Í � S�T�5��: � : � 8�) � � ¼ Íb���}Ö Ì ��*¯Å5Í � ����a Ì��

»��+ZÐ��Å�� ¼ Å#W�ÄL�ZÍ�Å��z����-���� é ��ð¯Ã�� Never, Seldom, Neither,

Nor a Ì � � Rarely, Hardly Íb����×$}ïð# �ØA×$}���Ù�Ú¯��f  ��¬$��� Ð�Ý��

Þ/ßã��¬�+ZÐ��/a Ì�� ×/}}�Af »��+ZÐ���� � *Z×ùÅ Yr×�}}�AÙ�Ú-,�.$ß�Ú-, S

, V ` ¼ � à á � Ë ? �Ì Ô/.,ß�Ú�� be, have, do �1032�� � Íï��ÏzÐ�����.,ß�Ú

��Í � &����0ß�Ú¯� Y do (does, did) ,�Ï�4,ß�Ú$`}�5Am¨��¬A-Z���".,ß�Ú�ú/���

Þ�ßp�76 Ì ¼ � Ã~Ò�½¯��892 Ô ·�:}� [é

3]¼

4]æ�ç � � �5�,å�I�� not only. . . ,

but

ïð# no sooner . . . than Íb��� P ��+zÐùÅ}��Ø��Ø

»��¼�� ó�Ìp��× Ì��

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37

4] Not only were they three days late in arriving, but also one arrived damaged.

BLC2000 [09:01049])

4] Ô<;�q��n��=�>�� 3 ´�Å1?z×�¬�ú/�n�zͯÎ��zÊ���Ã�@��AÐ ¼ 7��A�×}� � ¬ � [é

5] No sooner did typhoon Lola leave, than Manny arrived. (GREENPEACE

Climate Impacts Database)

5] B�CbM���®n�"D Ì ã�×,ã�����<b����E�FA����ã����}Ön¬ �

4] � They were not only three days late in arriving . . . ¼ � Ã#ÏzÐ�I¯ý not only

�5Ð�Ý��#Þ�ßp��×�¬"G�Æ}� ä ��� Ï�H��I���� be ß�ÚÓÅ ä ����×Z� Not only were

they three days late in arriving ¼ Íz��¬�Å5����� [

é5] Å ¾�J � Typhoon Manny

had no sooner arrived than (typhoon) Lola left. ¼ � Ã#ÏzÐ��

»��K á ��L � ý/×�¬

Å5����a Ì�� ¬�úù��� ��M�"2 �N»����×�¬ á �"O�¸���� Y As soon as S+V, P�Ð$`

Ô<Q �Ì ã�×,ã���R �Ì � ¼�¾¿ �$�}��Ä ��S Ì�Û ¼ ���A}�>ã��� ��Ì��

2) T�U÷�V�W�X�Y�ï�Z�[�\�î�ïËô�õAö�÷�ø�ù

6] Dramatic though it was, Bush's speech is probably no more than the opening

bid in yet another long and arduous round of hard-nosed bargaining. (Newsweek,

Oct. 7, 1991. p. 21)

6] ¬ù��IZ�#ÃL���Z��a���¬z����]_^#�9`��nÂ�É���a½ý�Î�����×/I¯ýcb �}Ì�d��e�f Í�g"h�i�j}�k�l$���1m��¬Z��npo�Í � ¼ :z� ��� ú3Nùà �

7] Doubtful it was, moreover, if he would go down as the president of the

company.

7] Ê�×zê�-}�q�Ó¯� � �z��������% d ��rù��s"t � Ib�}ÃÔI ¼ � Ãvuz��a Ì��

8] Well do I remember the day when I first met you ten years ago.

8] 10 w ä ��a�Í�¬ ¼ ��x��ïT � ��¬½´%��� ¼ � ¼ ��Å�ð�Îzy � � �Z�n���

-A��� é Ð��½Ã1@5� [é

6] ¼

7] ��à,����Í Ì�á ��Ú��»����×�¬ é ��� ä M�

Though it was dramatic ���J��M� It was doubtful ��Ê�×�{�×�Æ}� á ��a Ì�� @�Í:}�����5� 2 7�� é ��ðÃ%��PA����W�|�Ú���&�����PA� ¼ .�ß�Ú Ô �n��&���� be

ß�ÚZ�?������i�W���Õ¯�}ý�Í ��� [é

8] � I remember well �»����×�¬�Å5��úz���

��� �Z� I remember well¼ � Ã#ÏzÐ��½Ã1@5� � *

0ß�Ú remember � Y do ,#ß�Ú

Ï�4$`��5Am (I do remember) ���5ÊZ��-Z� Y Þzß Ù�Úp,�.�ß�Úp, S , V `���½����Û��}�~��½��� ��Ì��

3) ���Z�����ô���������ï�òËô�õAö�÷�ø�ù

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38

9] Into the market suddenly jumped a new product to replace the old standards.

9] �A&�������× � �z��å$Ø�� | �#W �zÌ V���;����� ¼�Ë ?½��¬ �

10] Among the key persons in this project are Mr. Yamada and his secretary Jane.

10] �5���/M"�9��!��2�$��� d q��$�����$�$�#� ¼ ��"�$�}���3���Ë�� ��Ì�� [é

11] In September came an election which the whole world nervously watched.

11] 9 ü�������������������8��}��¬�i��}� «LÓn×�¬ �

�5� 3é ��� � *�ׯÅ�¿ 1 ��ì � ðÃ/Í����zÐ�+�� Ô => Grammar Review 2, Week 2

���� 1æ�ç ������7 �

¿ 1é Ð 9 R 11 ���

0+�� Ô  �á��

S

NP VP

V PP

9] [A new product.....] [jumped] [into the market]

10] [Mr. Yamada and...] [are] [among the key players...]

11] [An election...........] [came] [in September]

9] �����zÐ��+�� Ô  �á��

[S [NP A new product to replace the old standards [VP suddenly jumped [PP into the

market]]]].

10] �����zÐ��+�� Ô  �á��

[S [NP Mr. Yamada and his secretary Jane [VP are [PP among the key players in this

project]]]].

11] �����zÐ��+�� Ô  �á��

[S [NP An election which the whole world nervously watched [VP came [PP in

September]]]].

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39

�n���0+��}�½Ã�@5� � * ä ��Ú,Û (PP) ��Ð�Ý���Þ�ß������× ¼ i�Wp�76 Ì�á �

Æ}�nÐ���PA¾���a Ì NP ��Ð�¡���Þ�ßp�76 Ì � ¼ ������¢$�Z��¿ 2 � ì � ðÃ/ÍPP VP NP

¼ � û��+zÐ ¼ ��¬�Å5����a Ì�� ��¬z�z������G�Æ��Z����ß�Ú¯��£��

��� ä �AÚ,Û ¼ PA¾�|,Ú,Û�������i�W���¬�� ¼ ��Í Ì�� 1)

¿ 2 Þ�ß����+�� Ô  �á��

S

PP S’

(NP) VP NP

V (PP)

Into the market [ t1] jumped [ t2] a new product...

Íï����� ����� ��É Ö�Í��z�����5��ðÃ/Í PP

ä ��4��»��K á ������ðÃ/Í

&����Å1¤L����¥�¦�ú ¼ � Ã{ÓL���}�zÍÓÎ���ß,Ú/Û (VP) ��P À ¾��$a Ì ß,Ú�

come ã go a Ì � � jump ã swim¼ � ��¬ Y Þ�ß�` Ô � ¬Z�ZY Ë ?,`�����ì � ß

Ú���&��LI��$a Ì � � be ß�Ú,ã remain, stand, lie Íb��� Y = @/`���Ä � Å5����&����§�}���× Ì ¼ � Ãvuz��a Ì�� ��×���� é � Ø [

é9] ��&���� into

¼ � à ä �Ú���s¯ý�Iz��a Ì �u�¨}��=�' Ô ��¬z�z��� A u�I¯ý B u�¨}��Þ�ßz����ì9© ���

---------------------

1 ª1«�¬�­¯®±°�²1³ (Aux) ´¶µ"·¹¸�º�» PP Aux NP VP ¼v½�¾ ¿ => Grammar Review 6, Week 6À [ Á 7] ÂÃ�ª1Ä�½zÅ�®�Æ 2 »vÇ ÀcÈ�É�ÊvË1Ì�Í�Î ¾7Ï1®�Ð�Ð Í »�¼Ñ Î�ÒvÓ Ð ÀzÔ1Õ ´±Ö× ­±Ø1Å�ÙÚÄ"ÆÛ À [t] »¶Ü�²1Ý ÀvÞ¹ß (trace) ´áà�â¹Ä

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40

ï(/����×���ãÄÃ�ß�ÚÓÅ�ÊZ��ðÃ/Í��$�Z����ä �Ì Å5���zÍ$��×�Ø�ͯý�Í � ¼ � Ã

å�æ �,a Ì I¯ý���a Ì�� ¾�J ��� [é

10] � among¼

11] � in � � *�ׯÅ{�I�� = @�ã Ë ?Z� � ¬Z��ÊZ��&�â,ã�ç�è¯��ì ��ä �AÚ���a�(/����×���ãÄÃ�ß�ÚÓÅ�é����ÊZ���$��� å�æ �#��� Ì ¼ � Ã�� ¼ ��Í Ì��

@zÍ$:��Z� á�ê -��/-��¯�ùð Ã�Í»��+�Ðù��ëù¬ùÅ���� � Ó�ì Ì P � â3+�Ð

(topicalized construction) �,a Ì�� ¬�úù����êZëZ��ì � ðÃ%����P � â�+zÐ}�Z�¯ä������ÊZ� ��� Ð�Ý��#Þ�ßp��× Ì ú/�n����P�� ¼ ß�Ú

ïð# �.,ß�Ú��

»����Õ¯�}ý

Í ��� ��¬z�z������P � â�+zÐ���í�î�Í��$���Z�»��+zÐ ¼ �5È � Í ��� ¬�úù���

�5��ðÃ/Í+zÐ��,a Ì � ¼ � > ���ï � ��ð ��� 2)

• [A picture of Rhodes] Hobbs painted [t]. (<= Hobbs painted a picture of Rhodes.)

• [That man] nobody will talk to [t]. (<= Nobody will talk to that man.)

---------------------

2 ªáï�Á�» Borsley, R. Syntactic Theory. London: Arnold. 1999 ð�Ѷñ × Ä1½¹Å�®¶òzó�ô�õ�ï�ö7÷�øØ�» Grammar Review 5 (Week 5)

Í Ç Àcù�úû�üÚý1þÿ���������