week 3 noun phrase (2)
TRANSCRIPT
E_English Grammar Course E_English Grammar Course
Unit 3
NOUN PHRASE (cont.)
IssuesIssues
NOUN PHRASE
– Basic NP
• Determiners
– Predeterminers
– Central
determiners
– Postdeterminers
– Complex NP
• Modification
– Premodification
– Postmodification
– Multiple
modification
= typically constructed by either a noun or a pronoun as the head & other constituents as modifiers
Eg. A nice girl leaning against the wall
Noun PhraseNoun Phrase
Basic NPBasic NP
Complex NPComplex NP
Noun phrases
Noun phrases
Noun PhraseNoun Phrase
Basic NPBasic NP
Complex NPComplex NP
Basic Noun phrases
E.g.: All these 10 pupils
Basic NPBasic NP
(Determiners)(Determiners) Head nounHead noun+
Determiners
DeterminersDeterminers = words of close-system used before a N to
“determine” the precise meaning of the N
Pre-determinersPre-determiners
Central determinersCentral determiners
Post-determinersPost-determiners
Determiners
DeterminersDeterminers
Pre-determinersPre-determiners all, both, halfall, both, half
multipliersmultipliers
fractionsfractions
such, whatsuch, what
• mutually exclusive
E.g.: all girls, both girls
BUT NOT:
all both girls
DeterminersDeterminersDeterminers
Pre-determinersPre-determiners all, both, halfall, both, half
+ before: articles (a, an, the, zero article)
E.g.: all the time
possessive determiners (my, his, her, etc.)
E.g.: both his sisters
demonstrative determiners (this, that, etc.)
E.g.: half those days
+ not before: quantitative determiners (no, each,
any, some, enough, (n)either, every)
DeterminersDeterminersDeterminers
Pre-determinersPre-determiners all, both, halfall, both, half
+ take partitive “of-phrases” optional with nouns
E.g.: all (of) the time
obligatory with pronouns
E.g.: all of them, both of us, half of it
+ “all, both”: occur after the head, either immediately or after the operator
E.g.: They (all) were (all) accepted.
DeterminersDeterminersDeterminers
Pre-determinersPre-determiners multipliersmultipliers
+ used to denote the quantity of the nouns
E.g.: twice her age, double their salaries
+ occur with the determiners “a, every, each and per” to indicate frequency
E.g.: once a week, twice every day, three times each year
Once, twice, three times, double, etc.
Once, twice, three times, double, etc.
DeterminersDeterminersDeterminers
Pre-determinersPre-determiners fractionfraction
+ the fractions have the alternative of- construction. E.g.: He took only two-thirds of the books.
+ the indefinite article can replace ‘one’. E.g.: He did it in one-third / a third (of) the time it took me.
(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)(one-third, two-fifths, three-quarters, etc.)
DeterminersDeterminersDeterminers
Pre-determinersPre-determiners Such/ whatSuch/ what
+ occur before the head noun
+ “such”: combined with “all, quantifiers, cardinal numbers”
E.g.: What/ Such a surprise!
no/many/41 such incidents
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Central determinersCentral determiners
6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)
6 classes based on their co-occurrence with the noun classes (singular count, plural count, and non-count)
(1) the,
possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed),
no
(2)
zero article some, any (unstressed)
enough
(4)
this that
(5)
thesethose
(3)
a(n) everyeach
Eitherneither
(6)
much
Central Determiners
Central Determiners in respect to their co-occurrence with the noun classes
COUNT NON-COUNT
SINGULAR
PLURAL
bottle
furniture
bottles
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Central determinersCentral determiners
(1) the,
possessive wh-words, Some, any (stressed),
no
E.g.: - Do you want me to turn off the light? - I love my family. - What colour do you like? - I have some friends in London. - I won’t give this pen to any student. - She has no idea at all.
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Central determinersCentral determiners
(2)
zero article some, any (unstressed)
enough
E.g.: - Love is not everything. - I did not have enough time to do this. - I want some beer, please. - Have we got any wine for tonight?
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Central determinersCentral determiners
(3)
a(n) everyeach
Eitherneither
E.g.: - My friend gave me a flower / an apple. - I want to ask each/every person individually. - You can put it on either table. - Neither party accepted such a proposal.
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Central determinersCentral determiners
(4)
this that
E.g.: This chair is mine and that table is yours. I can’t stand this silence.
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Central determinersCentral determiners
(5)
thesethose
E.g.: - Did you read these stories yesterday? - Have you seen those girls?
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Central determinersCentral determiners
(6)
muchE.g.: He wants much sugar in his coffee.
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Post determinersPost determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinalsOrdinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numeralsCardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiersClose-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiersOpen-class quantifiers
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Post determinersPost determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinalsOrdinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numeralsCardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiersClose-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiersOpen-class quantifiers
• include: one, two, three, etc.
E.g.: my three son
his two books
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Post determinersPost determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinalsOrdinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numeralsCardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiersClose-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiersOpen-class quantifiers
• ordinal numerals: first,second, third, etc. • general ordinals: next, last, past, (an)other, additional, further E.g.: the first time another candidate
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Post determinersPost determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinalsOrdinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numeralsCardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiersClose-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiersOpen-class quantifiers
• before count Ns: many, (a)
few, several• before non-count Ns: much,
(a) little
E.g.: a few words
much stress
Central Determiners DeterminersDeterminers
Post determinersPost determiners
Ordinal numerals/general ordinalsOrdinal numerals/general ordinals
Cardinal numeralsCardinal numerals
Close-system quantifiersClose-system quantifiers
Open-class quantifiersOpen-class quantifiers
• include: a lot of, a great deal of, lots of, a good number of, etc.• verbs has number concord with the second nouns, not the quantity nouns
(lot, deal, lots, plenty, etc.)
E.g.: Lots of food was on the table.
There was a lot of food on the table.
Noun phrases
Noun PhraseNoun Phrase
Basic NPBasic NP
Complex NPComplex NP
E.g.: All the 11 pupils playing football
Complex NPComplex NP
Pre-modification
Pre-modification Head nounHead noun+
Post-modification
Post-modification+
Complex noun phrase
Modification
ModificationModification
functionfunction statusstatus
RestrictiveRestrictive PermanentPermanent
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive TemporaryTemporary
Modification
ModificationModification
functionfunction statusstatus
RestrictiveRestrictive PermanentPermanent
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive TemporaryTemporary
• helps identify the head & indicate a
limitation on the possible reference of the
head
• tends to come after the head
• tends to be given more prosodic emphasis
than the head
E.g.: The flowers in your garden are nice.
He visited his aunt who often lent
him money.
Modification
ModificationModification
functionfunction statusstatus
RestrictiveRestrictive PermanentPermanent
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive TemporaryTemporary
• gives additional information to the head
but is not essential for identifying the
head • the reference: unique or as member of a
class that has been independently identified• tends to come before the head• tends to be unstressed in pre-head position
E.g.: The book, which I gave you yesterday,
is quite readable. (member of a class)
She is his poor, old mother. (unique)
Modification
ModificationModification
functionfunction statusstatus
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent
RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary
• Have reference to characteristic features • Mainly the items which are placed in pre-
modification position
E.g.: an ugly man the easy-going lady
Modification
ModificationModification
functionfunction statusstatus
Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive PermanentPermanent
RestrictiveRestrictive TemporaryTemporary
• Have reference only to a specific time• Mainly those adjectives which have to be
predicate E.g.: A man who is timid = A timid man A man who is afraid # An afraid man
Premodification
PremodificationPremodification
‘s-genitive‘s-genitive
-ing/-ed participles-ing/-ed participles
sentencesentence
adverbialsadverbials
adjectivesadjectives
nounnoun
multiple premodificationmultiple premodification
Premodification
PremodificationPremodification
‘s-genitive‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples-ing/-edparticiples
sentencesentence
adverbialadverbial
adjectiveadjective
nounnoun
multiple premodificationmultiple premodification
E.g.: Mary's brother is very
naughty.
Premodification
PremodificationPremodification
‘s-genitive‘s-genitive
-ing/-ed participles-ing/-ed participles
sentencesentence
adverbialadverbial
adjectiveadjective
nounnoun
multiple premodificationmultiple premodification
E.g.: He has rented a crumbling cottage.
The wanted man was last seen in Paris.
Note: the participles denote the permanent.
E.g. She is an interesting girl vs. She interests me.
The man who is married = the married man
Premodification
PremodificationPremodification
‘s-genitive‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples-ing/-edparticiples
sentencesentence
adverbialadverbial
adjectiveadjective
nounnoun
multiple premodificationmultiple premodification
E.g.: I got angry with his I-don't-care attitude.
She waved the boy away with a you-stink kind of
look on her face.
Premodification
PremodificationPremodification
‘s-genitive‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples-ing/-edparticiples
sentencesentence
adverbialadverbial
adjectiveadjective
nounnoun
multiple premodificationmultiple premodification
E.g.: I visited his far-away hometown.
Premodification
PremodificationPremodification
‘s-genitive‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples-ing/-edparticiples
sentencesentence
adverbialadverbial
adjectiveadjective
nounnoun
multiple prmodificationmultiple prmodification
E.g.: He has fixed the cupboard
door.
Premodification
PremodificationPremodification
‘s-genitive‘s-genitive
-ing/-edparticiples-ing/-edparticiples
sentencesentence
adverbialadverbial
adjectiveadjective
nounnoun
multiple premodificationmultiple premodification
E.g.: She is a lovely
girl.
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
E.g.: The girl who is playing in the ground is my daughter .
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
E.g.: She love the monitor in your class.
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
E.g.: The girl playing in the ground is my daughter.
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
E.g.: The fact that he is rich is not the reason she loves him.
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
E.g.: I work in the university where I studied English.
12th Sep, 1983 is the date when he was born.
That’s the reason why he spoke ill of me.
She shows me the way how I can cook beef.
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
E.g.: The girl over there is my sister.
The road back is dense with traffic.
Postmodification
PostmodificationPostmodification
relative clausesrelative clauses
prepositional phraseprepositional phrase
non-finite clausenon-finite clause
appositive clauseappositive clause
adverbadverb
Clause of time, place, manner, reasonClause of time, place, manner, reason
adjectiveadjective
multiple postmodificationmultiple postmodification
E.g.: Something strange happened last night.
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
Multiple postmodification
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
Multiple postmodification
• with single head:
E.g.: his last brilliant book• with multiple head:
E.g.: the new chair and table
the new but ugly table and chair
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
Multiple postmodification
• Sequence of premodifiers:
Determiner general age color participle provenance noun de-nominal head
E.g.: a crumbling church
towel
the extravagant London social life
some intricate old inter-locking Chinese
designs
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple modification
Multiple premodification
Multiple premodification
Multiple postmodification
Multiple postmodification
• with single head:
E.g.: the girl in the corner talking to John• with multiple head:
E.g.: the boy and the girl in the corner talking to John
Related ReadingsRelated Readings
Quirk, R. & Greenbaum, S. A University
Grammar of English, NXB GTVT, 2002:
Chapter 4 & Chapter 13