week 2 sustainable construction

7/28/2019 Week 2 Sustainable Construction

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construction managementconstruction management

Faculty of Civil and Environmental EngineeringABD. ZAKI WAHID

BFC 3163


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Contents:

i. Climate change

ii. Green house effect

iii. Facts and challenges

construction management

BFC 3163

construction management

BFC 3163

iv. Built environment and sustainabilityv. Sustainable development principles

vi. Construction and the environment

vii. Managing strategies for sustainable construction

viii. The challenges of sustainable construction


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Long-term climate changes have been observed across the globe;

global temperature increase: +0.75C over the past century with2000-2009 the warmest decade on record

rainfall patterns: wet regions of the world are getting wetter, and

dry regions getting drier

humidity: increases over the last two to three decades makeextreme rainfall and flooding more likely

warming oceans: temperature increases in the last 50 years in the

Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans are not linked to natural variations

salinity: increased evaporation is making the Atlantic saltier in

sub-tropical latitudes

Climate change

sea-ice: summer Arctic sea-ice is declining by 600,000 km per decade

(the area of Madagascar), a long-term trend only explicable by human

influences(source: IPCC)

changes are happening as a result of human activity, including man-made

greenhouse gas emissions


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natural process of the atmosphere letting in some of the energy we receive from the

Sun (ultraviolet & visible light) and stopping it being transmitted back out into space

(infrared radiation or heat)

this makes the Earth warm enough for life

for thousands of years the atmosphere has been balanced - levels of

greenhouse gases stable.

human influence has now upset that balance - we are seeing climate change.

The Greenhouse Effect


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s nce t e n ustr a evo ut on, t e amount o as ncrease y per cen ;

concentration of CO2 is now higher than at any point in the past 650,000 years


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Causes of greenhouse effect

Human activity is changing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere in three important ways

Burning fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas for energy, for;

heating / cooling homes and buildings

growing, transporting and cooking food

travelling (by car, plane, bus and train)

treating water to make it drinkable manufacturing, using and transporting products

Deforestation; forests are cut down faster than they are replaced:

causes 5.9 billion tones of CO2 per year accounts for 20 % of the worlds carbon emissions

fewer trees are left to absorb CO2

the agriculture and industry that replace the forests

growing world population:

more people who need food, livestock and energy

produce more waste

use more natural resources

leads to more emissions


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Climate Change; The World in Crisis

the environment is past the

tipping point, and that the

human population will

collapsedby 80% by 2100.

that global warming is likely to

be twice as severe as previouslyustainableBuildingResearc

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From the system Model:

There is significantly more risk than we previously estimated. This increases the urgency

for significant policy action. Theres no way the world can or should take these risks.

Ronald Prinn, the co-director of the MITs Centre for Global Change Science program.

MIT Integrated Global System Model

.

these kinds of temperature

changes mean the catastrophic

collapse of planetary

ecosystems, and the total

breakdown of current social and

economic structures.


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if emissions continue to grow at present rates, CO2concentration in the atmosphere is likely to reach

twice by around 2050

unless we limit emissions, global temperature could

rise as much as 7

C

push many of the worlds great ecosystems (coral

reefs and rainforests) to irreversible decline.

even if global temperatures rise by only 2 C, 20 ustainableBuildingResearc

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o spec es cou ace ext nct on

expect to see serious effects on our environment,

food and water supplies, and health

Map showing how the world will warm by early, mid, late 21st century for amediumhigh emissions scenario (IPCC)


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Climate change will mean warmer temperatures which will change rainfall patterns, cause snowand ice to melt and affect the intensity of extreme weather such as storms and heat-waves. We

have already begun to experience some of these impacts :

Water and food

Around 1.5 billion people currently live in water-stressed regions. Climate change and population

growth increase this to seven billion by the 2050s, intensifying competition. Some areas couldbecome more fertile; others more barren. This may lead to regional food shortages, mass migration

and poverty. Malnutrition is expected to increase in developing countries. (Source: IPCC 2007).

Health

Our well-being will be threatened by more frequent and intense heat-waves, floods, storms,



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wildfires and droughts. However, deaths from cold-related diseases will reduce. Patterns of disease

will also change, with wide areas of the world at risk from major diseases (such as Dengue).

Environment

Coastal areas will experience more flooding from rising sea-levels, especially large river deltas

which tend to be highly populated (e.g. Nile Delta). Meanwhile, some areas will attract more

tourism as their climates alter.

Ecosystems

Amazonia is already damaged by deforestation. Climate change may magnify this impact by

increasing the risk from fire. Other precious areas of high biodiversity, such as in South Africa, may

see major losses of species as habitat conditions change. Around the world, some animals and

plants may benefit and flourish in a changing climate, while others are likely to suffer.


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Climate Change; World CO emissions


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Failure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions will

lead to acceleration of climate change.


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Design

Building materials

Building Use

Construction Process

Building Maintenance

Demolition &

Disassembly

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Sustainable Built EnvironmentSustainable Built Environment

Can we maintain and improve life quality whilst radically improving the effectiveness in how we use all ourresources, and reducing pollution and waste?


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Sustainable development; the principles

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UK Framework for Sustainable Development

Economics Environmental Social Cultural


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Sustainable development; the principles

Resources minimization within the carrying capacity of the Earth

Technological progress should be efficiency increasing rather thanresource use increasing

Clean technology; pollution reduction at source

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Renewable resources, in both their source and sink functions,should be utilized

The process of sustainable development is a set of

institutional, technology, infrastructure and value system

Protect and restore the integrity of Earth's ecological systems


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The Facts & Challenges

by, a. zaki


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The Facts & Challenges

The built environment presents us with a major challenge. It is considered the most

environmental unfriendly human activity because it consumes large amounts of natural

resources and produces a great deal of pollutants.

materialsmaterials landfill

waste40% 40% 16% 35%energyenergy water water

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Reducing the Footprints of Built Environment

smog


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sustainability is a vision of the future that provides us with a road map and helps

us to focus our attention on a set of values, ethical and moral principles by

which to guide our actions Viederman in Munier 10

mumbai, india

Built Environment and Sustainability

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requires us to live within the limits of the earths capacity to provide the

materials for our activities and to absorb the waste and pollution that our

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability

of future generations to meet their own needs

Sustainability

Achieving sustainability

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Built environment operations a huge factor in human impact on the environment directly

through materials and energy consumption and the pollution and waste


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rochinca ,rio de jene1ro, brazil


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there is an urgent need to promote a

wider notion of sustainability in

order to improve the environmental

performance as well as creating agreater impact of sustainability upon

the lives of the community

Environmentally friendly and energy-

efficient; life-sustaining, safe and healthyrevolving tower, dubai


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We need to minimize resource throughputs, waste and pollution, and to fulfill ourresponsibility to protect other species and environments.

Enhance biodiversitynot use materials from threatened species or environments and improve

natural habitats where possible through appropriate planting and wateruse

Support communities


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communities and stakeholders and involve them in key decisions

Use resources effectivelynot consume a disproportionate amount of resources, including money

and land during material sourcing, construction, use or disposal; not

cause unnecessary waste of energy, water or materials due to short life,poor design, inefficiency, or less than ideal construction and

manufacturing procedures

buildings have to be affordable, manageable and maintainable in use


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Minimize pollutioncreate minimum dependence on polluting products and materials,

management practices, energy, power and forms of transport

Create healthy environmentsenhance living, leisure and work environments; and not endanger the

health of the builders or occupants, or any other parties, through


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exposure to pollutants, the use of toxic materials or providing host

environments to harmful organisms

Manage the processstewardship of projects is a vital and overarching aspect in delivering

sustainable projects, both in the first instance and also in ensuring their

performance over time; this requires us to identify appropriate targets,tools and benchmarks, and manage their delivery


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The impact of the construction industry

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impact can be mitigated through changes in the practices of the construction industry tends to focus on the relationship between construction and human development,

often marginalizing the environmental aspects

Environmental impact

construction industry; the biggest factors

impacting on the biophysical environment enormous demands on global resources

the production of construction materials

construction and demolition waste

Material KWh/Kg KWh/m3 Coal (Kg)

Sawn timber 0.7 350 0.8

Cement 1.4 1 750 260

Concrete 0.3 700 25Bricks 0.8 1 360 140

Steel 5.9 46 000 1 000

PVC Plastic 18.0 24 700 1 800

Aluminum 52.0 141 500 4 200

Energy consumption in the production of construction materialsSocial impact

labor-intensive nature of construction activities; opportunities for poverty alleviation

largest industrial employer in the world

play a major role in human development and improving the quality of life

Economic impact

has the potential to enhance economic sustainability through its structure, conduct and

performance; normally more than half of total national capital investment

an economically efficient construction industry enhances environmental sustainability by

ensuring least-cost methods of construction ; encourage optimal allocation of resources &

discourage waste


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Construction and the environment

construction extension, installation, repair, maintenance, renewal, removal, renovation,alteration, dismantling or demolition

not an environmental friendly industry & major contributor to environmental disruption

and pollution

Construction players and their involvementin the various phases of constructiondevelopment.

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Impacts Of Construction Activities On The Environment

Land degradation

involve extensive land disturbance

due to erosion, soil acidity, alkalinity and salinity, water-logging and wind erosion

removal of vegetation and reshaping the topography - erosion

sedimentation in the water bodies can result in floods landslides and slope failure can occur at unstable slopes

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Loss of flora and fauna

the distribution and abundance of the various species and the habitats of communities

ensure minimal losses during the implementation stages

plan and protect


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Restoration Project: Seoul, Korea

The restoration of Cheong Gye Cheon a project that converted 5.8kms of freeway through the heart of

Seoul back to a river


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Cost : US$ 281 million

Completed: September 2005


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Solid wastes

construction projects generally generate tonnes of waste

include demolition material, concrete, bricks, timber, plastic, glass, metals, bitumen, etc

usually disposed to a landfill


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Air pollution

burning of waste, the emission of dust and smoke, and the emission of chemical impurities such

as heavy metals, acid and other toxic bases

effects are on human health, aesthetic values (sight and smell) adjacent land uses, temperature

modification and humidity changes increased dust and airborne particulates

emissions of construction equipment and vehicles


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Water pollution


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potential for soil erosion and impacts on water quality

removal of vegetation for initial clearing/grading activities exposes soil, susceptible to erosion


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Depletion of resources

loss of important natural assets and imposes severe stress on the environment

agricultural land is often lost through urbanization

many raw materials used in construction are limited resources


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Noise and vibration

noise and vibration would be generated by various activities and equipment

adverse impact resulting from construction noise and vibration are expected

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Sustainable ConstructionA shift from standard practices to best practices

Sustainable ConstructionA shift from standard practices to best practices

Standard practices, guided by short-term economic considerations, often demonstrate little regard for

energy efficiency or the larger economic, environmental or social impacts of the built environment.Sustainable building strategies attempts to break with these practices.

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Sustainable construction practice;

addressing the complex problem of construction and the environment, efforts towards

sustainable construction are fundamentally an attempt to put in place practices that restore the balancebetween the natural and built environments

providing education and guidance on construction methods and practices that

amplify and ensure sustainable requirements and goals are achieved in projects

Sustainable construction

sustainable construction as a concept extends beyond the biophysical impact of thebuilt environment - transcends environmental sustainability to embrace economic and social

sustainability

sustainable projects address issues of the environment, energy use and people, in addition to

traditional project goals of cost, quality and schedule

what may appear to be minor decisions, may have long lasting negative effects

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Sustainable construction strategies

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ProcurementProcurementSpecific procurement strategies to ensure sustainable construction requirements are addressed

Goal ;

to be implemented on projects in an attempt to raise awareness & increase performance

contractors, managers, sub-contractors, vendors, etc

Benefits ;

reduce risks when contracting

increased awareness & participation of parties involved improved understanding of responsibilities

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22Site / EnvironmentSite / EnvironmentMethods to reduce the environmental impact of construction on the project site andsurrounding environment are identified

Goal ;

lower the impact of construction on the site and surrounding environment

to be implemented on projects in an attempt to raise awareness & increase performance

contractors, managers, sub-contractors, vendors, etc

benefits ; preserving the natural environment of the site

mitigate and manage the storm water impacts of impervious surfaces at contaminated

sites

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33Material SelectionMaterial SelectionIdentifies environmentally friendly building materials as well as harmful and toxic materials

that should be avoided

Goal ;

educate and familiarize individuals to environmentally friendly materials as well as those which

cause the most harm to our environment

Benefits ;

reduce pollutants and resources consumed from material production

reduce fuel and transportation cost reduce solid waste problems, cut energy consumption in manufacturing, and save on natural

resource use

Sustainable materials are ;

durable reused or salvaged

high recycled contents

rapidly renewable

biodegradable

locally manufactured

reusable

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44Goal ; eliminate waste produce on jobsite

Benefits ; reduction in expenditures for materials & less material necessary

lower labor cost results in less material to be handled

decrease in disposal costs, landfill wastes

Waste PreventionWaste PreventionMethods to reduce and eliminate waste on construction projects are identified

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55Goal ; divert waste from landfill by recycling most of the construction debris

Benefits ;

reduction of waste at the landfill

avoidance of tipping fees

decrease in disposal costs, landfill wastes

RecyclingRecyclingIdentifies materials to recycle at each phase of construction and methods to support the

onsite recycling effort

Action & methods ;Assess probable waste stream prior to construction.

The waste management hierarchy:

reduce the waste generated

reuse materials and products

recycle as much as possible

composting

burning

landfill

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66Goal ;EnergyEnergyMethods to ensure and improve the buildings energy performance, reduce energy

consumed during construction, and identify opportunities to use renewable energy

sources

re uce consumption o energy uring construction an operation o t e ui ing

use energy efficient products and practices

Benefits ;

lower general condition cost

savings on utility bills

reduced air pollution reduced reliance on natural resources

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S t i bl t ti t t i


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77Goal ; enable and maximize the reuse of facilities, systems, equipment, products and materialsBuilding and Material ReuseBuilding and Material ReuseIdentifies reusable materials and methods to facilitate the future reuse of a facility,

systems, equipment, products and materials

Benefits ;

reduce future renovation cost

saves money with used materials

divert valuable materials from landfills and save on waste disposal fees

improves building / facility value; easy to renovate, demolish etc

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88Goal ;

to improve the quality of life for construction workers and the surrounding community

Benefits ;

Health and SafetyHealth and SafetyMethods to improve the quality of life for construction workers are identified

minimized use of harmful products on the jobsite in order to reduce harmful effects toworkers and occupants

increases awareness of harmful products and ingredients in order to protect workers and

minimize use

increased use of personal safety apparatus

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ustainableBuildingResearchGroSustainable construction strategies

99Goal ;

ensure the proper management of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) measures during construction

Benefits ;

im roved IA for occu ants

Indoor Environment QualityIndoor Environment QualityMethods to ensure indoor environmental quality measures during construction are

managed and executed properly

healthier working environment for construction workers

minimized risk of mold and other IAQ related issues

Key issues;

moisture intrusion

dust build up and intrusion

off-gassing of harmful materials

flush-out period before occupancy

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Challenges of sustainable construction


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ustainableBuildingResearchGroChallenges of sustainable construction

Quiz 1

Despite the efforts taken by the government / authority to intensifysustainable principles into the construction industry, there are still

lack of awareness among the practitioners.

Discuss the challenges and also the approach that can be taken to

make sustainability a main practice in the construction industry.

week 2 sustainable construction

Documents