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Weed ID and Management for the Weed ID and Management for the Home GroundsHome Grounds
Mark J. Renz & Brendon PankeMark J. Renz & Brendon [email protected]@wisc.edu; ; [email protected]@wisc.edu
University of WisconsinUniversity of Wisconsin--MadisonMadisonAgronomy Dept.Agronomy Dept.
Common definitions used for weedsCommon definitions used for weeds•Weed: plant out of place
•Noxious weed FEDERAL:•Public Law 106-224 “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment.”
•Invasive plant FEDERAL: Executive Order 13112 (Clinton in 1999): an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.
Common definitions used for weedsCommon definitions used for weedsNoxious weed STATE: (1975)
•All landowners are to contain and prevent the spread of listed noxious weeds. Municipalities and counties may list species as noxious locally and do enforcement•3 species listed as Noxious state-wide 1) Canada thistle 2) Leafy spurge 3)Field Bindweed
•Nuisance weed STATE: (1987) •No one may sell, purchase, cultivate, etc nuisance species2 species listed : Purple loosestrife and Multiflora rose
NR40 WisconsinNR40 Wisconsin’’s new invasive s new invasive species rulespecies rule
Prohibited species– are not yet in the state or only exist as small populations– have the potential to cause significant damage if they spread – It is illegal for people to transport, import, possess, transfer,
sell and introduce these species without a permit. – Landowners will be expected to control prohibited species
found on their property.
Restricted species– are invasive species that are already too widespread to expect
statewide eradicated. – it is illegal for people to transport, import, transfer, sell and
introduce these species, but people may possess plants.
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/classification/
Prohibited SpeciesProhibited Species
Oxygen-weedMile-a-minute vineKudzuJapanese stilt grassJapanese honeysuckleHydrillaGiant knotweedGiant hogweedFanwort, Carolina FanwortEuropean frog-bitChinese yamBrittle waternymphBrazilian waterweedAustralian swamp crop
Common name
Yellow star thistleYellow floating heartWineberryWater chestnutSpreading hedge parsleySericea lespedezaScotch broomSawtooth oakPrincess treePorcelain berryPerennial pepperweedParrot featherPale swallow-wortOxygen-weed, African elodea
Common name Restricted SpeciesRestricted Species
Eurasian water milfoilDame's rocketCypress spurgeCut-leaved teaselCurly-leaf pondweedCreeping bellflowerCommon teaselCommon buckthornCattail hybridCanada thistleBells honeysuckleAutumn olive
Common name
Musk thistleMultiflora roseMorrow's honeysuckleLeafy spurgeJapanese knotweedHound's tongue
Hemp nettle, brittlestemhemp nettle
Helleborine orchidGlossy buckthorn (CV)Garlic mustardFlowering rush
Common nameNarrow-leaf cattail
Wild parnsipTree-of-heavenTartarian honeysuckleTansy (CV)Spotted knapweedRussian olivePurple loosestrifePlumeless thistlePhragmites, Common reedOriental bittersweet
Common name
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Prohibited/Restricted SpeciesProhibited/Restricted Species
MapWild chervilMapTall or Reed manna grassMapPoison hemlockMapLyme grass or sand ryegrassMapJapanese hopsMapJapanese hedge-parsleyMapHill mustardMapHairy willow herbMapEuropean marsh thistleMapCelandineMapBlack swallow-wortMapAmur honeysuckle
DetailsCommon name
Why is identification of weeds so Why is identification of weeds so important?important?
• Management CAN BE improved if species is known!
1. Check if stems are triangular, round, or flattened?
2. Check for a ligule/auricle
3. Check for hairs4. Check for perennial
organs
Steps to ID Sedges and Steps to ID Sedges and GrassesGrasses
1. Triangular = sedge species2. Flattened = Yellow foxtail, Sandbur, Barnyardgrass
3. Rounded = Giant foxtail, Green foxtail, Witchgrass, Wild proso millet, Fall panicum, Woolly cupgrass, crabgrass spp. and many more
Step 1: Check StemsStep 1: Check Stems
1. Ligule can be • Absent = Barnyardgrass
• Membranous = Shattercane, Large crabgrass, Smooth crabgrass, quackgrass
• Hairy: Yellow foxtail, Sandbur Giant foxtail, Green foxtail, Witchgrass, Wild proso millet, Fall panicum, Woolly cupgrass
2. Auricle present • = Quackgrass
Step 2: Ligule/auricleStep 2: Ligule/auricle
None hairy membranous
Ligule Types
1. Part of plant hairy:• Sheath • Collar• Leaf blade
2. No hairs: • Barnyardgrass, smooth brome, Tall fescue, reed
canarygrass, bluegrass spp, + many more
Step 3: Check for hairsStep 3: Check for hairs
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1. Look for rhizomes, bulbs, tuber, and perennial roots
2. Perennial weeds =1. Quackgrass2. Kentucky bluegrass3. Reed Canarygrass4. Tall Fescue
Step 4: Perennial?Step 4: Perennial? Plant 1Plant 1• First leaves
relatively large• stems rounded
to flattened• Large,
membranous ligule
• Leaf sheath and blades hairy
Plant 2Plant 2
• Clasping auricles
• very short membranous ligule
• Leaf sheaths hairy early
Plant 2Plant 2
What are these grasses?What are these grasses?
• Plant 1• Stems: rounded• Ligule:
membranous• No auricle• Hairy: entire plant• Perennial: NO
• Plant 2• Stems: rounded• Ligule:
membranous• YES auricle• Hairs: Sheath
and collar• Perennial: NO
HAIRY CRABGRASS
HAIRY CRABGRASS
QUACKGRASS
QUACKGRASS
Survey of Extension HorticulturistsSurvey of Extension Horticulturists
Receive many questions, No control information.
Japanese knotweed
Receive many questions.Chickweed
Receive many questions.Common dandelion
Receive many questions.Honeysuckle
Receive many questions.Canada thistle
Receive many questions.Garlic mustard
Receive many questions, No control information.
Field bindweed
Receive many questions.Common purslane
Receive many questions.Creeping charlie
Receive many questions.BuckthornReason for ConcernWeed
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The leaves of Glossy Buckthorn are a more vibrant green and are glossy or shiny compared to the dull leaves of Common Buckthorn.Glossy Buckthorn leaves also lack the small teeth found on Common Buckthorn.
Co
mm
on
Bu
ckth
orn
Co
mm
on
Bu
ckth
orn
Glo
ssy B
uck
tho
rnG
lossy
Bu
ckth
orn
Common Buckthorn (Common Buckthorn (RhamnusRhamnus catharticacathartica))
Garlic Garlic mustard mustard
((AllariaAllaria petiolatapetiolata))
Creeping Charlie // Garlic Mustard
Know Your LOOKKnow Your LOOK--ALIKES . . .ALIKES . . .
Growth form differencesGrowth form differences Amur honeysuckle (Amur honeysuckle (LoniceraLonicera maackiimaackii))
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Morrow honeysuckle Morrow honeysuckle ((LoniceraLonicera morrowiimorrowii))
BellBell’’s honeysuckle s honeysuckle ((LoniceraLonicera x x bellabella))
TartarianTartarian honeysuckle honeysuckle ((LoniceraLonicera tataricatatarica))
•Smooth hairless leaves.
•Downy leaves.•Hybrid of these two species with mixed characteristics.
Japanese knotweed (Japanese knotweed (PolygonumPolygonum cuspidatumcuspidatum))
Jack Ranney, University of Tennessee, Bugwood.orgSteve Manning, Invasive Plant Control, Bugwood.org
Japanese hedgeJapanese hedge--parsleyparsley• Opposite leaves.• Small, open umbel
flowers.• Many look-alikes.
Lots of resources to Lots of resources to aid in identificationaid in identification• Books• Field guides• Websites• Ask an expert• Interactive tools
– CDs, Websites
New Weed ID TOOL New Weed ID TOOL http://http://weedid.wisc.eduweedid.wisc.edu
• 355 of the most common weeds of Wisconsin entered
• Allows for selection of known traits to reduce the potential weeds that fit this criteria
DemonstrationDemonstration
• http://weedid.wisc.edu
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What do you do if you canWhat do you do if you can’’t identify t identify this plant from the website?this plant from the website?
• Try to identify to family or genus then use other resources (next slide)
• Take a picture and email it to an expert• Send a sample in for identification• Contact people for samples (Extension Agent should
have contact information)– Annual Crops Chris Boerboom (leaving in Dec.)– Horticultural Crops Jed Colquhoun – Perennial Crops/Natural Areas Mark Renz– Turf: John Stier/Paul Koch
• They charge $20 for identification• http://www.plantpath.wisc.edu/tdl/
Take a picture and email it to an Take a picture and email it to an expertexpert
1. Make sure pictures are in focus.2. Take whole plant shots as well as close-ups.3. Close-ups of the leaves, flowers, and stems if
possible.
Preparing/Collecting Plant SpecimensPreparing/Collecting Plant Specimens
• Collect as many plant parts as possible !
FRESH1. Place the plant specimen in a plastic bag along with a dry
paper towel (don't add water) and seal. 2. Please include date and location of collection and your contact
information (email preferred).
DRIED1. Flattened in folded newspaper or taped to paper and securely
fastened between two cardboards and sent in a padded envelope or box.
2. Plants placed in plastic bags and sent through the mail often mold.
Resources I Frequently UseResources I Frequently Use• Books
– Weeds of the Northeast• 300 species, including woody species, with four or more colored pictures• short cut identification tables • a narrative (including a useful description of how to distinguish from
similar weeds)– Ontario Weeds
• black and white line drawings of 315 species with 28 pages of color plates, each with six pictures
• a narrative (including a useful description of how to distinguish from similar weeds
• Available on-line at: http://pubont.stores.gov.on.ca/pool/.
• Websites– UW-Herbarium http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora– Virginia Tech http://www.ppws.vt.edu/weedindex.htm– Missouri plants http://www.missouriplants.com/index.html– Ontario weeds www.ontarioweeds.com
Pest management stepsPest management steps1. Pest identification = WHAT IS IT?
2. Population size = HOW MUCH?
3. Economics = IS IT COSTING ME ?
4. Available control tactics = WHAT CAN I DO?– Interactions– Environmental and legal constraints
Understand the Understand the biology of weeds!biology of weeds!
• How do they reproduce and spread?– Annuals– Biennials – Creeping Perennials– Simple Perennials
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Perennial weedsPerennial weeds• Many types, important to
know if– Creeping
• Ex Russian olive, Canada thistle– Simple (root crown)
• Ex Multiflora rose, dandelions
Types of management methodsTypes of management methods
•• MowingMowing• Grazing•• CultivationCultivation• Disking• Flaming•• CompetitionCompetition
•• Hand pullingHand pulling•• HerbicidesHerbicides• Flooding•• Biological controlBiological control• Solarization•• MulchingMulching
Integrated Pest ManagementIntegrated Pest Management(IPM)(IPM)
What management methods do you What management methods do you use for weeds/invasive plants?use for weeds/invasive plants?
285Total responses25%71Burning51%143
Cut-stump/basal bark (herbicide)
69%196Broadcast spray
(herbicide)
89%253Spot spray (herbicide)
56%160Mowing89%255
Hand pulling/removal
PercentageResponsesMethods
Hand pulling/removalHand pulling/removalCosts
• Time• Disturbs the soil• Your knees
Benefits• Low cost• Low risk (No spills,
mower accidents, or escaped fire)
MowingMowingCosts
• Specialized equipment.
• Very dependant on timing.
Benefits• Low cost.• Most people have the
necessary equipment for herbaceous species.
Tillage/cultivationTillage/cultivationCosts
• Equipment and/or time
• Disturbs the soil• Can spread perennial
roots
Benefits• If timed correctly very
effective on annuals• If incorporated with
plants that can shade out weeds effectiveeffective
MulchMulchCosts
• Labor intensive• May need to alter
nutrient balance• Increase rodents
Benefits• Effective• Can reduce watering
needs
BurningBurningCosts
• Escaped fire.• Specialized
equipment needed.• Need a large crew.• Legal constraints.• Need an experienced
crew leader.
Benefits• Cover a large area
quickly.• Reestablish a
environmental condition that many species evolved with.
• It is the most fun control method.
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Herbicide (spot Herbicide (spot vsvs broadcast)broadcast)Costs (spot spray)
• Takes a lot of time to treat and search for plants
• Have to mix herbicide up to use
• Potential for misapplication and/or spill
Costs (broadcast)• Spray the entire area• Usually not selective• Must have equipment• Potential for misapplication
and/or spill
Benefits (spot spray)• Effective• Selective• Cover large areas quickly when
compared to previous methods.• Just treat where needed
Benefits (broadcast)• Cover large areas quickly when
compared to previous methods.• Cover area of interest without
searching for target plants.
What is a herbicide?What is a herbicide?
• Herbicide = phytotoxic chemical• Chemical = A substance with a distinct
molecular composition that is produced by or used in a chemical process.
Contact Contact herbicidesherbicides
• Activity only where contact plant tissue
• Foliarly applied and taken up
• Work great on annual weeds
Roundup Banvel, 2,4-D
Systemic herbicidesSystemic herbicides
SelectivitySelectivity
•• Nonselective (Example Nonselective (Example glyphosate/Roundup)glyphosate/Roundup)–– Will injure any plant it contacts.Will injure any plant it contacts.
•• Selective (2,4Selective (2,4--D)D)–– WonWon’’t harm grasses.t harm grasses.–– WonWon’’t harm broadleaved species.t harm broadleaved species.–– Random selectivity.Random selectivity.
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PREEN FormulationsPREEN Formulations
WeeksBroadleafSyst0.311 0.075 0.34
2,4 D MecopropDicamba
Lawn Weed Killer
1-2 months
AnnualC soil0.13DithiopyrLawn Crabgrass Preventer
WeeksBroadleafSyst1.37 0.31 0.13
2,4 D Propionic Acid Dicamba
Lawn Broadleaf Control
1-2 months
AnnualsC soil1.47TrifluralinGarden Weed Preventer
Weeks-Month
AnnualsC soil100.0Corn Gluten Meal
Weed Preventer organic
NoneNoneSyst2.00Glyphosate Weed & Grass Killer
WeeksBroadleafSyst0.210.40 0.07
DMPA 2,4 D Dicamba
Weed Brush Killer
Residual Activity
SelectivityType% AIActiveIngred.
Herbicide
contactmany perennial and/or large seeded plantsTrifluralin
systemicmost established grassesTriclopyr
systemicbroadleaf plantsSethoxydim
systemicsome grasses and broadleaf plantsQuinclorac
contactmany perennial and/or large seeded plantsPendimethalin
systemicmost established grassesMCPA
systemicsome grasses (warm season)Imazapic
systemicnot selectiveGlyphosate
systemicmost established grassesDicambasystemicmost established grasses2,4-D
type of herbicideSafe when applied toActive ingredient
ReadyReady--toto--Use vs. ConcentratesUse vs. Concentrates
MonthsNoneSystemic18% 2%
Glyphosate Triclopyr
Round Up Poison Ivy Concentrate
Several months to a year
NoneSystemic18% 0.36%
Glyphosate Imazapic
Round Up Extended Control
NoneNoneSystemic18.00%GlyphosateRound Up Concentrate
Conc-entrate
NoneNoneSystemic2.00%Glyphosate Round Up Weed & Grass Plus
NoneNoneSystemic2.00%Glyphosate Round Up Ready to Use Plus
MonthsNoneSystemic1% 0.1%
Glyphosate Triclopyr
Round Up Poison Ivy
RTU
Residual Activity
SelectivityTypeRateActive Ingredients
Herbicide
PersistencePersistence
• No residual (hours- 1 day)• Example: Roundup (glyphosate)
• Short residual (days to weeks)• Example: 2,4-D, Banvel
• Long lasting=(months – years)• Example: Plateau (imazapic)
Imazapic applied the previous fall
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Residual ActivityResidual Activity
NoneNoneSystemic1.92%Glyphosate UltraStop
MonthsNoneSystemic1% 0.1%
Glyphosate Triclopyr
Round Up Poison Ivy
Several months to a year
NoneSystemic1% 0.016%
Glyphosate Imazapic
Ortho Ground-clear
Residual Activity
SelectivityTypeRateActive Ingredients
Herbicide
Month(s)Trifluralin
Month(s)Triclopyr
Week(s)Sethoxydim
Several months -year(s)Quinclorac
Month(s)Pendimethalin
several weeksMCPA
Several months -year(s)Imazapic
NONEGlyphosate
several weeksDicambaWeek(s)2,4-D
Soil activityActive ingredient
Degradation and persistence– BREAKDOWN RATE DEPENDANT ON SEVERAL
THINGS• Property of specific herbicides
– Rate of application• Physical and environmental factors
– Soil type, Soil pH– Soil moisture– Soil temperature
– With most herbicides activity is•• EXTENDED under Cool, dry weather EXTENDED under Cool, dry weather •• REDUCED under Warm, wet conditionsREDUCED under Warm, wet conditions
Herbicides BreakdownHerbicides Breakdown Garlic mustard researchGarlic mustard research• Evaluated control of garlic
mustard at 3 sites when applied with different methods in the fall
• Spot treatment, broadcast, hand-pull
Garlic mustard researchGarlic mustard research
02714hand-pull421958untreated
00
LaCrosse
101
Pen.StatePark
217
GreenBay
% Cover of 2nd year garlic mustard
gly broadcastgly spot 2%
Treatment
Garlic mustard researchGarlic mustard research
422 002714hand-pull36270421958untreated
00
LaCrosse
101
Pen.StatePark
217
GreenBay
% Cover of 2nd year garlic mustard
% Cover of plants that are NOT garlic
mustard
203 0gly broadcast67194gly spot 2%
LaCrosse
Pen.StatePark
GreenBay
Treatment
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Time to spot sprayTime to spot spray
• Estimate of time it took to conduct various treatments at one site (La Crosse)
18.2 BHandpull9.1 ABroadcast
14.4 BIPT (spot)FALL
Time (hours/A)methodTiming
Applications of herbicidesApplications of herbicides
• Broadcast applications• Pre-emergent (PRE)• Post-emergent (POST)
• Directed methods– Spot treatment– Basal bark applications– Cut stump– Ropewick– Timing specific
Prairie Prairie restorationrestoration
• Prairie establishments attempted at 2 sites
• Areas taken over by Canada thistle
• Suppress Canada thistle to allow for establishment
• Minimize injury to native plants
Prairie restorationPrairie restoration
• Applied roundup at 3 timings in fall– September (no hard frosts)– October (few hard frosts)– November (many hard frosts)
3149Nov2448UNTREATED
McFarlandHoricon
2945Oct1123Sept
Native Plant cover
September September vsvs NovemberNovember
September November
Herbicides for perennial weedsHerbicides for perennial weeds
• Unique timing for applying herbicides to perennial weeds
• Maximize herbicide into perennial tissues– Flowerbud to flowering stage– Resprouts in fall
• Spring is one of the WORST times to treat!
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Hemp Dogbane control with glyphosateHemp Dogbane control with glyphosatePERCENT CONTROL OF Dogbane
10010078571.50
1009291431.125
99937258.75*
88647322.56
Full flower
summer
Early Flowerearly
summer
BudSpring
VegetativeSpring
Glyphosate (lb/a)
Glyphosate early flowerCheck
Hemp Dogbane Hemp Dogbane control One control One Year LaterYear Later
Application considerationsApplication considerations
• Read and follow label directions on all chemicals. – Use correct rates– Calibrate your sprayer
• Be sure that chemicals are mixed thoroughly • Never spray when it is windy• Spray only the targeted area (ground)• When applying 2,4-D, use low volatile formulations
(amine) and spray when air temperatures are < 80F.• Do not apply soil-active herbicides where water run-
off could carry the chemical to non-target plants.
Tip on managing annual Tip on managing annual weedsweeds
• Prevent germination of seedlings– Mulch and/or preemergent herbicide
• Remove emerged seedlings when they are small– Hand pull, herbicides
• Prevent plants from producing seeds
• After adding new material, monitor for new weeds
Tip on managing perennial Tip on managing perennial weedsweeds
• Determine if they are simple or creeping perennial weeds
• Manage with multiple methods– Continually manage to prevent storage in organs– Promote rapid canopy closure to limit growth
• Prevent plants from producing seeds
• After adding new material, monitor for new weeds
SummarySummary• All management options have positive and negative
aspects.
• Consider these aspects when selecting the appropriate management tool for your property
• READ THE LABEL AND FOLLOW THE RESTRICTIONS CAREFULLY!!!!
• No one option will work under all situations, and often an integrated approach works the best.