weed management training module - afghan agriculture · weed management training module quiz . what...
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Weed Management Training Module
Louise Ferguson [email protected]
Department of Plant Sciences University of California Davis
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What is a Weed??
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Pest that Decreases Yields
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Why are weeds an annual problem?
Seed dormancy Prolific seed producers Spread of seed Fast-growing vegetative structures Highly adaptable
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Soil Seed Bank
A plant’s persistence is ensured by the seed bank Seeds are deposited, stored and later removed for use Not all seeds survive
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Annuals
Seed to seed in one season
Life Cycle
Biannuals
Seed (to rosette) to seed in 1-2
seasons or years
Perennials
Some part of the lives for > 1
year
rhizomes, tubers, stems
Weed Classification
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Weed Classification Annuals - complete their life cycle in less than 1 year Summer Annuals: - germinate in spring, grow during summer, mature and
die in the fall Winter Annuals: - germinate in the fall and winter, mature and die in spring
or early summer
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Life Cycle of an Annual Weed
germination
flowering pollination
seed set
plant dies growth
–Shallow, tap root system
–Reproduce by seed
–Don’t need food reserves
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Weed Classification
Biennials - live for more than 1 year but not over two years
Year 1. germinate from seed and produce
cluster of leaves 1st season Year 2. flowers, produces seed and dies 2nd
season
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Weed Classification Perennials - live for more than 2 years Simple: spread by seed (dandelion, plantain) Creeping: spread by creeping roots, above ground stems
(stolons), below ground stems (rhizomes), and by seed (wild strawberry, ground ivy, bermudagrass)
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Weed Type - Perennial
Characteristics affecting timing: Deep root system Rhizomes, stolons, tubers Reproduce primarily by the above Need food reserves to sustain plant
through dormancy
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Life Cycle of a Perennial Weed
germination or sprouting
(flowering)
(pollination)
growth and rhizome, stolon, and/or tuber production
seed set or vegetative structure maturation
Highest amount of stored carbohydrates
Lowest amount of stored carbohydrates
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Nutsedge Scientific Name: Cyperus spp.
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Yellow nutsedge
Cyperus esculentus Tolerant of low mowing Rhizomatous Reproduces primarily by tubers Perennial
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Weed Classification Physical/Physiological
Broadleaf (dicots)
Veins in leaves are netted
Herbaceous or woody
Narrowleaf (monocots)
Veins are parallel Grasses Sedges Rushes
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Monocot Large crabgrass: Scientific Name: Digitaria sanguinalis
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Dicot: Broadleaf plantain Scientific Name: Plantago major
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Winter (cool season)
Summer
(warm season)
Best Time for Growth
Weed Classification
Winter
Start growing in late fall or early
winter. Dies when high
temperatures start.
Summer
Starts growing in late spring/early
summer. Dies when
temperatures cool.
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Southern crabgrass
Smooth crabgrass
Summer Annual
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Common Chickweed Winter Annual
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Annual Bluegrass: Winter Annual
Thrives in compacted soils Prolific seed producer Dies in late-April and May Germinates in late summer and early fall
Boat shaped leaf tip
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Summer Annual: Prostrate Spurge
“milky” sap
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Weed management
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Managing Weeds 1. Maintain healthy orchard. 2. Prevent seed production. 3. Prevent seed germination. 4. Eliminate weed seedlings. 5. Target susceptible growth stages.
0
25
50
75
100
seedling vegetative flowering mature
% Control
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Plant Development Stages
1. Seedling Tender and
vulnerable to stresses
2. Vegetative Great uptake of
water and nutrients
3. Seed production Slow uptake of water
and nutrients directed to flower, fruit, seed
4. Maturity Little uptake of water
and nutrients Low energy production
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Weed Management Strategy
Identify weed, life cycle, habitat Integrate Control Methods Preventive Mechanical Biological Cultural Chemical
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Preventive Methods
State and Federal laws Weed-free seed and plant material Weed-free topsoil Clean equipment Field borders, property edges Prevent weeds from going to seed
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Mechanical Methods
Mowing Hand removal Hoeing Tillage (roto-till, disk, etc.) Mulches Landscape fabrics
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Mowing
More effective on broadleaf weeds than grasses More effective on annual than perennial weeds Perennial weeds – will take several years of continuous mowing to see an effect
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Mechanical Control
Controls many weeds that have emerged
Tillage
May damage crop roots
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Mechanical Methods
Still used for weed control in high value crops Best control with small weeds
Hand Pulling and Hoeing
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Mechanical Methods
Thickness affects weed suppression. Black plastic prevents light penetration. Clear and colored plastics that allow light penetration produce high temperatures in the upper surface - solarization
Plastic or Fabric Mulches
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Mechanical Methods
Straw, wood chips, pine straw, sawdust, newsprint, and other organic materials effectively shade and physically hinder germinating weed seedlings.
Organic Mulches
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Cultural Methods
Rapid, early plant development
Fertility, planting dates, seed depth and density, close row spacing, cultivar vigor
Most weeds do not grow well in shade. (trees)
Crop Management Practices: row crops
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Biological Methods
Insects - very specific in their host range – puncture vine stem weevil
Geese,ducks, chickens, swine, and goats
Grass carp - privately owned ponds and lakes
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Chemical Methods
Herbicide - chemical that is used to control,suppress or kill weeds by interrupting normal plant growth processes.
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Herbicide Classification
Selective - Kills some plant species, but does not damage others.
- Ex. Preen, Weed-B-Gon
Nonselective - Generally kills all plant species.
- Ex. Roundup, Finale
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Herbicide Classification
Contact - Causes localized injury to plant tissue.
- Does not readily translocate.
- Ex. Diquat
Systemic - Readily translocates in plant tissue.
- Ex. Roundup
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Herbicide Classification
Preemergence - ex. Preen
- Applied before weed seed germination.
- Do not control emerged weeds.
Postemergence - ex. Roundup
- Applied after weed emergence.
- Do not control unemerged weeds.
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Herbicide Selection Factors
1. Identify the problem species
2. Identify herbicides labeled for the site
3. Determine tolerance of desirable plants
4. Integrate management objectives
5. Obtain suitable safety and application equipment
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Before You Use Herbicide
1. Identify desirable plant and weed. 2. Read and UNDERSTAND herbicide label . 3. Follow mixing, application, storage,
disposal, etc. directions carefully. 4. Use only recommended amount. 5. Maintain and calibrate equipment. 6. Do not use on desirable plants not listed on
label.
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Identify the Weed Problem
READ textbooks and periodicals Keep a diagnostic tool kit - hand lens, etc. Know the life cycle of the pest Is the weed the cause or effect of the problem? Confirm your diagnosis
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Visit our website:
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Weed Management Training Module
QUIZ
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What is a Weed??
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Pest that Decreases Yields
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Weed Classification Name Three Classification Methods Give examples
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Weed Classification Life Cycle Physiology/Morphology Growth Period
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Weed Classification Life Cycle Annual Biennial Perennial
Physiology/Morphology Broadleaf Dicot Narrowleaf Monocot
Growth Period Winter Summer
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Weed Management Strategy
Name the five primary methods Give one example of each
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Weed Management Strategy
Identify weed, life cycle, habitat Integrate Control Methods Preventive Mechanical Biological Cultural Chemical
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Weed Management Strategy
Preventive Clean your equipment
Mechanical Cultivate
Biological Insect predator
Cultural Drip irrigation
Chemical Herbicide
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Name Six Herbicide Classificaitons
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Name Herbicide Classificaitons
Selective NonSelective Contact Systemic Preemergement Postemergement