webinar slides: international accounting for property, plant and equipment
DESCRIPTION
Original air date: April 22, 2014 Mayer Hoffman McCann is following the ongoing discussions related to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) so we can be prepared and keep our clients informed, as well as work with companies already filing under IFRS. Please join us for this webinar in which our IFRS experts will talk about issues surrounding IAS 16 Property, Plant and Equipment, a standard developed by the IASB to prescribe the accounting treatment for property, plant and equipment so that users of financial statements can determine an entity’s investment in its property, plant and equipment and the changes in these types of fixed assets.TRANSCRIPT
CBIZ & MHM Executive Education Series™ IFRS: Accounting for Property,
Plant & Equipment Presented by: Marco Pulido, Shareholder
April 22, 2014
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Before We Get Started…
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Disclaimer
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Today’s Presenter
Marco Pulido, CPA Shareholder 310.268.2746 | [email protected] Marco has 15 years of experience in public accounting working with U.S. GAAP, IFRS and other foreign accounting standards in the U.S., Europe and in Latin America with Big 4 accounting firms. He has experience with SEC filers (foreign and domestic) and private companies. Marco is a CPA certified in California and has IFRS certifications by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). Technical accounting expertise includes the following industries: Energy (Oil & Gas) - Retail, Distribution & Manufacturing - Transportation - Utilities - Consumer Services - Construction/Real Estate - Health Sciences – Financial Services – Agriculture.
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Today’s Agenda
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Principal concepts of IAS 16
Elements of cost
Cost vs. revaluation model
Component approach
Other issues
IFRS vs. US GAAP
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Scope of IAS 16
Applies in accounting for property, plant and equipment (PP&E) except when another standard requires or permits a different accounting treatment Leased assets: follow IAS 17, Leases Properties satisfy definition of an investment property: follow
IAS 40, Investment Property
<IAS 16.2, 4, 5>
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Scope of IAS 16
IAS 16 does not apply to: Biological assets related to agricultural activities (IAS 41) PP&E classified as held for sale (IFRS 5) Exploration and evaluation assets (IFRS 6) Mineral rights and mineral reserves such as oil, natural gas
and similar non-regenerative resources <IAS 16.3>
However, it does apply to PP&E used to develop or
maintain the above assets.
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Question: Should a hotel be accounted as PP&E (IAS 16) or an investment property (IAS
40)? a) IAS 16 b) IAS 40 c) Can be either
Example – Classification of a Hotel as PPE or Investment Property
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Question: Should a hotel be accounted as PP&E (IAS 16) or an investment property (IAS
40)? a) a - IAS 16 b) b - IAS 40 c) c - Can be either Response: Answer - C : The key is whether the owner operates the property or not:
If the principal cash flows that are generated by the owner are from the daily or weekly occupancy of the hotel and the owner provides direct services to the hotel guests, the hotel is a property that is used in the production of services. IAS 16 applies.
If the principal cash flows are generated from renting the property for a large period of time, e.g.
years, the hotel is an investment property. IAS 40 applies, even if the owner provides auxiliary services, such as cleaning or
maintenance.
The administration of the entity should analyze the facts and circumstances on a case-by-case basis.
Example – Classification of a Hotel as PPE or Investment Property
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Classification of Spare Parts – Inventory vs. PP&E
Inventory PP&E • Major spare parts and stand-by
equipment, with a useful life of less than one year
• The majority of spare parts • Spare parts are recognized as costs as
they are used.
<IAS 2.6>
• Major spare parts and stand-by equipment, with a useful life of greater than one year
• Depreciation starts once use commences.
• Useful life = the lesser between the useful life of the spare part or the related PP&E ‒ Except when the PP&E can be
substituted and the spare part can be used in the new PP&E
<IAS 16.8>
No specific guidance under U.S. GAAP Diverse practices may exist
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Example – Classification of Items at a Restaurant
Background: A restaurant has an inventory of silverware and dishes. Additions to inventory stock are expensed. The inventory turnover for these items is two years. Question: Yes or No - Is it appropriate to classify silverware and dishes as PP&E?
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Example – Classification of Items at a Restaurant
Background: A restaurant has an inventory of silverware and dishes. Additions to inventory stock are expensed. The inventory turnover for these items is two years. Question: Yes or No - Is it appropriate to classify silverware and dishes as PP&E? Response: Answer - Yes. These items are tangible assets held for use in the supply of goods and services and
are expected to be used for more than one year. They should not be included in current assets.
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Example – Classification of PP&E That Will Not be Used
Background: An entity receives property as payment for a receivable from a customer, which it intends to sell and
not use in its operations. The entity plans to sell the asset within the next 12 months. Question: Yes or No – Should this property be classified as PP&E?
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Example – Classification of PP&E That Will Not be Used
Background: An entity receives property as payment for a receivable from a customer, which it intends to sell and
not use in its operations. The entity plans to sell the asset within the next 12 months. Question: Yes or No – Should this property be classified as PP&E? Response: Answer - No This property does not meet the definition of PP&E under IAS 16.6 since it is not maintained for its
use. The property should be classified as a current asset in accordance with IAS 1.57.
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Initial Measurement at Cost
Includes: Purchase price, import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, trade
discounts and rebates Any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and
condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management
Cost to dismantle and remove an asset and restore site May include:
Fair value gains / losses on qualifying cash flow hedges for purchases in foreign currency
Excludes: Income from incidental operations Advertising and promotional activities Staff training Relocating or reorganizing part or all of the operations <IAS 16.16, 19-21>
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Purchase price, plus import/transport
fees and taxes
Initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site
Elements of Cost
Fair value gains and losses on qualifying cash flow hedges for purchases in
foreign currency
<IAS 16.16 and 17>
Directly attributable costs
Installation and assembly costs
Costs of testing, professional fees
Costs of site preparation
Initial delivery and handling costs
Borrowing costs
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Example – Improvements to PP&E
Background: An entity is uprgrading parts of a motor related to machinery. It estimates that this
improvement will improve the productivity and output related to the machinery. The entity values PP&E at cost. Question: Can the cost of this improvement be capitalized?
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Example – Improvements to PP&E
Background: An entity is uprgrading parts of a motor related to machinery. It estimates that this
improvement will improve the productivity and output related to the machinery. The entity values PP&E at cost. Question: Can the cost of this improvement be capitalized? Response: Yes. This upgrade will improve the productivity of the motor, leading to an increase in
output. This improvement will increase productivity, and if the following conditions are met, may be capitalized: It is probable that the entity will obtain future economic benefits. The cost of the asset or improvement can be measured reliably.
<IAS 16.7>
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Borrowing Costs
Entities must capitalize borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset that form part of the cost of that asset. This accounting also applies when an entity pays a third party for the
construction or production of an asset. U.S. GAAP refers to these costs as “capitalized interest”
Other borrowing costs are recognized as an expense Special consideration should be given to the interest rate that will be
used to calculate the amount of interest to capitalize > However, IAS 23 does not require capitalization similar to
U.S. GAAP for: Qualifying assets measured at fair value
Inventories manufactured/produced in large quantities on a repetitive basis
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Exchange of Assets
Cost of the asset acquired
Transaction has commercial substance and fair value can be measured reliably
Transaction lacks commercial substance or fair value of both asset
received and asset given up cannot be measured reliably.
Fair value of the asset given up
Carrying amount of the asset given up
An exchange transaction has commercial substance if: The configuration (i.e. risk, timing and amount) of the cash flows of the asset received differs from that of the asset given up and the difference is significant relative to the fair value of the assets exchanged, or The entity-specific value of the portion of the entity’s operations derived from the asset received differs from that of the asset given up and the difference is significant relative to the fair value of the assets exchanged.
<IAS 16.24 and 25>
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Subsequent Measurement – Cost or Revaluation Method
Subsequent measurement
Cost model Cost Less accumulated: – Depreciation – Impairment losses
Revaluation model Revalued amount Less accumulated: – Depreciation – Impairment losses
<IAS 16.30 and 31>
Revaluation model is also known as the “fair value option” for PP&E.
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Conditions for Using the Revaluation Model
Accounting policy applied consistently Fair value can be measured reliably Used for an entire class of PP&E
Grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in an entity’s operations, such as:
Revaluations must be made with sufficient regularity Items within the same class of PP&E revalued simultaneously <IAS 16. 31, 36 and 37>
• Aircraft • Motor vehicles • Furniture and fixtures • Office equipment
• Land • Land and buildings • Machinery • Ships
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Revaluation Model Illustration
Recorded in equity in
Revaluation Reserve (OCI)
Recorded through income
statement if asset was previously
written down via income statement
Adjusted against
existing credit balance in the Revaluation
Reserve (OCI)
Recorded through income statement to the extent that there
is no credit balance in the Revaluation
Reserve (OCI)
Increase in value Decrease in value
Revaluation
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Depreciation
Focus on components Each significant component of an asset should be depreciated separately (generally
considered 5% to 10% of total value of asset). Generally not a requirement under U.S. GAAP
Depreciation method Should reflect the pattern of the consumption of the economic benefits of the asset,
examples include straight-line, double-declining, units of production, etc. Useful life
Period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity; or Number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by an
entity Residual value
Estimated amount that an entity would currently obtain from disposal of the asset, after deducting the estimated costs of disposal, if the asset were already of the age and in the condition expected at the end of its useful life
Should be reviewed at the end of each period May adjust up or down, only down under U.S. GAAP Amount to depreciate = cost – residual value
<IAS 16.6, 43, 53, 60 and 62>
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Example – Residual Value
Question (Yes or No): Should estimated inflation and variations in market value be
considered for the remaining useful life when determining the residual value?
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Example – Residual Value
Question: Should estimated inflation and variations in market value be
considered for the remaining useful life when determining the residual value?
Response: No, since residual value is defined as the estimated value
that the entity would obtain at the moment for the sale of the asset assuming it has reached the end of its useful life <IAS 16.6>
Hence, inflation or estimated future variations in market value should not be considered.
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Component Approach
Each part of an item of PP&E with a cost that is significant in relation to the total cost of the item shall be depreciated separately. Significant is generally defined as 5% to
10% of total value of the asset Only relevant if components have different
useful lives > May result in differences with US GAAP
For example, the airframe and the engines of an aircraft have different useful lives, while the value of the engine is significant.
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- Comparison of the cost allocated to the component to the total cost of the PP&E
- Allocate the cost and determine the useful life of each of the components for depreciation purposes
> Differences with US GAAP: – - More detailed depreciation calculation
– - May result in higher or lower depreciation expense, depending on the life of the individual components
– - Any changes in an asset’s components would effect depreciation and be disclosed as a change in estimate
- Current IT system considerations is a practical issue
Considerations for Component Approach
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Considerations for Component Approach
Comparison of the cost allocated to the component to the total cost of the PP&E
Allocate the cost and determine the useful life of each of the components for depreciation purposes
> Differences with US GAAP: More detailed depreciation calculation May result in higher or lower depreciation expense,
depending on the life of the individual components Any changes in an asset’s components would effect
depreciation and be disclosed as a change in estimate.
Current IT system considerations is a practical issue.
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Replacing or Renewing a Component
Acquisition of a separate asset Write off of carrying amount of replaced / renewed
component to the residual value The carrying amount of an item of PP&E is derecognized on
disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal.
<IAS 16.67>
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Major Inspections and Overhauls
If criteria for recognition are met, i.e. future benefits and reliable measurement, costs associated to major inspections and overhauls are recognized as a separate component:
Upon the initial recognition of an asset, and To determine the inherent value associated to an overhaul upon acquisition of
an asset, the estimated cost of the overhaul that will be incurred may be used (this is a component included in the cost of the asset at the acquisition date).
any remaining carrying amount of the replaced asset is written-off. > Differences with US GAAP: U.S. GAAP provides three methods:
1. Deferred and amortized over the period until the next overhaul 2. Expensed as incurred 3. Accounted for as part of the cost of the asset
<IAS 16.14>
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Example – Major Inspections and Overhauls
Background: An entity acquires a machine which requires an overhaul every three years. The price for the machinery is $1 million. It is estimated that every overhaul will cost
$200,000 and that the equipment has a useful life of 10 years. Question: How should the entity initially record the purchase of the machinery? a) Record an asset for $1 million and depreciate over 10 years. b) Record two assets – the machinery for a value of $800,000 and depreciate over 10 years,
and the estimated cost of the overhaul of $200,000 and depreciate over three years. c) Record an asset for $800,000 and depreciate over 10 years, and record an expense for
$200,000.
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Example – Major Inspections and Overhauls
Background: An entity acquires a machine which requires an overhaul every three years. The price for the machinery is $1 million. It is estimated that every overhaul will cost
$200,000 and that the equipment has a useful life of 10 years. Question: How should the entity initially record the purchase of the machinery? a) Record an asset for $1 million and depreciate over 10 years. b) Record two assets – the machinery for a value of $800,000 and depreciate over 10 years,
and the estimated cost of the overhaul of $200,000 and depreciate over three years. c) Record an asset for $800,000 and depreciate over 10 years, and record an expense for
$200,000. Response Answer b). Record two assets of $800,000 and $200,000, depreciated over 10 years and
three years, respectively.
<IAS 16.14>
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Dismantlement, Removal and Restoration Costs
Future costs to be incurred for dismantlement, removal and restoration must be capitalized Initial recognition is capitalized to related asset and a corresponding
liability is recognized for present value of future estimated cost, discounted using an appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate.
Changes in the estimate of the obligation are recorded in accordance with IAS 37 “Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets”
Discount rate is a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability (IAS 37.47)
Asset – depreciated over the remaining useful life of the related PP&E Liability – the “unwinding” of discount is recognized in profit and loss as
finance cost as it occurs Differences with U.S. GAAP: Discount rate under U.S. GAAP remains
constant during the “unwinding” of the discount. IFRS requires periodic updates to the discount rate.
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Changes in the
carrying amount of the
liabilities
Cost Model
Revaluation Model
Excess recognized in profit or loss.
Adjust the cost of the related asset.
- Alters revaluation surplus or deficit - Accounted for consistently with other
changes to the revaluation surplus or deficit.
- If decrease in the liability exceeds the carrying amount that would have been recognized had the asset been carried under cost model, the excess shall be recognized in net profit and loss.
If decrease in liability is more than
carrying value
Other cases
Dismantlement, Removal and Restoration Costs
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Questions?
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Join us for these upcoming IFRS courses: July 10: Accounting for Foreign Currencies Under IFRS September 4: Business Combinations Under IFRS October 23: Consolidated Financial Statements Using IFRS November 20: The Impact of IFRS on Income Taxes
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