webinar on disaster resistant construction technology · 2020. 10. 5. · philosophy of earthquake...
TRANSCRIPT
Webinar on
Disaster Resistant Construction
Technology(25th September 2020)
Organized by
GIDM, Gandhinagar
Recent Developments in
Construction Technology &
Materials(25th September 2020)
by
Major Dr C S Sanghvi
Professor & Head
Applied Mechanics Department
L D College of Engineering
Ahmedabad
Philosophy of earthquake resistant structure
Damage is allowed but no collapse
• Fact: Buildings are still collapsing duringearthquake
1994 Northridge Earthquake 1995 Kobe Earthquake
1999 Kocaeli Turkey Earthquake 2001 Bhuj, India Earthquake
Structural failures during recent strong motion earthquakes.
• Earthquakes are uncontrollable & IncreasedSeismicity
• CAPACITY > DEMAND
• Earthquake induces inertia forces F = ma
• For increased value of F, increase thestrength of building, the capacity must beincreased to avoid damage.
CAPACITY > DEMAND
Qi- Design Lateral Force at floor
Q4
Q3
Q2
Q1
EQ
Wihi2
Qi = VB
n
Σ Wihi2
j=1
2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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2005 NPEEE Earthquake Design Concept : Lecture 9: Overview of EQ resistant Structural Systems
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INTRODUCTION
• Earthquake are natural Threats
• Today’s technological advances allow us to control the consequences
• such advances rarely utilize in earthquake resistant design, in common building
• Recent Trend In Construction – Increase In Number Of Multistory Buildings
INTRODUCTION• Basic Eq. for Free Damped vibration
Mü+ Cù+ Kx=0
• To reduce excessive vibration, stiffnessshould increase but it will also increase themass .
• It is not feasible for the tall building.
• So to reduce the excessive vibration wemay switch over to the term C
Although the energy will dissipate by thejoint, provided in structural element
But it is not sufficient for the tallbuilding where larger amount of energy isrequired to dissipate.
So dissipate the larger amount of energysome extra arrangement should be therewhich is called “structural controlsystem”
• Incorporating external elements tothe structure to control its dynamicresponses called “Structural controlsystem”
• Protective structural systemsstudied by the structural control areclassified:
Definition
Structural Control
Passive ControlActive and Semi
Active Control
Hybrid Control
(active+passive)
Seismic isolation
Energy Dissipation
Devices
Mass Dampers
Figure for STRUCTURAL CONTROL SYSTEM
• This approach consists ofincorporating ‘Passive’ (i.e. neitherpowered nor ‘smart’) devices to thestructure
• Whose motion is to be controlled bydynamic parameters ( i.e. damping &stiffness)
Passive Control System
Passive Control
• Requires noexternal energy
• Requires deviceswith favorableenergy dissipation
Friction
device
• Isolation means the state of beingseparated.
• The structure is separated from itsfoundation.
• Concept in base isolation is to reduce thefundamental frequency of structuralvibration to a value lower than thepredominant frequencies of earthquakeground motions
• Provide a means of energy dissipation withwhich to reduce the transmittedacceleration to the superstructure
Base Isolation
• Hospital, school building, Fire station,Institutional buildings are called life linestructure and these structure we need in workingcondition even after major event took place.
BASE ISOLATION
….CONTD
• Reduction in Seismic force
– It is stated that base isolation mayreduce seismic force significantly incomparison with conventional structures.
Objectives
To Protect the structures from severdamages during strong shaking
CONCEPT
• To reduce effective motion
• To dissipate energy at isolation level
Frequency
Seis
mic
resp
on
se
No Control
With Control
PRINCIPLE OF BASE ISOLATION
• It consist a setting device which isflexible in horizontal direction andvery stiff in vertical direction
• This system is located betweenfoundations and main structures
• Isolator will produce new mode ofvibration
• New mode will increase thefundamental period.
• Not add inter story drift
Period Shift Effect
• Elastomeric-based systems
High Damping rubber bearings (HDRB)
Lead rubber bearings (LRB)
• Isolation System Based on Sliding
• Spring-Type Systems
• Sleeved-Pile Isolation System
• Rocking Systems
ISOLATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS
CONT…
ELASTOMERIC (RUBBER) BEARINGS
Most Popular
Consist of thin rubber & steel plates
Steel Plates – Stiffness, carry vertical load, prevent
bulging of rubber, laterally constrain the rubber
sheet.
Rubber – Horizontal flexibility
Elastomeric-based systems
CONT…
LEAD RUBBER BEARING
Consist of thin natural rubber &
steel plate and a lead cylindrical
plug.
Lead is provided to give initial
rigidity to structure.
SEISMIC ISOLATION DEVICES
TYPE OF SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
SLIDINING ISOLATION SYSTEM
A layer with a define coefficient
of friction
Coefficient of friction will limit
acceleration & forces
No restoring force
Restoring force is given by
combining the elastomeric
bearing & also provided by
FPS system.
ISOLATION IN REAL BUILDING
ISOLATED BUILDING IN INDIA
Base isolation have been used in numerous building in
countries like Italy, USA, Japan, New Zealand etc
Today around 1000 building in the world have been isolated
In India first demonstrate in killari (Maharastra) in 1993.
After 2001 earthquake, the four-storey Bhuj hospital was built
with base isolation technique.
Bhuj Hospital
• It consist mass elements connectedelastically to the main structure
• Such connection allow the relativemotion between the mass damper &the structures
• Natural period of the added massmust be close to the fundamentalperiod of the structure known asTuned Mass Damper (TMD)
TUNED MASS DAMPERS
Application :
To reduce the horizontal vibrationsof tall and/or slender constructions(skyscrapers, TV towers, Chimney,etc)
COMPONENTS OF TMD
• Spring
• Oscillating Mass
• Viscous damper
WORKING
• TMD is a system of spring and mass.
• TMD is tuned exactly to the structure anda certain natural frequency of it.
• Due to the physical properties of thesystem, the damper moves out of phasewith the building
• If the building moves east, the dampermoves west.
A 3-D view of a pendulum type tuned mass damper
Fig. Amplitude - Frequency response of a low damped system with (Yellow) and
without (Blue) tuned mass damper
A tuned mass damper designed for the PetronasTowers in Malaysia
TAIPEI 101
• Energy dissipation by inelasticdeformation of metals
• First implemented in New Zealand &Japan, then Mexico & USA
(Soong and Spencer Jr. 2002.)
• Unbounded braces –Yielding of braces
Metallic Yield Dampers
Metallic Yield Dampers
• very similar to a shock absorber
Viscous fluid dampers
• Uses the friction between steel platessliding over each other to dissipateseismic energy.
• Casino of Montreal - the rehabilitation ofeight-story steel building (Pasquin et al.1994.)
Friction damper
Friction damper
Various way to installations
Friction damper
• From bellow table it is seen that theEnergy Dissipaters will be moreadvisable.
Comparison between passive control system
Active control• On line
measurement of forces
• Application of counteracting forces
• Requires more energy
• Stable feedback system
sensoractive devices
computer
• Use advance techniques with soundfundamental knowledge
• understand impact/behavior of eachtechnique
• Every technique has its own advantages aswell as disadvantages One has to be verycareful in selecting particular technique forspecific purpose
• One has to think financial aspects alongwith fundamental behavior aspects.
Conclusion
Thank you