Spanish III

El 20 de octubre 2016

Capítulo 2A Realidades-2Lección A

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5-10 minutes each night reviewing gramar and vocbulary of the current lesson.To be completed in the regular notebooks (or JOURNALS)Monday through Friday

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school night in notebooks (JOURNALS)

Tarea para mañanajueves

Realidades 2 Página 81 Actividad 10Complete as directed in classPara mañana, el 20 de octubre 2016¡¡¡Buena Suerte!!!

La Lección de hoy 2. A PRIMERA VISTA Capítulo 2A

Las Obras

La FechaEl Tiempo

Vocabulario

Los Verbos- Los Verbos Reflexivos

Using Reflexive Verbs and identifying infinitives, the stem of the verbs and the root of the verbs.

Infinitive forms and finding stems for regular verbsOverviewThe infinitive is the most basic verb form in all languages. In English, the verb is always preceded by the preposition “to”

as in “to speak,” “to read,” or “to write.” In Spanish, infinitives consist of only one word and are separated into three different conjugation sets according to their endings, -AR, -ER, and -IR such as “hablar,” “leer,” and “escribir.”Verbs in the infinitive form indicate what an action is, but do not indicate anything about who is doing the action or at what point in time the action is taking place. Most verb tenses use a form of the infinitive as the stem for their conjugations. In general, for regular verbs, you simply need to remove the infinitive ending to find the stem,

and then you can the add tense’s endings.Finding the Stem from an Infinitive-AR VerbsThere are more -AR verbs than the other two categories. There are also fewer irregular -AR verbs than -ER and -IR verbs.

Some examples of common -AR infinitives and their stems are:infinitivedefinition stem

buscar to look for busc-

cantar to sing cant-

comprar to buy compr-

escuchar to listen to escuch-

extrañarto miss/to yearn for

extrañ-

hablar to speak habl-

llamar to call llam-

llenar to fill llen-

llevar to carry llev-

mirar to watch mir-

visitar to visit visit-

-ER Verbs-ER verbs make up the second largest group of infinitives in

Spanish. Some common examples of -ER infinitives are:infinitive definition stem

beber to drink beb-

comer to eat com-

comprender

to understandcomprend-

correr to run corr-

creer to believe cre-

deber to owe deb-

leer to read le-

meter to put into met-

romper to break romp-

vender to sell vend-

-IR Verbs

-IR verbs are the smallest group of Spanish infinitives. Some examples of common -IR verbs are:infinitivedefinitionstem

abrir to open abr-

asistir to attend asist-

cubrir to cover cubr-

escribir to write escrib-

incluir to include inclu-

pedir to order ped-

permitir to allow permit-

recibir to receive recib-

servir to serve serv-

vivir to live viv-

Stem changing verbs

Stem Changing VerbsIn all three conjugations of verbs (-ar, -er, and -ir) there are some verbs whose vowels change within the stem. These stem-changes occur in all persons except nosotros and vosotros. These two persons maintain the regular stem. There are six varieties of stem-changes: o->ue, e -> ie, e -> i, i -> ie, u -> ue, o -> hue. Each of these is described below with examples.1. e to ie

This is the most common stem change for Spanish verbs.Conjugation Examplequerer - to want

quiero queremos

quieresqueréis

quiere quieren

The Boot!As you can see, the stem change is only applied in 1st, 2nd, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural, forming the shape of a boot in the conjugation chart. The "boot" is a good way to remember which persons have the stem change.Some Common e -> ie Verbsacertar to guess divertirseto have fun pensar (en) to think (about)

atenderto attend to

empezar to begin perder to lose

atravesar to cross encenderto light/ignite, to turn on

preferir to prefer

calentar to warm encerrar to enclose querer to want

cerrar to close entender to understand recomendar to recommend

comenzar to begin fregar to scrub/wash remendar to mend/patch

confesar to confess gobernar to govern sentar (se) to sit down

helar to freeze sentir to feel sugerir to suggest

defender to defend mentir to lietropezar (con)

to stumble (into, across)

descenderto descend

negar to deny

despertar (se)

to wake up

nevar to snow

2. o to ue

This is the 2nd most common stem change after e->ie.Conjugation Examplesoñar - to dream

sueño soñamos

sueñas soñáis

sueña sueñan

Some Common o -> ue Verbsabsolver to absolve doler to hurt recordarto remember

acordarse (de)

to agree on dormir to sleep remover to remove

almorzar to have lunch encontrarto find resolver to resolve

aprobar to approve envolver to wrap retorcer to twist

cocer to boil/bake llover to rain revolver to mix/shake

colgar to hang (up) morder to bite rogar to beg

conmoverto move (emotionally)

moler to grind solerto be accustomed to

contar to count morir to die sonar to sound

costar to cost mostrar to show soñar to dream

demoler to demolish mover to move torcer to twist

demostrarto demonstrate/prove

poder to be able to tronar to thunder

devolverto return (something)

probarto taste, to prove

volar to fly

disolver to dissolvepromover

to promote

3. e to i

Conjugation Examplerepetir - to repeat

repito repetimos

repites repetís

repite repiten

Some Common e -> i Verbsconseguir

to get repetir to repeat

corregir to correct reírse (de)to laugh/to make fun of

despedir to fire/to say goodbyeseguir to follow

elegir to elect servir to serve

impedir to impede sonreírse to smile

medir to measure vestirse to get dressed

perseguirto follow

4. i to ie

There are only only two commonly used verbs whose stem changes from i to ie:Conjugation Examples

adquirir - to acquire inquirir - to inquire

adquiero adquirimosinquiero inquirimos

adquieresadquirís inquieresinquirís

adquiere adquieren inquiere inquieren

5. u to ue

There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from u to ue, and it is a very common verb.Conjugation Examplejugar - to play

juego jugamos

juegas

jugáis

juega juegan

6. o to hue

STEM CHANGING VERBS E:IE

The main form of the verb is called the infinitive. The infinitive consists of two parts: theending and the stem. The ending is the last two letters. There are only three different endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. The stem is everything else, except the ending.

hablar: ending = ar, stem = hablcomer: ending = er, stem = comvivir: ending = ir, stem = vivSome spanish verbs are called stem-changers because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way. In one group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to ie in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms. This particular type of stem-changing verb is found in all three verb types.cerraryo cierrotú cierrasél, ella, Ud. cierranosotros/as cerramosvosotros/as cerráisellos, ellas, Uds. cierranFor a more complete discussion of verbs that change e:ie click here.Here are some common e:ie stem-changing verbs.acertarto manage toadvertirto alert

atenderto attend toatravesarto crosscalentarto heatcerrarto closecomenzarto beginconfesarto confessconvertirto convertdefenderto defenddespertarto wake updivertirto amuseempezarto beginencenderto light

entenderto understandenterrarto buryfregarto scrubherirto injurehervirto boilmentirto liemerendarto have lunchnegarto denypensarto thinkperderto losepreferirto preferquererto want

regarto watersugerirto suggesttemblarto trembletenderto spread overtropezarto stumble onverterto spill

STEM-CHANGING VERBS: O:UERemember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two parts: the ending and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.hablarcomervivir

With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.

hablo como vivo

hablas comes vives

habla come vive

hablamos comemos vivimos

habláis coméis vivís

hablan comen viven

With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:o:uee:iee:i

With the first group of stem-changing verbs, the letter o in the stem changes to ue in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.contarcuentocuentascuentacontamoscontáiscuentanHere’s another o:ue stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb comer. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.mover (o:ue)comer (regular -er verb)muevocomomuevescomesmuevecome

movemoscomemosmovéiscoméismuevencomenHere’s another o:ue stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.dormir (o:ue)duermoduermesduermedormimosdormísduermenHere is a list of common o:ue stem-changing verbs.almorzarto eat lunchmorirto dieaprobarto approve

mostrarto showcolgarto hangmoverto move (an object)contarto count, to tellprobarto prove, test, sample, tastecostarto costrecordarto rememberdevolverto return (an object)resolverto solvevolverto return (from someplace)rogarto beg, praydormirto sleep

sonarto sound, ringencontrarto findsoñar (con)to dream (about)envolverto wraptostarto toastmorderto bitevolarto flyLet’s add a flashcard for o:ue stem-changers:

VERB

o:ue stem-changers (dormir)duermoduermesduermedormimos

dormísduermen

(almorzar, contar, costar, volver, recordar, volar)

STEM-CHANGING VERBS: E:Iparts: the ending Remember, there are three types of infinitives: -ar, -er, -ir. Infinitives are made up of two and the stem. In the following examples, the stem is underlined and the ending is in bold.

hablarcomervivir

With regular verbs, the stem stays the same, and the ending changes as they are conjugated.

hablo como vivo

hablas comes vives

habla come vive

hablamos comemos vivimos

habláis coméis vivís

hablan comen viven

With some verbs, the stem also changes when you conjugate them. In the present tense, there are three groups of stem-changing verbs:o:uee:iee:iWith the third group of stem-changing verbs, the letter e in the stem changes to i in all forms except the nosotros and vosotros.repetir

repitorepitesrepiterepetimosrepetísrepitenHere’s another e:i stem changing verb. Compare it to the regular verb vivir. Notice that the endings are the same for regular verbs and stem-changing verbs.competir (e:i)vivir (regular -ir verb)compitovivocompitesvivescompitevivecompetimosvivimoscompetísvivís

compitenvivenHere’s another e:i stem-changing verb. Notice how the stem doesn’t change in the nosotros and vosotros forms.pedir (e:i)pidopidespidepedimospedíspidenHere is a list of common e:i stem-changing verbs.bendecir (*)to blessimpedirto impedecolegirto deducemaldecir (*)to curse

competirto competemedirto measureconseguirto get, obtainpedirto ask for, to ordercorregirto correctperseguirto pursue, to persecutedecir (*)to say, tellreírto laughdespedirto dismiss, firerepetirto repeatelegirto electseguirto follow, continue

freírto fryservirto servegemirto groan, moansonreírto smile* Note: The verb “decir” and its derivitive forms are irregular in the first person: yo digo, etc.Let’s add a flashcard for e:i stem-changers:

VERBS

e:i stem-changers (repetir)repitorepitesrepiterepetimosrepetísrepiten(decir (yo digo), despedir, medir, pedir, servir)

There is only one commonly used verb whose stem changes from o to hue.Conjugation Exampleoler - to smell

huelo olemos

hueles oléis

huele huelen

REFLEXIVE VERBS: PART I

A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same.There is no object hereThe subject IS the object so to speak

I wash myself.subject: Iverb: washobject: myself

Since the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I wash the car.subject: Iverb: washobject: car

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.

Here’s another example of how a verb can be either reflexive or non-reflexive.

I scratch myself.subject: Iverb: scratchobject: myselfSince the subject and object are the same, the verb is reflexive.

I scratch the dog.

subject: Iverb: scratchobject: dog

Since the subject and object are different, the verb is not reflexive.

When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive ends in “se.”

lavarto wash (non-reflexive)

lavarseto wash oneself (reflexive)

rascarto scratch (non-reflexive)

rascarseto scratch oneself (reflexive)

There is one reflexive verb you have been using since you began studying Spanish.

llamarse – to call oneself

¿Cómo se llama usted?What do you call yourself?Me llamo Juan.I call myself Juan.

Note: A more “natural” translation would be “What is your name?” and “My name is Juan.”When you learned to conjugate regular verbs, you needed to learn a set of pronouns called “subject pronouns.”

lavaryo lavotú lavasél, ella, usted lavanosotros/as lavamosvosotros/as laváisellos, ellas, ustedes lavan

To learn to conjugate reflexive verbs, you need to learn a different set of pronouns called “reflexive pronouns.” These pronouns are positioned before the verb, while the ending “se” is dropped and the verb is conjugated normally.

Lavarse

Singular

yo me lavoI wash (myself)tú te lavasyou wash (yourself) (informal)él se lavahe washes (himself)

ella se lavashe washes (herself)usted se lavayou wash (yourself) (formal)

Plural

nosotros nos lavamoswe wash (ourselves)nosotras nos lavamoswe wash (ourselves) (feminine)vosotros os laváisyou-all wash (yourselves) (informal)vosotras os laváisyou-all wash (yourselves) (informal, feminine)ustedes se lavanyou-all wash (yourselves)(formal)

ellos se lavanthey wash (themselves)ellas se lavanthey wash (themselves) (feminine)

The reflexive pronouns are not subject pronouns; rather they are object pronouns.

me (myself)te (yourself)se (himself, herself, yourself)nos (ourselves)os (yourselves)se (themselves, yourselves)

The purpose of the reflexive object pronouns is to show that the action of the verb remains with the subject.

Juan se lava la cara.Juan washes his face. (reflexive)

Juan lava su carro (auto, coche) (non-reflexive)

butJuan washes his car.

Note: When referring to body parts, use the definite article, thus “la cara” not “su cara.”Note that many, many verbs can be made reflexive. All it means when a verb is reflexive is that the action remains with the subject.

wash the dog (non-reflexive)wash your face (reflexive)raise the book (non-reflexive)raise your arm (reflexive)put the baby to bed (non-reflexive)go to bed (reflexive)wake up your son (non-reflexive)wake up yourself (reflexive)…and so on

ANOTHER INTRODUCTION TO :

Reflexive Verbs and PronounsReflexive pronouns work with a reflexive verb to indicate that a person is performing the action toward or for him- or herself. These types of verbs are not very common in English, but are used frequently in Spanish. Many actions related to personal care or daily routines are reflexive, but other verbs can be reflexive as well.

Me ducho cada mañana. (I shower (myself) every morning.)

Te peinas el pelo. (You brush your hair (yourself).

Se hablaba.  (He was talking to himself.)

Me veo en el espejo. (I see myself in the mirror.)

The subject is performing the action on him- or herself, making the object of the verb, the same as the subject.

Compare two sentences in which one is reflexive and one is not.

I wash myself. (Me lavo.) - myself is the object of wash

I wash the dog. (Lavo el perro.) - the dog is the object of wash

When the object of the verb is the same person as the subject, you will need to use a reflexive pronoun that matches the subject of the verb in both number (singular, plural) and person (1st, 2nd, 3rd).

Me lavo. (I wash myself.) Te lavas. (You wash yourself.)

Se lava. (He washes himself./She washes herself./It washes itself./You wash yourself.)

Nos lavamos. (We wash ourselves.) Os laváis. (You wash yourselves.) Se lavan. (They wash themselves./You wash

yourselves.)

Reflexive PronounsReflexive pronouns have almost the same forms as indirect object pronouns except se is used in place of le and les for the third person. The reflexive pronoun will always be the same person (1st, 2nd, 3rd) and number (singular, plural) as the subject of the sentence.Reflexive Pronoun Forms

Singular Plural

1st person

me (to, for, from, or off myself)

nos (to, for, from, or off ourselves)

2nd person

te (to, for, from, or off yourself)

os (to, for, from, or off yourselves)

3rd person

se (to, for, from, or off himself, herself, itself, yourself)

se (to, for, from, or off themselves, yourselves)

Reflexive Pronoun Uses:

Reflexive verbs will require the use of reflexive pronouns to indicate that the direct object of the verb is also the subject, that the subject is performing the action on him- or her-self. Notice that the reflexive pronoun has the same person as the verb ending.

lavarse (to wash one’s self) - Me lavo las manos. (I wash my hands.)

sacarse (to take something off one’s self) - Nos

sacamos los guantes. (We our gloves off (ourselves).

despertarse (to wake up) - Se despiertan a las seis cada mañana.

 (They wake themselves up at six o’clock every morning.)

As mentioned before, you can also add reflexive pronouns to verbs not regularly

reflexive verbs in order to make them reflexive.You borrow from the reflexive pronouns to make a specific point

verse (to see one’s self) hablarse (to talk to one’s self) escribirse (to write to one’s self) comprarse (to buy (something) for one’s

self)

Reflexive verbs can also be used to indicate an emotional response to something. When a person becomes angry, sad, happy, etc., you can express this by using reflexive verbs.

Me enojé rápidamente. (I got angry quickly.)

Te alegras de hablar español. (It makes you happy to speak Spanish.)

Se aburre en la clase de matemáticas. (He gets bored in Math class.)

Reflexive pronouns can also be used to add emphasis to a seemingly regular situation. The

pronouns are not normally translated directly into English, but the sense of something extra is there in Spanish.

Comí el pastel. (I ate the cake.) Me comí el pastel. (I ate up the cake/I ate the

whole cake.) Estúdialo. (Study it.) Estúdiatelo. (Really study it./Study it

thoroughly.)

Reflexive Pronoun PlacementPOSITION LAWSReflexive pronouns are placed immediately before simple conjugated verbs and negative commands.

sacarse - Yo me saco los guantes. (I take off my gloves.)

afeitarse - Tú te afeitas la cara. (You shave your face.)

acostarse - Ellas se acuestan. (They go to bed.)

escribirse - No se escriba notas.  (Don’t write notes to yourself.)

REMEMBER THE POSITION LAW…..OBJECT PRONOUNS COME BEFORE THE CONJUGATED VERS OR THEY FOLLOW THE INFINITIVES AND ARE ATACHED

OR THEY FOLLOW THE PRESENT PARTICIPLES AND ARE ATTACHEDOR THEY FOLLOW THE AFFIRMATIVE COMMANDS AND ARE ATACHEDYO TE CONOZCO.VOY VOY A CONOCERTE.Estoy hablándote. Yo te estoy hablando.¡Háblame! ¡Díme la verdad!

Reflexive Pronouns are attached to affirmative commands and in the case of

compound verbs (present progressive, ir+a+infinitive, etc.)

the pronoun can either be attached to the infinitive or present participle or go before the conjugated verb.

ducharhse - Estoy duchándome.

Me estoy duchando. (I am showering (myself).)

quitarse - Quítate el sombrero. (Take off your hat.)

sentarse - Voy a sentarme.

Me voy a sentar. (I am going to sit (myself) down.‘

Reflexive Verb ExamplesBelow is a list of common reflexive verbs. This is not a complete list, but rather a reference to help you understand which kinds of verbs are reflexive.aburrirse (de) (to get bored with)

despertarse (to wake up)

enojarse (con) (to get mad about)

quitarse (to take off)

acordarse (de) (to remember)

destaparse (to uncover)

irse (to leave)reponerse (to get better)

acostarse (to go to bed)

desvestirse (to get undressed)

limarse (las uñas) (to file)

secarse (to dry off)

afeitarse (to shave)

disgustarse (de) (to become upset about)

maquillarse (to put on makeup)

sentarse (to sit down)

alegrarse (de) (to be glad about)

distraerse (to distract oneself)

mirarse (to look at oneself)

sostenerse (to support)

bañarse (to bathe)

divertirse (con) (to enjoy

olvidarse (de) (to forget

subirse (to get up)

oneself with) about)

cepillarse (to brush)

dormirse (to go to sleep)

peinarse (to comb one's hair)

taparse (to cover up oneself)

convertirse (en) (to become)

ducharse (to shower)

pintarse (los labios) (to put on lipstick)

torcerse (to twist)

desayunarse (to eat breakfast)

enfermarse (to become ill)

probarse (to try on)

vestirse (to get dressed)

despedirse (to say good-bye)

enloquecerse (to go crazy)

ponerse (to put on)

volverse (to become)

Reflexive Verbs with Meaning ChangesMaking a verb reflexive can change its meaning in ways that you wouldn’t find very logical. Some are more subtle than others, while some are quite different. Some of these verbs are listed below.

abonarto pay money

abonarseto subscribe to (a magazine, newspaper, etc.)

abrir to open abrirseto open up (confide in someone)

acordarto agree/to decide

acordarse to remember

acusar to accuse acusarse to confess

callar to be quiet callarse to become quiet

cerrar to close cerrarseto close oneself off emotionally

combinarto combine combinarseto take turns

dormir to sleep dormirse to fall asleep

ir to go irse to go away

llevar to carry llevarse to take away

poner to put ponerse to put on/to wear

…de corregir:TRABAJOS Y

TAREAS

Work given to class by sub

29 September 2016 THURSDAY

TAREA TAREATAREATAREA

LA TAREA –

Mini lesson in journals(notebooks ) every school night!!!Review grammar from classWrite out as simple review for practice!!!!! 15-20 minutes each

night!!!!!!! ¡¡¡Capitulo 1A and 1B!!!

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