Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 1

Content Objective:I can express and manipulate chemical quantities using scientific conventions and mathematical procedures, including

significant figures.

Criteria for Success:I can determine the number of significant figures in a measurement.I can perform mathematical calculations involving significant figures.

NotesSignificant FiguresA._______________ __________ in a measurement consist of all the digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated.Rules for Determining Significant Figures

Using Significant Figures in Calculations

A. When ____________ or ______________, the answer must have the same number of digits to the right of the

decimal point as there are in the measurement having the _______________ digits to the right of the decimal point.

B. For _______________ or _______________, the answer can have no more significant figures than are in the

measurement with the _____________ total number of significant figures.

C. _______________ _____________ are considered exact values and should not be used when determining significant

figures in calculations.

There is a decimal point.

There is NO decimal point.

Look for nonzero digits. All are significant.

Look for zeroes between nonzero digits. They are significant.

Look for a decimal point.

Count all zeroes to the right of the last nonzero. They are

significant.Total number of significant figures.

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 2

Content Objective:I can collect data and make measurements with accuracy and precision.

Criteria for Success:I can define and distinguish between accuracy and precision.

I can explain how accuracy and precision relate to the lab setting.I can calculate the percent error of experimental measurements.

NotesAccuracy, Precision, & Percent ErrorA. _______________________ refers to the closeness of measurements to the correct or accepted value of the quantity measured.

B. _______________________ refers to the closeness of a set of measurements of the same quantity made in the same way.

________________ __________________ _________________ _________________

________________ _________________ __________________ __________________

C. ___________ _________ is calculated by subtracting the accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the

difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100.

1. Percent error has a ___________ value if the accepted value is greater than the experimental value.

2. Percent error has a ____________ value if the accepted value is less than the experimental value.

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 3

Content Objective:I can express and manipulate chemical quantities using scientific conventions and mathematical procedures,

including dimensional analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures.

Criteria for Success:I can convert measurements between standard notation and scientific notation.

I can perform mathematical operations involving standard notation and scientific notation.

NotesScientific Notation

A. To make very large or very small numbers easier to handle, scientists express them in a form known as

___________________ _______________, which uses powers of ______ to reduce the number of zeros to a minimum.

Converting Quantities to Scientific Notation

Step 1. Move the decimal point in the quantity expressed in long form right or left until there is only one

_____________ digit to the left of it.

Step 2. Use the number that results as the _________________, M.

Step 3. Count the number of decimal places moved, and call that number n, and use it as the _______________

of 10.

a. Make the exponent _________________ if the original number was LESS than ONE.

Step 4. Your final quantity should be expressed in the form ___________________ (scientific notation).

Entering Quantities in Scientific Notation in your Calculator

A. ALWAYS enclose each quantity expressed in scientific notation in ______________.

B. There are many ways to enter quantities in scientific notation into your calculator. We will use a method that replaces

the x10 with _______. You will need to enter answers to your homework on Quest using this method as well.

Example:

6.02x1023

How it will look in your calculator and on your homework:

(6.02E23)

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 4

Content Objective:I can collect data and make measurements with accuracy and precision.

Criteria for Success:I can explain the importance of a standard.

I can list the base units of measurement in the metric system for distance, volume, and mass.I can explain how to use a system of prefixes to represent multiples of ten or submultiples of ten of these base units.

NotesBase Units: The metric system simplifies measurement by using a single base unit for each quantity.

Table 1: Base UnitsQuantity Symbol Base Unit Symboldistance d meter mvolume V liter L

mass m gram g

Table 2: SI Prefixes and SymbolsPrefix Symbol Decimal Representation Fraction Representation

giga- G 1,000,000,000 1,000,000,0001

mega- M 1,000,000 1,000,0001

kilo- k 1,000 1,0001

hecto- h 100 1001

deca- da 10 101

BASE(meter, liter, or gram)

m, L, or g 1

11

deci- d 0.1 110

centi- c 0.01 1100

milli- m 0.001 11,000

micro- µ 0.000 001 11,000,000

nano- n 0.000 000 001 11,000,000,000

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 5

Content Objective:I can express and manipulate chemical quantities using scientific conventions and mathematical procedures,

including dimensional analysis, scientific notation, and significant figures.

Criteria for Success:I can transform a statement of equality to a conversion factor.

I can utilize conversion factors to perform single-step and multi-step calculations.

NotesConversions

A. A ___________________ of ____________ describes the relationship between two equivalent quantities expressed in

different units.

B. A ___________________ ____________ is a __________ derived from a statement of equality that can be used to

convert from one unit to the other.

1. Conversion factors are equal to ______. Therefore, when you convert you are not changing the amount of

what you have, just the ________ you are using to represent the amount.

2. When completing conversion calculations, choose the conversion factor that will ____________ undesired

units and leave desired units.

Example

Statement of Equality Possible Conversion FactorsThere are 12 eggs in 1 dozen. 12 eggs = 1 1 dozen = 1

1 dozen 12 eggs

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 6

Content Objective:I can compare solids, liquids, and gases in terms of compressibility, structure, shape, and volume.

Criteria for Success:I can define compressibility, structure, shape, and volume.I can determine if something is a solid, liquid, or gas based on a picture of its particles.I can determine if something is a solid, liquid, or gas based on how it behaves when placed in different containers.

NotesSolids, Liquids, Gases

Solid Liquid Gas

___________ Volume and

Shape

___________ Volume and Takes

the Shape of the part of the

Container it Occupies

Assumes Shape and Volume

of its __________

Relatively _______ Kinetic

Energy

__________________ Amount

of Energy

Relatively ________ Kinetic

Energy

Relatively ___________

Amount of Order

__________________ Amount

of Order

Relatively ________

Amount of Order

Very ____________ Rate of

Diffusion

__________________Rate of

Diffusion

Relatively ___________

Rate of Diffusion

Relatively _____ Density Intermediate Density Relatively ____ Density

__________________ Relatively Incompressible ________________ Level of

Compressibility

__________ attractive force

between particles

_______ attractive force

between particles

______ attractive force

between particles

Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter

Unit 1 Page 7

COMPRESSIBILITY

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 8

Content Objective:I can classify matter as pure substances or mixtures through investigation of their properties.

Criteria for Success:I can identify a substance as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture or heterogeneous mixture.

I can explain the difference between elements and compounds.I can explain the difference between heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures.

NotesClassifying Matter

A. Materials are made of either a ______________ substance or a ______________________ of substances.

1. ________________ substances have a _______________ composition, and can NOT be separated by physical

means (You can NOT separate by sorting, filtering, heating, cooling, magnetic properties, etc.)

a. An ___________________ is a pure substance that is made up of just one type of atom.

b. A ________________ is a pure substance with two or more elements combined in a fixed proportion.

1. The law of ______________________ _______________________ states that a

______________________ contains the same elements in exactly the same proportions by mass

regardless of the size or source of the ______________________.

2. A __________________________ is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own

identity and properties and can be easily separated by physical means (You CAN separate by sorting, filtering,

heating, cooling, magnetic properties, etc.).

a. A __________________________ mixture contains two or more substances blended evenly; also

called a _____________________________.

1. The substance doing the dissolving in a solution is called the __________________________.

2. The substance being dissolved in a solution is called the ______________________________.

b. A ____________________________ mixture is a mixture of different and easily distinguishable

materials; not the same throughout.

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 9

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 10

Methods for Separating a Mixture

A. Both heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures can be separated by ________________ means into the

component parts that make up the mixture.

1. A solid and liquid mixture can be separated by pouring the mixture through a ____________ paper

designed to allow only the liquid to pass.

2. A homogeneous mixture of liquids can be separated using _______________, a process in which the

mixture is heated and the more volatile (more easily vaporized) liquid is boiled off first. A condenser is

then used to recollect the vaporized component.

3. Paper __________________ takes advantage of the fact that different components of a homogeneous

mixture have different attractions to a solvent and paper.

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 11

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 12

Content Objective:I can differentiate between physical and chemical changes, physical and chemical properties, and intensive and

extensive properties.

Criteria for Success:I can identify a property or change as physical or chemical.

I can explain why a property or change is physical or a chemical.I can define intensive and extensive properties.

I can identify a property as intensive or extensive.

NotesPhysical Properties/ChangesA. A ______________ property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the ___________ of the substance.

1. Color 2. ___________ 3. Malleability 4. Ductility 5. ___________ 6. Solubility 7. Mass 8. Volume 9. ___________

B. When a ___________ change takes place, chemical bonds within compounds are NOT broken in the reactant and no new chemical bonds are formed in the products. The ___________ of the material does _______ change.

1. Changes of _________.2. Changes in ________.

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 13

Chemical Properties/ChangesA. A ______________ property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into a _________________ substance(s).

1. ______________ 2. Flammability 3. Toxicity 4. ________ 5. Ability to Tarnish6. Ability to Ferment 7. Ability to Oxidize

B. When a ____________ change takes place, chemical bonds within the compound are broken in the reactants and new chemical bonds are formed in the products. The _______________ of the material changes.

1. __________ change.2. Production of a ______.3. Formation of a _____________.4. Formation of an __________.5. _________ change.

Intensive & Extensive PropertiesA. ______________ properties depend on the amount of matter present.

1. Mass 2. Volume 3. ___________

B. ______________ properties do NOT depend on the amount of matter present.1. Color 2._________ 3. Malleability 4. Ductility 5. Luster6. Odor 7. Melting Pt. 8. Boiling Pt. 9. Conductivity

Physical and Chemical Properties of MatterUnit 1 Page 14

Content Objective:I can differentiate between physical and chemical changes, physical and chemical properties, and intensive and

extensive properties.

Criteria for Success:I can define intensive property.

I can explain how intensive properties can be used to determine the identity of a substance.I can recognize that density is an intensive property and be able to calculate density.

I can manipulate the density formula to solve for either mass or volume.

NotesDensity

A. ____________________ is an intensive physical property that relates the ratio of ________________ to

____________________.

1. The derived units for density are typically in ______________ or _______________.

2. Density is a characteristic ____________________ property of a substance and can be used to help

___________________ a substance.

3. An object will ___________________ if its density is less than the density of the fluid it is placed in.

a. Density of water is ____________________.

Density and States of MatterSolid Liquid Gas

¿Qué Dijo?Solid Density Liquid Density Gas Density

Butter 0.86 Gasoline 0.74 Helium 0.00018

Ice 0.92 Sunflower Oil 0.92 Methane 0.00069

Aluminum 2.70 Water 1.00 Air 0.00129

Copper 8.96 Milk 1.03 Oxygen 0.00143

Gold 19.28 Mercury 13.55 CO2 0.00198