Anatomy and Physiology Honors Exam 1 Study Guide Name:________________________________

1.  Physical and chemical changes or reactions that occur within the body are collectively known as

A. Metabolism

B. Physiology C. Assimilation D. Excretion

2.  Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity?

A. Cells, tissues, organelles, organs, systems

B. Tissues, cells, organs, organelles, systems C. Organs, organelles, systems, cells, tissues

D. Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, systems

3.  Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism?

A. Shivering when body temperature falls below normal limts

B. Increasing heart rate and contraction force when blood pressure falls C. Pulling blankets over yourself when cold at night D. Secreting insulin after a meal to decrease blood sugar concentration

4.  Homeostasis is defined as the

A. Ability of human beings to keep body weight within normal limits B. Maintenance of a constant external temperature inside a room C. Ingestion of enough food to keep hunger pains from developing D. Tendency of the body to maintain a stable environment

5.  How is oxygen used by living organisms?

A. It controls the amount of heat produced

B. It’s a source of energy C. It is used to release energy that is stored in food

D. It is part of water and is necessary to keep organisms hydrated

6.  Which of the following organs is located in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A. Heart B. Trachea C. Thymus gland D. Kidney

7.  The membrane on the surface of a lung is called the

A. Visceral pleura B. Parietal pleura C. Visceral pericardium

D. Parietal pericardium

8.  A section that separates the body in to right and left portions would be the

A. Frontal section

B. Transverse section C. Coronal section D. Sagittal section

9.  The thoracic cavity lies where in relationship to the abdominopelvic cavity?

A. Dorsal (posterior)

B. Ventral (anterior) C. Superior

D. Inferior

10.  When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true?

A. The face is forward

B. The arms are at the sides C. The palms are facing backward D. The body is erect

11.  A mechanism functioning to maintain a stable internal environment is most likely to involve

A. Positive feedback

B. Negative feedback C. A vicious circle D. None of the above

12.  A parietal membrane __________, where as a visceral membrane ______________.

A. Covers organs; lines cavities

B. Lines cavities; covers organs C. Is thick; is thin

D. Secretes mucous;secretes serous fluid

13.  The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities.

A. True B. False

14.  The elbow is distal to the wrist.

A. True B. False

15.  A decomposition reaction can be symbolized by

A. A+B --> C+D B. A+B -->AB C. AB-->A+B D. C+D-->AB

16.  Electrolytes are substances that

A. Form covalent bonds with water B. Ionize when dissolved in water C. Cannot conduct electricity in solution D. Are not found in the human body in any appreciable amounts.

17.  The pH scale measures the

A. Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

B. Amounts of salts dissolved in water C. Number of hydroxyl ions in water

D. Strength of an electrical current carried by a solution

18.  Synthesis reactions are particularly important in the body for

A. Release of energy

B. Digestion of food particles C. Growth of body parts D. Neutralization of acids by buffers

19.  A covalent bond is characterized by

A. One atom sharing and another atom gaining electrons B. Atoms sharing pairs of electrons C. Oppositely charged atoms being attracted to each other

D. All of the above

20.  Lipids are characterized by

A. A group of substances that are insoluble in water. B. A number of compounds such as phospholipids, cholesterol and fats.

C. Fat molecules containing C, H, & O but the proportion of oxygen is much smaller than in carbohydrates.

D. All of the above.

21.  The general characteristics of proteins are that they

A. Serve as structural materials, energy sources, and chemical messengers. B. Contain C, H, O and N, and sometimes sulfur. C. Can act as enzymes D. All of the above.

22.  An enzyme is defined as a

A. Protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted. B. Protein that functions as a hormone C. Protein that inhibits chemical reactions by being changed or depleted

D. Fibrous protein that is used to help build certain tissues in the body

23.  Sodium ions and calcium ions are examples of

A. Cations B. Anions C. Salts

D. Buffers

24.  Table sugar breaking down into glucose and fructose is an example of

A. A synthesis reaction B. Hydrolysis C. A decomposition reaction D. An exchange reaction

25.  Water causes substances formed with ionic bonds to

A. Bond more strongly B. Dissociate C. Degrade D. Denature

26.  Which of the following is not hydrophylic?

A. Carbohydrates

B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic acid

27.  The symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron

A. True B. False

28.  Glycogen is a complex polysaccharide that is synthesized by the body

A. True B. False

29.  The endoplasmic reticulum is best described as a

A. Formless liquid B. Cellular inclusion C. Network of interconnected membranes D. Membranous sac

30.  The movement of molecules through a membrane by filtration depends upon the presence of

A. Osmotic pressure

B. Hydrostatic pressure C. Atmospheric pressure D. None of the above

31.  Which of the following processes involves the use of specific carrier molecules?

A. Phagocytosis

B. Pinocytosis C. Active transport D. Dialysis

32.  If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside,

A. Water will tend to enter the cell by osmosis B. Water will tend to leave the cell by osmosis C. Glucose will tend to enter the cell by osmosis

D. Glucose will tend to leave the cell by osmosis

33.  Because of mitosis and cytoplasmic division, the resulting cells contain

A. Identical chromosomes B. Identical DNA information C. Both identical chromosomes and DNA information

D. None of the above.

34.  The 2 major components of the cell membrane are

A Lipids and carbohydrates

. B. Proteins and carbohydrates C. Lipids and proteins

D. Carbohydrates and polysaccharides

35.  The cell membrane functions to

A. Maintain wholeness of the cell

B. Control the entry and exit of various substances C. Provide a barrier to water soluble substances

D. All of the above

36.  Which of the following is not a factor that influences the rate of diffusion?

A. The distance of diffusion B. The concentration of the substance C. The amount of energy available for transport molecules D. The molecular weight of the diffusing molecules

37.  What characteristic is shared by simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

A. Both require cellular energy for the transport of substances. B. Both involve the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane C. Both require a special carrier molecule to move substances across the membrane

D. Both involve the movement of a substance from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration without cellular energy.

38.  What occurs if a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A. The cell will shrink

B. The cell will swell and may eventually burst C. Nothing; the cell will remain the same size and shape D. Only permeable substances will leave the cell; otherwise the concentrations within the cell do not

change

39.  In what phase of mitosis do the chromosomes duplicate?

A. Prophase B. Interphase C. Metaphase D. Telophase

40.  Which of the following is isotonic to red blood cells?

A. 0.9% NaCl solution

B. Distilled water C. 0.9% glucose solution

D. None of the above

41.  A selectively permeable membrane is defined as one that

A. Allows all substances to pass through

B. Allows all organic substances to pass through but excludes all inorganic substances C. Allows some substances to pass through and excludes others

D. Is leaky or allows substances to leak through

42.  Which of the following organelles has its structures and function correctly described?

A. Endoplasmic reticulum: network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals; packages proteins molecules

B. Ribosomes: membranous vesicles; contains digestive enzymes C. Golgi apparatus: particles composed of protein and RNA; synthesizes proteins D. Mitochondrion: nonmembranous structure that synthesizes proteins

43.  Osmosis is defined as the movement of

A. Molecules from high concentration to a low concentration

B. Water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

C. Water molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

D. Ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a selectively permeable membrane

44.  The relationship of osmotic pressure and the number of solute particles in a solution is

A. The lower the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure B. The greater the number of solute particles, the lower the osmotic pressure C. The greater the osmotic pressure, the lower the number of solute particles D. The greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure

45.  A hypertonic solution

A. Has a greater concentration of solute particles than the cells in the solution

B. Would cause cells in the solution to lose water or become shrunken C. Has greater osmotic pressure than do the cells in the solution

D. All of the above

46. 

Lipids are synthesized in

A. The Golgi apparatus

B. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. The rough endoplasmic reticulum

D. The liver

47.  Cytoplasm occurs between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope of a cell

A. True B. False

48.  A cell that secretes a large quantity of protein, would have a larger number of lysosomes for this function

A. True B. False

49.  A 5% glucose solution is isotonic to human cells

A. True B. False

50. 

The movement of sodium ions from a region of lower concentration inside a cell  toward a region of higher concentration outside the cell is accomplished by Active Transport

51.  The outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum has organelles called __Ribosomes_ attached to it.

52.  In dehydration synthesis of a carbohydrate,

A. Larger molecules are decomposed into smaller ones

B. Monosaccharides become joined together C. Water molecules become joined to monosaccharide molecules

D. The molecule is decomposed in to CO2 and H2O

53.  When a sucrose molecule is decomposed to yield a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule,

A. The process involves dehydration synthesis B. A water molecule is released C. A water molecule is used

D. None of the above

54.  The reactions of anaerobic respiration occur in the

A. Cytoplasm

B. Mitochondria C. Nucleus D. All of the above

55. Which of the following substances increases in amount during cellular respiration?

A. Oxygen B. Glucose C. ATP D. Glycogen

56.  Which of the following is an example of catabolism?

A. The synthesis of the cell membrane from precursor molecules B. The oxidation of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria C. The formation of secretory proteins in the pancreas D. The duplication of DNA molecules in the nucleus

57.  What is the function of ADP molecules living in cells?

A. They form a genetic material important for reproduction

B. They act to "capture" energy from the oxidation of fuels to be used in other cell processes C. They act as coenzymes so that the fats can be synthesized.

D. They are an integral part of the cell membrane, important in the transport of water molecules.

58.  In the citric acid cycle,

A. Carbon dioxide is released B. Hydrogen atoms are released C. 2 ATP's form D. All of the above

59.  Cellular respiration is defined as the process by which

A. Energy is released from molecules and is transferred to other molecules

B. Cells breathe, or take in O2 and give off CO2 C. Cells produce energy from O2 and absorb heat. D. Energy is absorbed from glucose and is transferred to CO2

60. 

Anaerobic respiration involves chemical reactions in ____________, whereas aerobic respiration involves reactions in ____________. A. Mitochondria; cytplasm with O2 needed B. Cytoplasm without O2 needed; cytoplasm with CO2 required C. Mitochondria without O2 needed; mitochondria with O2 needed D. Cytoplasm without O2 needed; mitochondria with O2 needed

61. 

The process of copying DNA information into the structure of the mRNA molecule is called which of the following? A Translation

. B. Synthesis C. Replication

D. Transcription

62.  During the anaerobic phase of respiration, pyruvic acid is transformed in to glucose

A. True B. False

63.  An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose and 3 phosphates.

A. True B. False

Matching: match the term to the description A. Prophase B. Interphase C. Telophase D. Metaphase E. Anaphase

_E__ 64. The sister chromatids are moving apart.

_B__ 65. The nucleolus begins to fade from view.

_C__ 66. A new nuclear membrane is forming around the chromosomes.

_C__ 67. The cytoplasm of the cell is being divided.

_C__ 68. The chromosomes become invisible.

_D__ 69. The chromosomes are located at the equator of the cell.

_A__ 70. The nuclear membrane begins to fade from view.

_C__ 71. The division (cleavage) furrow appears.

_E__ 72. The chromosomes are moving towards the poles of the cell.

_D__ 73. Chromatids line up along the equator.

_A__ 74. The spindle is formed.

_B__ 75. Chromosomes are not visible.

_B__ 76. Cytokinesis is completed (as next cycle begins).

_C__ 77. The cell plate is completed.

_B__ 78. Chromosomes are replicated.

_C__ 79. The reverse of prophase.

_B__ 80. The organization phase

Part A. Classify each as a carbohydrate, protein, lipid or nucleic acid.

81. Carbohydrate starch 90. Carbohydrate polysaccharide

82. Lipid cholesterol 91. Lipid phospholipid

83. Lipid steroid 92. Lipid glycerol

84. Carbohydrate glycogen 93. Carbohydrate monosaccharide

85. Nucleic Acid nucleotide 94. Carbohydrate cellulose

86. Nucleic Acid RNA 95. Protein amino acid

87. Protein polypeptide chain 96. Protein enzyme

88. Carbohydrate glucose 97. Lipid saturated fat

89. Lipid unsaturated fatty acid 98. Nucleic Acid DNA

Matching: Match each system with the correct statement or definition. (½ Point Each)

1. F Cardiovascular A. organ system that consists of skin, hair, nails, & sweat glands;

2. I Digestive B. protects/supports body, produces blood cells, & stores minerals

3. E Endocrine C. organ system that consists of muscles (movement)

4. A Integumentary D. organ system consists of brain & spinal cord, nerves & receptors

5. J Lymphatic E. organ system that consists of glands that secrete hormones

6. C Muscular F. organ system that consists of the heart & blood vessels

7. D Nervous G. maintains tissue fluid balance, & absorbs fat

8. G Urinary H. exchanges gases between the blood & air & regulates blood pH

9. H Respiratory I. breaks down food & absorbs nutrients

10. B Skeletal J. removes waste products from the circulatory system & regulates blood pH

In Anatomy specific terms are used to explain the location of body organs, systems, as well as body movements.

Fill in the missing words to make the passage correct using words from the word bank provided.

reference, side, stand, body, arms, hands, anatomical, forward.

1. All anatomical terms have a REFERENCE point which is called the ANATOMICAL position. This is a BODY position where you STAND up , head straight and ARMS by your SIDE , with the palm of your HANDS facing forward.

Complete these sentences using the terms superior and inferior.2 The hands are ________________to the feet SUPERIOR3 The knees are ________________ to the waist. INFERIOR4 The elbow is ________________ to the wrist. SUPERIOR5 The calf muscle is ________________to the ankle. SUPERIOR

Complete these sentences using the terms anterior and posterior.6 The heel is ________________ to the toes. POSTERIOR7 The biceps are _____________ to the triceps. ANTERIOR8 The hamstring is ____________to the quadriceps. POSTERIOR

Complete these sentences using the terms lateral and medial.9 The arms are _______________to the midline. LATERAL10 The neck is ______________to the arms. MEDIAL11 The shoulders are ___________to the midline. LATERAL

12 Anatomical Terms – Word MatchMatch the correct terms with their meanings. Place the correct letter in the empty column

Term Definition

Superior C a) closer to the top of the limb

Inferior F b) lying face downwards

Anterior G c) towards the head, or above

Posterior D d) back or at the back of

Lateral I e) closer toward the bottom or end of a limb

Medial J f) towards the feet, or below

Proximal A g) front, or in front of

Distal E h) lying face upwards

Supine H i) toward the side of the body, or away from the midline of the body

Prone B j) toward the midline of the body